Tarihin Tattalin Arzikin Musulunci

Tarihin Tattalin Arzikin Musulunci

Wannan karamin kaso ne na tattalin arzikin Musulunci da duniyar musulmi .

Tsakanin karni na 9 zuwa na 14, al'ummar musulmai sun samu ci gaba a fannonin tattalin arziki, dabaru da amfani da dama. Wadannan sun fito ne daga fannonin samarwa, zuba jari, kudi, bunkasar tattalin arziki, haraji, amfani da kadarori irin su Hawala : tsarin canja wurin kima na farko, amintattun Musulunci, da aka fi sani da wakafi, tsarin kwangilar da ‘yan kasuwa suka dogara da su, kudin gama gari da ake yaduwa. cak, bayanin kula, kwangiloli na farko, takardar kuɗin musaya, da nau'ikan haɗin guiwar kasuwanci kamar mufawada.

Ƙa'idodin Musulunci na musamman da suka haɗa da kuɗi, dukiya, haraji, sadaka da Rukunoni biyar sun haɗa da.

• zakka ("haraji na wasu kaya, kamar girbi, don ware wadannan haraji don fadada hakan, shi ma an bayyana shi a fili, kamar taimakon mabukata");
• Gharar ("haɗin kai na dama ... wato, kasancewar duk wani abu na rashin tabbas, a cikin kwangila (wanda ya keɓe ba kawai inshora ba har ma da ba da lamuni na kudi ba tare da shiga cikin haɗari ba); da kuma
• riba ("kowane nau'in wuce gona da iri ko rashin daidaituwa tsakanin abubuwan da aka yi musanya ko kimar ƙima" ).

Wadannan ra'ayoyi, kamar sauran a cikin shari'ar Musulunci da fikihu, sun zo daga "rubutun, anecdotes, misalai, da kalmomin Annabi, duk sun taru tare da systematized da tafsiri bisa ga inductive, casuistic hanya." [2] Wani lokaci ana amfani da wasu hanyoyin kamar al-urf, (al'adar), al- 'aql ( dalili ) ko al- ijma (ijma'in malaman fikihu ). Bugu da kari, shari'ar Musulunci ta samar da wasu bangarori na shari'a wadanda suka dace da dokokin kwangiloli da azabtarwa .

Malaman Musulunci na zamani sun zana ra'ayi na gargajiya. Tattalin arzikin Musulunci na zamani ya samo asali ne tun a shekarar 1945, kuma ya zuwa shekarar 2004 an kafa bankunan Musulunci a cikin kasashe sama da 8, kuma an haramta riba a kasashe uku: Pakistan, Iran da Sudan .

Cibiyoyin Sharon's

Hukumar Hawala

  Hawala, tsarin musayar ƙima na farko, ya samo asali ne daga shari'ar musulunci na gargajiya, kuma an ambace shi a cikin matani na fikihu tun farkon karni na 8. Hawala kanta daga baya ta rinjayi ci gaban hukumar a cikin dokar gama gari da kuma cikin dokokin farar hula irin su aval a cikin dokar Faransa da Cavallo a cikin dokar Italiya. Kalmomin Aval da Cavallo sun samo asali ne daga Hawala . Canja wurin bashi, wanda "ba a halatta a karkashin dokar Romawa ba amma ya zama yadu a cikin Turai ta tsakiya, musamman ma a cikin kasuwancin kasuwanci ", saboda yawan kasuwancin da aka gudanar da biranen Italiya tare da duniyar musulmi a tsakiyar zamanai. ." Hukumar ta kasance " cibiyar da ba a san dokar Romawa ba" saboda babu "mutum da zai iya kammala kwangilar ɗaure a madadin wani a matsayin wakilinsa ." A cikin dokar Roma, “an ɗauki ɗan kwangilar da kansa a cikin kwangilar kuma ya ɗauki kwangila na biyu tsakanin wanda ya yi aiki a madadin shugaban makarantar da na ƙarshe don canja masa hakki da wajibai da aka samu daga kwangilar zuwa gare shi. A daya bangaren kuma, shari’ar Musulunci da ta gama gari ta baya-bayan nan “ba su da wata wahala wajen daukar hukuma a matsayin daya daga cikin cibiyoyinta a fagen kwangiloli da wajibai baki daya”.

Waqf amin

  Wakafi a cikin shari'ar Musulunci, wanda ya ci gaba a duniyar Islama ta tsakiya tun daga karni na 7 har zuwa na 9, yana da kamanceceniya da dokar amincewa ta Ingilishi. [7] Ana buqatar kowane wakafi ya kasance yana da waqifi ( wanda ya kafa), mutawillis (aminci), qadi (alkali) da masu amfana. [8] A karkashin dukkanin wakafi da akwai amana, "an tanadar da kadarorin, kuma an samar da amfanin ta, don amfanin takamaiman mutane, ko don wata manufa ta sadaka gabaɗaya ; corpus ya zama wanda ba zai yuwu ba. halitta" da "ba tare da la'akari da dokar gado ko hakkokin magada ba; kuma ana samun ci gaba ta hanyar nadin amintattu ko mutawillis ." [9]

Bambance-bambancen da ke tsakanin wakafi na Musulunci da amana na Ingilishi shi ne "mayar da wakafi a bayyane ko kuma a bayyane a lokacin da takamaiman abinsa ya daina wanzuwa", [10] ko da yake wannan bambancin ya shafi wakafi ahli ne kawai (Amincin iyali na Musulunci). ) maimakon wakafi khairi (wanda aka sadaukar domin sadaka tun farkonsa). Wani bambance-bambancen shi ne ba da Ingilishi na "ƙaddarorin doka" akan kadarorin amana a cikin amintaccen, kodayake "har yanzu an daure wanda aka amince da shi don gudanar da wannan kadarorin don amfanin waɗanda suka ci gajiyar." A wannan ma'anar, "rawar da mai kula da Ingilishi, don haka, bai bambanta sosai da na juna ba ." [11]

Dokar amincewa da aka samu a Ingila a lokacin yakin Salibiyya, a cikin karni na 12 da 13 'yan Salibiyya ne suka gabatar da su wadanda watakila cibiyoyin wakafi da suka ci karo da su a Gabas ta Tsakiya sun yi tasiri a kansu. [12] [13]

Bayan an kafa dokar wakafi ta Musulunci da tushe na madrassa a karni na 10, adadin asibitocin Bimaristan ya karu a duk fadin kasashen Musulunci. A cikin karni na 11, kowane birni na Musulunci yana da a kalla asibitoci da yawa. Cibiyoyin amintuwa na waqf sun tallafa wa asibitocin kudade daban-daban, ciki har da albashin likitoci, likitocin ido, likitocin fida, masu sinadarai, masu hada magunguna, ma’aikatan gida da sauran ma’aikata, sayan abinci da magunguna ; kayan aikin asibiti kamar gadaje, katifu, kwano da turare; da gyaran gine-gine. Kungiyar wakafi ta kuma bayar da tallafin makarantun likitanci, kuma kudaden shigar da suke samu sun hada da kudade daban-daban kamar kula da su da biyan malamai da dalibai. [14]

Duba kuma

• Dow Jones Islamic Fund
• Dow Jones Islamic Index

Bankunan

• Bankin Raya Musulunci
• Bank Islam Malaysia
• Bank Muamalat Malaysia
• Dubai Islamic Bank
• Bankin Musulunci na Burtaniya
• Meezan Bank Limited girma

Cibiyoyin Kuɗi na Bankunan Bankunan

• Gidan Jagora

Kara karantawa

•  
•  
• Kuran, Timur. 2018. "Islam and Economic Performance: Historical and Contemporary Links." Journal of Economic Literature, 56(4):1292-1359.
• Waleed Addas (2008). Methodology of Economics: Secular versus Islamic
• Iqtisaduna

Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

• Labari kan Tattalin Arzikin Musulunci