Tunde King
 Tunde King | |
|---|---|
| Rayuwa | |
| Haihuwa | Lagos Island, 24 ga Augusta, 1910 |
| ƙasa | Najeriya |
| Ƙabila | Yaren Yarbawa |
| Harshen uwa | Yarbanci |
| Mutuwa | 1980 |
| Karatu | |
| Makaranta |
Eko Boys High School (en)  |
| Harsuna |
Turanci Yarbanci Pidgin na Najeriya |
| Sana'a | |
| Sana'a |
guitarist (en) |
Tunde King (an haife shi 24 ga Agusta 1910), mawaƙin Najeriya ne da aka yi la'akari da shi a matsayin wanda ya kafa waƙar Jùjú. Ya yi tasiri sosai a kan shahararrun wakokin Najeriya.
Legas a shekarun 1920 zuwa 1930 ta kasance jama'a da gaurayawan mutanen Yarbawa na gida da wadanda suka dawo daga Sabuwar Duniya. Tare suka kirkiro wani nau'i na kiɗa mai suna "Palm Wine" wanda ya haɗa wakokin gargajiya na Yarbawa da kalmomin kiɗa daga ƙasashe irin su Brazil da Cuba. Banjos, guitars, shaker da ganguna suna goyan bayan waƙoƙin lilting game da rayuwar yau da kullun.[1] Waƙar Jùjú wani nau'i ne na kiɗan Palm Wine wanda ya samo asali a unguwar Olowogbowo da ke Legas a cikin shekarun 1920, a wani taron injiniyoyin motoci inda "yanayin yanki" ke taruwa su sha da yin kiɗa. Tunde King shi ne shugaban wannan kungiya.[2]
Rayuwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An haifi Abdulrafiu Babatunde King ne a unguwar Olowogbowo da ke karkashin Saro a tsibirin Legas a ranar 24 ga watan Agustan 1910. Ya kasance da ga Ibrahim Sanni King, dan kabilar Saro marasa rinjaye. Mahaifinsa babban magatakarda ne na Kotun Ƙasa a Ilaro, kuma ya zauna na ɗan lokaci a Fourah Bay, Saliyo.[3]
Tunde King ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Methodist da kuma makarantar sakandare ta Eko Boys. Wani abokin karatunsa ya koya masa yin kata, kuma ya zama babban memba na gungun ‘yan mazan yankin da suka rataye a wani shagon kanikanci da ke kan titin Balogun ta Yamma. Kungiyar ta yi magana, ta sha giya da rera waka, tare da nagartattun kayan aiki. A shekara ta 1929, Sarki yana da aikin limanci kuma yana aiki na ɗan lokaci a matsayin mawaƙa da mawaƙa tare da ɗan wasa guda uku ciki har da guitar, samba da maracas, daga baya ya canza zuwa tambourine, guitar-banjo. da sekere (shaker). A tsakiyar shekarun 1930, ya sami nasara mai yawa, tare da rikodin rikodi da watsa shirye-shiryen rediyo da yawa, amma har yanzu ya dogara ga wasan kwaikwayo kai tsaye don samun abin rayuwa, galibi a ayyuka na sirri.[3] Misali, King ya taka leda a lokacin fitaccen likitan nan Oguntola Sapara a watan Yuni 1935.[4]
Da barkewar yakin duniya na biyu a shekara ta 1939, Tunde King ya shiga cikin sojojin ruwa na Merchant Marines. Ya koma Legas a 1941, sannan ya bace har tsawon shekaru goma sha daya. An sake gano shi yana wasa a tashar jiragen ruwa na Faransa kamar Conakry da Dakar, kuma ya dawo Legas a 1954. Ya rasu a shekarun 1980.[3]
Kiɗa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Salon kaɗe-kaɗe na Jùjú mai gitar yana haɗa abubuwan Afirka kamar gangunan magana na Yarbawa da tasirin Yamma da Afro-Cuba.[4] Tunde King ya ce sunan “Jùjú” shi kansa ya samo asali ne a lokacin da ya sayi tambura daga wani kantin Salvation Army, wanda ya ba wa mawaƙin sa na Samba. Mawaƙin ya ƙirƙiro salo mai ban sha'awa wanda ya haɗa da jefa tamburin sama ya kama ta, wanda masu sauraro suka kira Jù-jú, suna kwafi kalmar Yarbawa ta "jifa" da lafazin tonal.[5]
Nasa uku ya faɗaɗa zuwa quartet, tare da Sarki akan guitar-banjo mai kirtani shida da vocals, Ishola Caxton Martins akan sekere (gourde rattle), Ahmeed Lamidi George akan tambourine da Sanya ("Snake") Johnson akan tomtom kuma yana goyan bayan vocals. Membobin ƙungiyar sun ƙirƙiri sauti mai matsakaicin motsi wanda ke goyan bayan guitar da muryoyin tare da ci gaba mai sauƙi na jituwa.[6]
A cikin 1930s, Najeriya ta kasance mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya. Dan Najeriya na iya tafiya har ya zuwa yanzu, amma ba kara ba, a cikin gwamnati ko kasuwanci, ba tare da la’akari da iyawa ko cancanta ba. Tunde King ya bayyana ra'ayoyin jama'a a cikin wakokinsa. A cikin "Oba Oyinbo" ya yi bikin hawan Sarki George na shida na Biritaniya, inda ya yi shiru cikin bacin rai ya ce "Muna da uba... Sarki George ubanmu ne... Bature Cameron (gwamna) ubanmu ne... “A cikin wakokin da ba a nada ba, ya yi gaba, yana nuna bacin ransa a fili. Wakar “Soja Idunmota” ta bayyana wani abin tunawa da wani soja farar fata dauke da wani jirgin ruwa na asali, wanda kansa ya rataye yana mai cewa “A zalunci, sun manta zuriyar mutum daya”. A cikin wakar “Eti Joluwe” ya ce gara Yarbawa su yi wa kansu aiki da gwamnati.[3]
Rikodi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Parlophone na ƙungiyar EMI ne suka yi rikodin waƙar Jùjú na farko, wanda ya fara a 1936, wanda aka saki akan fayafai 78rpm na shellac. Tunde King ya fitar da wasu faifai da suka hada da "Eko Akete" da "Oba Oyinbo" ("Sarkin Turawa"). An biya shi kaɗan ne kawai don yin rikodin kowane sako, kuma ya sami ɗan ƙaramin kuɗi daga sarauta. Duk da haka, rikodin sun kasance masu mahimmanci don tabbatar da sunansa.[3][6] Sauran rikodin sun hada da "Sapara ti sajule orun", "Dunia (Ameda)" da "Ojuola lojo agan". A cikin duka, ya yi rikodin sama da 30.[7] Biyu daga cikin faifan nasa, "Oba Oyinbo" da "Dunia" an haɗa su a cikin CD Juju Roots: 1930s-1950s, wanda Rounder Records ya fitar a cikin Janairu 1985.[5]
Gado
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Wakokin Tunde King sun yi tasiri a zamaninsa, da kuma ’yan wasa daga baya irin su Akanbi Ege, Ayinde Bakare, Tunde Nightingale da Ojoge Daniel a shekarun 1940, ’yan wasa a shekarun 1960 irin su King Sunny Adé da Chief Commander Ebenezer Obey, wadanda suka bullo da gitar lantarki, 1970s. Taurari irin su Janar Prince Adekunle kuma sun ci gaba da yin tasiri sosai har zuwa shekarun 1980, lokacin da taurari irin su Sir Shina Peters da Segun Adewale ke wasa irin na Jùjú na zamani.[5]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ "Juju music". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 4 January 2011. Retrieved 1 November 2009.
- ↑ Afolabi Alaja-Browne (1989). "A diachronic study of change in Juju music". Popular Music. Cambridge University Press. 8 (3): 231–242. JSTOR 931274.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Christopher Alan Waterman (1990). Jùjú: a social history and ethnography of an African popular music. University of Chicago Pressed. ISBN 978-0-226-87465-4.
- ↑ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunde_King#:~:text=Stephen%20Blum%3B%20Philip%20Vilas%20Bohlman%3B%20Daniel%20M.%20Neuman%20(1993).%20Ethnomusicology%20and%20modern%20music%20history.%20University%20of%20Illinois%20Press.%20p.%C2%A055.%20ISBN%C2%A0978%2D0%2D252%2D06343%2D5.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Juju Roots: 1930s-1950s". Rounder Records. Archived from the original on 24 May 2006. Retrieved 1 November 2009.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Palm Wine is Truly Old or New" (PDF). Glendora Review Vol 3 No.2. Retrieved 1 November 2009.