Yaren Fala
| Yaren Fala | |
|---|---|
'Yan asalin magana | harshen asali: 11,000 (1994) |
| |
| Lamban rijistar harshe | |
| ISO 639-3 |
fax |
| Glottolog |
fala1241[1] |
Fala ("Magana", wanda kuma ake kira Xalimego ) yare ne na Yammacin Romance wanda aka rarraba a cikin rukuni na Galician-Portuguese, tare da wasu halaye daga Leonese, wanda kusan mutane 10,500 ke magana a Spain, daga cikinsu 5,500 suna zaune a kwarin arewa maso yammacin Extremadura kusa da iyakar Portugal. Masu magana da Fala suna zaune a garuruwan Valverde del Fresno (Valverdi du Fresnu), Eljas (As Ellas) da San Martín de Trevejo (Sa Martín de trevellu). Wadannan suna cikin kwarin Jálama, a cikin comarca na Sierra de Gata .
Sauran sunayen da ake amfani da su a wasu lokuta don yaren sune Fala de Jálama ko Fala na Xálima, amma babu wani daga cikinsu da masu magana da kansu ke amfani da shi, waɗanda ke kiran nau'ikan harsansu lagarteiru (a Eljas), manhegu / mañegu (a San Martín de Trevejo) da Valverdeiru (a Valverde del Fresno). [2]
Tarihi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Asalin
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin Tsakiyar Tsakiya, ana iya samun nau'ikan Portuguese da Leonese a kan iyakar tsakanin Leon da Portugal, wanda aka wakilta a matani kamar Foro de Castelo Rodrigo (karni na 13). Kodayake babu takardu game da mulkin mallaka da sake gina wannan yanki a karni na 13, akwai ra'ayoyi da yawa na 'yan ƙasar Galician da ke motsawa don kare iyaka daga Musulmai a matsayin horo da Sarkin Leonese ya ɗora, ko kuma isar da yankuna ga umarnin soja daban-daban da Sarakuna Alfonso IX da Fernando II suka yi.
Gabaɗaya, masana ilimin harshe da ke goyon bayan ka'idar Galician suna goyan bayan ra'ayin cewa kwarin yanki ne mai zaman kansa kuma, sabili da haka, masu mulkin mallaka na Galician suna kula da hanyar magana a cikin "tsarkake" saboda rashin tasirin waje. Koyaya, kwarin yana kusa da iyakar Portugal, yana mai da shi dan takara mai kyau don a rarraba shi cikin ƙasashen da Castile da Portugal suka musayar, ta Yarjejeniyar Alcanices. A baya, a lokacin sake mamayewa, iyakar tana da siffar maciji. An yi yarjejeniyar ne don yin ta madaidaiciya, wanda aka cimma ta hanyar Tsaro da Ribacoa zuwa Portugal (Guarda, tsohuwar tashar iyaka, yanzu tana da kilomita 40 a yammacin sabon), da kuma karɓar ƙasashen gabashin kogin Erges-Tagus-Sever, [ana buƙatar hujja] kilomita 180 na iyaka da ke da iyakar ruwa. [ana buƙatar hujja]Yarjejeniyar tsakanin sarakuna ba ta tilasta wa jama'a su sake zama ba, don haka wasu sun canza ƙasar, ba da nufin kansu ba, amma saboda canjin iyakoki.
Juyin halitta na sunan ƙasa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Misali na manyan siffofin sunan da aka yi amfani da su a cikin Fala na Xálima, ya nuna fasalin da ke biyowa:
- Valverde wuri ne na yau da kullun a duk faɗin Iberia da Italiya, wanda aka samo tare da wasu karin haruffa a Faransa. Koyaya nau'in al'umma Valverdeiro, yayi kama da tsarin Portuguese, na nau'in "Brasileiro", ƙwararren ƙwararren da aka karɓa daga baya don sanyawa kuma mutanen daga Brazil. Dukan sunan "Valverde del Fresno" ya dace da fassarar "Valver de do Freixo". Valverdi a matsayin furcin an tsara shi ta hanyar yaren Tagus (wanda ya rinjayi Yaren Mozarabic, inda aka fi son "di" a kan "de" a ƙarshen kalmomin.
- Eljas ya samo asali ne daga sunan kogin "riyu Erges", sauyawar R ta L, alama ce ta yau da kullun a cikin rikice-rikice tsakanin Harshen Portuguese da Harshen Mutanen Espanya, inda aka canza G na gaba zuwa I, wanda ya dace a Spain don kauce wa wahalar furta sauti na J. Sa'an nan Elies, wanda ya fi fahimta kamar yadda Elias zai zama murya, kuma saboda harshen Portuguese ya canza sauti na LI a cikin LH, Elhas shine tsari na ƙarshe, inda Ellas shine sigar Mutanen Espanya. Lagarteiro a matsayin al'umma na Ellas, ana iya samo asali ne daga wata magana kamar "dizendo cobras e lagartos", a zahiri "yana cewa macizai da lizards", amma yana rufe ma'anar "tsinkaye da ƙarya". Sa'an nan, Lagarteiro wani abu ne wanda ba gaskiya ba ne, wanda ba ya nufin cewa kowa da ke ciki yana da irin wannan, amma wasu za su iya ɗaukar akwatuna a fadin iyaka, ƙirƙirar wasu amfani ga bangarorin biyu, kuma don yin hakan mai yiwuwa suna da bayani mafi doka da sauƙin fahimta, saboda yara da rayuka masu kyau.
- San Martín de Trevellu, ban da sunan mai tsarki wanda yayi kama da ko'ina, "San" ya zama "Sa" saboda alamar hanci N an fitar da ita a cikin Mutanen Espanya, tambayar ita ce fahimtar Trevellu. Mutum na iya yin hakan ta hanyar kallon fassarar kalmar Portuguese, "Trevelho". Daga nazarin farfajiyar, ana iya cire wannan kalmar kamar yadda ta fito ne daga "trevo", clover mai sauƙi, tare da "-elho", ƙaramin ƙayyadaddun (wanda aka gada daga Latin -iculus) wanda za'a iya samunsa a cikin kalmomi da yawa kamar "artelho" (ƙafar ƙafa). Ta hanyar canza rubutun don ya dace da yadda yake sauti, ya zama Trevellu. Manhegu na al'umma, ya zama kamar wani nau'i ne na Lagarteiro, "manha" gabaɗaya "ƙazantarwa", to kaɗan na iya taimaka wa maƙwabta tare da akwatuna. A cikin harshen Portuguese ma'anar Eco / Oco wani karamin nau'i ne na asalin Pre-Roman, tare da janar "inho / a", da kuma hanyar Roman Eta / Ita. Wannan ƙarshen yana da amfani a cikin yankin Beira, da tsaunuka. Fahimtar Manhegu a cikin Portuguese na yanzu zai zama "Manhosinho". Ana buƙatar wasu makirci da basira, a cikin jawabin Beira Manhoco nau'in gargajiya ne, Manheco bambanci ne kuma Manhego juyin halitta ne.
- U Soitu, wanda aka fi sani da El Soto a cikin Mutanen Espanya, zai gabatar da sunan mulki na "Souto" a cikin ma'anar Portuguese. Koyaya, Soito ya dace da furcin Beira, a cikin abin da ya yi daidai da na Galicia. "OU" da "OI" suna gabatar da gwagwarmayar diphthongs a cikin harshe gabaɗaya. Tasirin tushe na Masarautar Galicia ya kasance mai mahimmanci a cikin Kwarin Douro kuma sun gabatar da fifiko ta "OU", wanda masu shigowa suka ɗauka. A arewa da kudu "OI" sun ci gaba a matsayin karin magana.
- Xálima, gabaɗaya juyin halitta ne na kalmar Larabci Salama (yana da ma'anar tsaro). Dutsen Salama, duwatsun tsaro don raba Kwarin Douro wurin yaƙi, daga Kwarin Tagus wurin tsaro, wurin tsayawa a cikin Al-Andaluz. A cikin juyin halitta Salama za ta rinjayi furcin Beira, sannan S kamar Sh, Ch ko X, yana haifar da Chalama mai sauƙin fahimta a cikin kalmomi biyu Chan Lama (chan tare da N kasancewa alamar hanci, yana da "flat" a ma'ana, kuma Lama shine kalmar laka). Wannan ya canza faɗakarwar kalmar daga syllable na tsakiya zuwa na farko. Bayan haka, saboda Lama bai yarda da gaskiyar ƙasar ba, Lima a matsayin "rasp" na iya zama an karɓa don tsara kyakkyawar fahimta. Sa'an nan Chan Lima, a ƙarshen lokacin ya tuba a cikin kalmar "Pico da Xálima", ƙarewa kusa da Fatima" id="mwYA" rel="mw:WikiLink/Interwiki" title="pt:Cadima">Cádima, Cértima ko Fátima, da kalmomi da yawa na yau da kullun. Wannan sunan wuri a bayyane yake yana nuna hanyar juyin halitta ta Yankin Beira. Xalimego a matsayin al'umma ya dace da Kogin Mondego irin wannan sunan, kuma ta hanyar wannan a dubawa gaba ɗaya, Fala na Xálima wani juyin halitta ne na abin da ke yaren Beira, hanyar magana da Portuguese.
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Yaren Fala". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ↑ newspaper La Vanguardia (8-6-2019): La fala, una lengua viva del norte de Extremadura (in Spanish)