Xi Jinping
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Wannan mukalar bata da Reference (Manazarta) ko daya, ka taimaka ta hanyar samar da Manazarta daga littafi ko yanar gizo, duba wannan shafin domin samun masaniya akan yanda zaka samar da Reference (Manazarta) a cikin wannan mukalar.
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Xi Jinping (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga watan Yunin a shikara ta1953)[1] ɗan siyasa ne na kasar Sin, wanda ya rike mukamin sakatare jenar a karkashin jam'iyyar Chinese Communist Party (CCP), kuma chairman na Central Military Commission (CMC), sannan kuma shine shugaban kasar Sin, tun daga shekara ta 2012. Har ila yau, Xi ya kasance shugaban shugaban kasar Jamhurriyar Sin (PRC) tun daga shekara ta 2013.
Tarihin rayuwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]An haife shi a shekara ta 1953 a Beijing, Sin Xi [2]Jinping ya kasance shugaban ƙasar Sin daga ranar 14 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2013, Sau uku, yana samun damar mulkar kasar sin (kafin Hu Jintao).mukamai, ciki har da shugaban sashen yada labarai na jam'iyyar kwaminis ta kasar Sin, mataimakin firayim minista, da mataimakin shugaban majalisar wakilan jama'ar kasar.[3] Xi yana da 'yan'uwa mata guda biyu, Qi Qiaoqiao (齐桥桥), an haife shi a shekara ta 1949 da Qi An'an (齐安安), an haife shi a shekara ta 1952.[4] Mahaifin Xi ya fito daga gundumar Fuping, Shaanxi.[5]
Xi ya tafi makarantar Bayi ta Beijing, [6][7] sannan ya tafi makarantar Beijing No. 25, [8] a cikin 1960s. Ya yi abota da Liu He, wanda ya halarci makaranta mai lamba 101 na birnin Beijing a wannan gunduma, kuma daga baya ya zama mataimakin firaministan kasar Sin kuma mai ba da shawara ga Xi bayan ya zama babban shugaban kasar Sin.[9][10] A shekara ta 1963, lokacin da Xi ya kai shekaru goma, an cire mahaifinsa daga CCP, aka tura shi aiki a wata masana'anta da ke Luoyang a Henan.[11] A watan Mayun shekarar 1966, juyin juya halin al'adu ya katse karatun sakandare na Xi, lokacin da aka dakatar da dukkan azuzuwan sakandare domin dalibai su soki da kuma yaki da malamansu. Mayakan dalibai sun kai farmaki gidan dangin Xi kuma daya daga cikin 'yan uwan Xi, Xi Heping, an tsananta musu har lahira.[12][13]
Bayan haka, an tilasta wa mahaifiyarsa ta fito fili ta yi tir da mahaifinsa, yayin da aka gabatar da shi a gaban jama'a a matsayin makiyin juyin juya hali. Daga baya an tsare mahaifinsa a gidan yari a shekarar 1968 lokacin da Xi ya kai shekaru 15. A shekarar 1968, Xi ya mika takarda ga kwamitin sake fasalin makarantar Bayi inda ya dage cewa zai bar birnin Beijing zuwa karkara.[14] A ranar 13 ga Janairu, 1969, sun tashi daga birnin Beijing, suka isa kauyen Liangjiahe na Yan'an, Shaanxi, tare da Mao Zedong's Down to the Counterside Movement[15].Ƙauyen Yan'an na da koma baya sosai, [16] wanda ya haifar da babban gibi ga Xi tun yana matashi. Ya taɓa tuna cewa dole ne ya shawo kan “matsalolin biyar” (ƙuma, abinci, rayuwa, wahala da tunani),[17] kuma abin da ya faru ya sa shi ya ji kusanci da matalauta na karkara.[18]. Bayan 'yan watanni, ya kasa jurewa rayuwar karkara, ya gudu zuwa Beijing. An kama shi ne a lokacin wani farmakin da aka kai wa ‘yan gudun hijira daga karkara, aka tura shi wani sansanin aiki domin tona ramuka. Daga baya ya koma ƙauyen, bisa lallashin innarsa Qi Yun da kawunsa Wei Zhenwu.[19] Ya yi aiki a matsayin sakataren jam'iyyar Liangjiahe, inda ya zauna a wani gidan kogo.[20]
Daga nan ya shafe shekaru bakwai a Yanchuan.[21][22] A shekarar 1973, gundumar Yanchuan ta sanya Xi Jinping a kauyen Zhaojiahe da ke cikin gundumar Jiajianping don jagorantar kokarin ilimin zamantakewa.[23]Saboda yadda yake gudanar da aiki mai inganci da kyakkyawar alaka da mutanen kauyen, al’ummar garin sun nuna sha’awarsu na a ci gaba da rike shi. Ko da yake, bayan kauyen Liangjiahe ya ba da shawarar dawowar sa, Xi ya koma cikin watan Yuli a wannan shekarar. Liang Yuming (梁玉明) da Liang Youhua (梁有华), sakatarorin reshe na ƙauyen, sun goyi bayan neman sa ga jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Sin[24]. Amma duk da haka, saboda mahaifinsa, Xi Zhongxun, har yanzu yana fuskantar zalunci na siyasa, tun da farko manyan hukumomi sun hana aikace-aikacen.[25] Duk da gabatar da aikace-aikace goma, sai da sabon sakataren hukumar Bai Guangxing (白光兴), ya gane iyawar Xi, an mika bukatarsa ga kwamitin CCP Yanchuan kuma an amince da shi a farkon shekarar 1974.A wannan lokacin, yayin da kauyen Liangjiahe ke samun sauye-sauyen shugabanci, an ba da shawarar Xi ya zama shugaban reshen jam'iyyar na Brigade na Liangjiahe.[26][27]
Bayan hawansa mulki, Xi ya lura cewa, Mianyang, Sichuan yana amfani da fasahar samar da iskar gas, kuma bisa la'akari da karancin man fetur da ake fama da shi a kauyensa, ya tafi Mianyang don koyon yadda ake sarrafa iskar gas.[28] Bayan dawowarsa, ya yi nasarar aiwatar da wannan fasaha a Liangjiahe, wanda ya nuna wani ci gaba a birnin Shaanxi wanda ba da dadewa ba ya yadu a yankin.[29] Bugu da kari, ya jagoranci kokarin hakar rijiyoyin samar da ruwan sha, samar da hadin gwiwar masana’antu na karfe, kwato filaye, tabar tabar da aka kashe da hayaniya, da kafa wuraren sayar da kayayyaki don magance kalubalen noma da tattalin arzikin kauyen.[30][31] A shekara ta 1975, lokacin da aka keɓe gundumar Yanchuan a jami'ar Tsinghua, kwamitin CCP Yanchuan ya ba da shawarar Xi ya shigar da shi.[32] Daga 1975 zuwa 1979, Xi ya yi karatun injiniyan sinadarai a jami'ar Tsinghua a matsayin dalibin ma'aikaci-baƙau-soja a birnin Beijing.[33][34]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ English: /ˈʃiː dʒɪnˈpɪŋ/ SHEE jin-PING, or often /ˈʒiː/ ZHEE; Chinese: 习近平; pinyin: Xí Jìnpíng, pronounced [ɕǐ tɕîn.pʰǐŋ] ⓘ
- ↑ Wong 2023. P.2
- ↑ Profile: Chinese Vice President Xi Jinping". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 7 November 2012. Archived from the original on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 26 August 2013.
- ↑ 與丈夫習仲勛相伴58年 齊心：這輩子無比幸福 [With her husband Xi Zhongxun for 58 years: very happy in this life] (in Chinese). Xinhua News Agency. 28 April 2009. Archived from the original on 28 January 2013. Retrieved 18 March 2013.
- ↑ Chan, Alfred L. (24 March 2022). "Childhood and Youth: Privilege and Trauma, 1953–1979". Xi Jinping: Political Career, Governance, and Leadership, 1953–2018. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-761525-6. Archived from the original on 27 February 2024. Retrieved 12 January 2024.
- ↑ Takahashi, Tetsushi (1 June 2002). "Connecting the dots of the Hong Kong law and veneration of Xi". Nikkei Shimbun. Archived from the original on 3 December 2021. Retrieved 23 October 2020.
- ↑ Osnos, Evan (30 March 2015). "Born Red". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 4 October 2019. Retrieved 11 September 2019
- ↑ Li, Cheng. "Xi Jinping's Inner Circle (Part 2: Friends from Xi's Formative Years)" (PDF). Hoover Institution. pp. 6–22. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 September 2020. Retrieved 15 July 2020.
- ↑ Tisdall, Simon (29 December 2019). "The power behind the thrones: 10 political movers and shakers who will shape 2020". The Guardian. ISSN 0029-7712. Archived from the original on 5 November 2021. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
- ↑ Wei, Lingling (27 February 2018). "Who Is 'Uncle He?' The Man in Charge of China's Economy". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 3 October 2021. Retrieved 16 January 2020.
- ↑ 习近平：＂我坚信我的父亲是一个大英雄＂ [Xi Jinping: "I firmly believe my father is a great hero"] (in Chinese). State Administration of Press, Publication, Radio, Film and Television. 14 October 2013. Archived from the original on 5 March 2018. Retrieved 6 March 2018. 女儿习和平……在＂文化大革命＂中被迫害致死，是习仲勋难以抹去的心痛。 [His daughter Xi Heping... was persecuted to death during the "Cultural Revolution", which is a heartache that Xi Zhongxun could not erase.]
- ↑ 习近平：＂我坚信我的父亲是一个大英雄＂ [Xi Jinping: "I firmly believe my father is a great hero"] (in Chinese). State Administration of Press, Publication, Radio, Film and Television. 14 October 2013. Archived from the original on 5 March 2018. Retrieved 6 March 2018. 女儿习和平……在＂文化大革命＂中被迫害致死，是习仲勋难以抹去的心痛。 [His daughter Xi Heping... was persecuted to death during the "Cultural Revolution", which is a heartache that Xi Zhongxun could not erase.]
- ↑ Buckley, Chris; Tatlow, Didi Kirsten (24 September 2015). "Cultural Revolution Shaped Xi Jinping, From Schoolboy to Survivor". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 5 March 2018. Retrieved 6 March 2018.
- ↑ Shi, Z. C. (2017). 习近平的七年知青岁月 [Xi Jinping's Seven Years as an Educated Youth] (in Chinese). China Central Party School Press. p. [page needed]. ISBN 978-7-5035-6163-4. Retrieved 18 August 2024.
- ↑ 不忘初心：是什么造就了今天的习主席? [What Were His Original Intentions? The President Xi of Today]. Youku (in Simplified Chinese). 30 January 2018. Archived from the original on 30 January 2018. Retrieved 30 January 2018.
- ↑ Page, Jeremy (23 December 2020). "How the U.S. Misread China's Xi: Hoping for a Globalist, It Got an Autocrat". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on 24 December 2020. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
- ↑ 《足迹》第1集：过＂五关＂有多难 ["Footprints" Episode 1: How difficult is it to pass the "Five Gates"]. Xinhua News Agency (in Chinese). 23 May 2022. Archived from the original on 18 August 2024. Retrieved 18 August 2024.
- ↑ Page, Jeremy (23 December 2020). "How the U.S. Misread China's Xi: Hoping for a Globalist, It Got an Autocrat". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on 24 December 2020. Retrieved 25 December 2020.
- ↑ 习近平的七年知青岁月 [Xi Jinping's Seven Years as an Educated Youth]. China News Service (in Chinese). 1 July 2018. Archived from the original on 18 August 2024. Retrieved 18 August 2024.
- ↑ Lim, Louisa (9 November 2012). "For China's Rising Leader, A Cave Was Once Home". NPR. Archived from the original on 16 June 2018. Retrieved 27 October 2018.
- ↑ Demick, Barbara; Pierson, David (14 February 2012). "China's political star Xi Jinping is a study in contrasts". Toronto Star. Archived from the original on 13 October 2017. Retrieved 24 October 2017.
- ↑ Matt Rivers (19 March 2018). "This entire Chinese village is a shrine to Xi Jinping". CNN. Archived from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 11 February 2021.
- ↑ 習近平扶貧故事 [Xi Jinping's Poverty Alleviation Story] (in Chinese). Sino United Electronic Publishing Limited. 2021. pp. 19–61. ISBN 978-988-8758-27-2. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
- ↑ 習近平如何改變中國 [How Xi Jinping is changing China]. China Interpretation Series (in Chinese). Linghuo wenhua shiye youxiang gongsi. 2014. p. 12. ISBN 978-986-5721-05-3. Retrieved 23 August 2024.
- ↑ Osnos, Evan (30 March 2015). "Born Red". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 4 October 2019. Retrieved 11 September 2019.
- ↑ "Xi Jinping 习近平" (PDF). Brookings Institution. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 September 2021. Retrieved 14 October 2021
- ↑ Ranade, Jayadva (25 October 2010). "China's Next Chairman – Xi Jinping". Centre for Air Power Studies. Archived from the original on 24 July 2013. Retrieved 27 May 2012.
- ↑ Chan, A. L. (2022). Xi Jinping: Political Career, Governance, and Leadership, 1953-2018. Oxford University Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-19-761522-5. Retrieved 23 August 2024.
- ↑ 延川县志 [Yanchuan County Annals]. Shaanxi Local Chronicles Series (in Chinese). Shaanxi People's Publishing House. 1999. p. 41. ISBN 978-7-224-05262-6. Retrieved 23 August 2024.
- ↑ 红墙内的子女们 [Children Within the Red Wall] (in Chinese). Yanbian University Press. 1998. p. 468. ISBN 978-7-5634-1080-4. Retrieved 23 August 2024
- ↑ 缙麓别调（三） [Jinlu Special Tune (Part 3)] (in Chinese). Chongqing daxue dianzi yinxiang chubanshe. 2021. p. 76. ISBN 978-7-5689-2545-7. Retrieved 23 August 2024
- ↑ Pengpeng, Z. 谜一样的人生 [A Mysterious Life] (in Chinese). Zhu Peng Peng. p. 619. ISBN 978-0-9787999-2-2. Retrieved 23 August 2024.
- ↑ Zhong, Wen; Zhang, Jie (2022). 习近平传 [Biography of Xi Jinping] (in Chinese). Bouden House. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-034-94892-6. Retrieved 30 August 2024.
- ↑ Zhong, Wen; Zhang, Jie (2022). 习近平传 [Biography of Xi Jinping] (in Chinese). Bouden House. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-034-94892-6. Retrieved 30 August 2024.