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'Yanci na ilimi

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'Yanci na ilimi
'yanci

'Yancin dailimi haƙƙin malami ne na koyarwa da kuma haƙƙin ɗalibi don koyo a fagen ilimi ba tare da tsangwama daga waje ba. [1] Hakanan yana iya haɗawa da haƙƙin malamai don shiga cikin zargi na zamantakewa da siyasa. [1]

'Yancin ilimi sau da yawa ana dogara ne akan tabbacin cewa 'yancin yin bincike ta membobin malamai yana da mahimmanci ga manufar makarantar da kuma ka'idodin ilimi, kuma malamai su sami 'yancin koyarwa ko sadar da ra'ayoyi ko gaskiya (ciki har da waɗanda ba su dace ba). zuwa ga ƙungiyoyin siyasa na waje ko ga hukumomi) ba tare da fargabar an danne su ba, rasa aikinsu ko a ɗaure su. Yayin da jigon ƴancin ilimi ya ƙunshi masana da ke aiki a fagen ilimi - a matsayin malamai ko masu bincike waɗanda ke bayyana ra'ayoyin masana sosai -, faffadar fassarar tana faɗaɗa waɗannan kariyar sana'o'i zuwa maganganun malamai kan batutuwan da ba su da ƙwarewar ƙwararrunsu. [2] [3]

Zaman ilimi yana kare 'yancin ilimi ta hanyar tabbatar da cewa za a iya korar malamai kawai saboda dalilai kamar babban rashin cancantar ƙwararru ko ɗabi'a da ke haifar da la'anci daga ƙungiyar ilimi da kanta.

A tarihi, 'yancin ilimi ya fito ne a hankali, kamar yadda masana ilimi a tsakiyar tsakiyar Turai da farkon zamani na Turai za su iya fuskantar matsin lamba don yin aiki ta hanyoyin da hukumomin addini ko gwamnatoci ke ganin ba su da kyau. Malamai suna da alaƙa da haɓaka haɓakar 'yancin ilimi zuwa haɓakar jami'ar bincike ta zamani da ƙirar Humboldtian na manyan makarantu daga ƙarni na 19. Ta hanyar ƙiyasin ɗaya, 'yancin ilimi ya ƙaru sosai a duk duniya tun daga shekarun 1960. ’Yancin ilimi ya fi yiyuwa a cikin jahohin dimokuradiyya masu sassaucin ra’ayi, yayin da ya fi takurawa a cikin jahohin masu mulki, da jahohin da ba su da sassaucin ra’ayi, da jahohin da ke fama da rikicin soji.

Ma'anarsa

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Karamin ma'anar 'yancin ilimi shine malami yana da 'yancin koyarwa kuma dalibi yana da 'yancin koyo a fagen ilimi ba tare da tsangwama daga waje ba. [1] [4] Sauran ma'anar sun haɗa da 'yancin malamai na shiga cikin zargi na zamantakewa da siyasa.

Faɗin ma'anar ƴancin ilimi ya haɗa da daidaikun mutane, abubuwan ban mamaki da na hukuma. Ƙarƙashin wannan ma'anar mai faɗi, malami yana da 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki ba tare da tsoma bakin gwamnati ba, amma wannan ƴancin yana kewaye da ƙwarewar ilimi da matsayi. Don haka 'yancin fadar albarkacin baki ya fi kunkuntar 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki. Misali, wanda ba malami ba yana da 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki don sukar ingancin alluran rigakafi, amma yana da 'yancin yin hakan ne kawai idan sun mallaki abubuwan da ake bukata na ilimi don yin hakan. Ba kamar maganganun jama'a ba, maganganun ilimi kuma yana ƙarƙashin kulawar ingancin takwarorinsu na ilimi, alal misali ta hanyar nazarin takwarorinsu.

An bayyana ra'ayi daban </link> a kasashe da dama.Jami'o'in Burtaniya sun ayyana shi a matsayin ] kare [ yancin kai na ilimi na masana kimiyya don yin tambaya da gwada ra'ayoyi da hikimar da aka karɓa, da kuma gabatar da sababbin ra'ayoyi da ra'ayoyi masu rikitarwa ko rashin amincewa, ba tare da sanya kansu cikin haɗari na rasa ayyukansu ko gata ba", yayin da Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Malamai ta Amirka ta gan shi a matsayin "bisa ra'ayin cewa musayar ra'ayi na kyauta a harabar yana da mahimmanci ga ilimi mai kyau". Ilimin Yaren mutanen Norway yana ganin shi a matsayin tabbacin cewa bincike da koyarwa yana da "hankali da ɗabi'a mai zaman kansa ba tare da duk wani bukatu na siyasa da tattalin arziki", wanda ke haifar da buɗewa, bincike na kyauta da muhawara.

Bayanan tarihi

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A tarihi, ’yancin ilimi ya fito a hankali. A Turai ta tsakiya, malaman makaranta da suka soki koyarwar coci ko kuma suka aikata ta hanyoyin da Ikilisiya ta ɗauka cewa ba za su iya fuskantar zalunci ba. Hakazalika a lokacin da ake samun bunkasuwar jihohi, malaman jami'a na iya fuskantar takunkumi saboda aikata sabanin gwamnati.

'Yancin ilimi ya fara samun gindin zama na hukuma tare da bullar jami'ar bincike ta zamani. Misalin Humboldtian na manyan makarantu daga karni na 19 ya tanadi ainihin ra'ayoyin 'yancin ilimi kuma ya watsa su zuwa wasu ƙasashe. Wilhelm von Humboldt masanin falsafa ne kuma masanin ilimin harshe wanda aka ba shi ikon ƙirƙirar sabuwar jami'a a Berlin a farkon karni na 19. Sannan ya kafa jami'a da ke bin ka'idoji guda biyu na 'yancin ilimi: 'yancin binciken kimiyya da hadin kai tsakanin bincike da koyarwa. A cewar Humboldt, babban abin da ke tattare da ka'idojin 'yancin ilimi shi ne tabbatar da ra'ayin cewa kimiyya ba wani abu ba ne da aka riga aka samo shi amma a matsayin ilimin da ba za a taba gano shi sosai ba kuma, duk da haka, yana bukatar a nema ba tare da tsayawa ba. Jami'ar da ya kafa daga baya ta zama abin koyi da zaburarwa ga kwalejoji na zamani a Jamus da jami'o'in yammacin duniya.

Hakanan an tsara manufar 'yancin ilimi a fili don mayar da martani ga cin zarafi na kasa-da-kasa kan kimiyya da ilimi gabaɗaya don ci gaban manufofinta. Alal misali, a cikin Tarayyar Soviet, binciken kimiyya ya kasance ƙarƙashin kulawar siyasa mai tsanani a cikin 1930s. An bayyana wuraren bincike da dama " bourgeois pseudoscience " kuma an haramta, musamman kwayoyin halitta [5] (duba " Lysenkoism ") da ilimin zamantakewa. [6] Halin da ake nufi da ƙaddamar da kimiyya ga bukatun jihar kuma yana da masu goyon baya a Yamma, ciki har da John Desmond Bernal, wanda ya buga The Social Function of Science a 1939.

Michael Polanyi ya bayar da hujjar cewa 'yancin ilimi shine muhimmin mahimmanci don samar da ilimin gaskiya.

Ya bambanta da wannan hanya, Michael Polanyi ya yi jayayya cewa tsarin 'yanci yana da mahimmanci don ci gaban kimiyya - cewa 'yancin bin kimiyya don kansa shi ne abin da ake bukata don samar da ilimi ta hanyar nazarin takwarorinsu da kuma hanyar kimiyya . A cikin 1936, sakamakon gayyata don ba da laccoci ga ma'aikatar masana'antu mai nauyi a cikin USSR, Polanyi ya sadu da Bukharin, wanda ya gaya masa cewa a cikin al'ummomin gurguzu, duk binciken kimiyya ana ba da umarnin dacewa da bukatun sabon shirin shekaru biyar. . Bukatu a Biritaniya don binciken kimiyya na tsakiya da aka tsara ya jagoranci Polanyi, tare da John Baker, don gano ƙungiyar da ke da tasiri don 'Yanci a Kimiyya . Al'umma sun haɓaka ra'ayi mai sassaucin ra'ayi na kimiyya a matsayin bincike na kyauta a kan ra'ayin kayan aiki cewa ya kamata kimiyya ta kasance da farko don biyan bukatun al'umma. A cikin jerin kasidu, wanda aka sake bugawa a cikin The Conmpt of Freedom (1940) da The Logic of Liberty (1951), Polanyi ya yi iƙirarin cewa haɗin kai tsakanin masana kimiyya ya yi daidai da hanyar da wakilai ke haɗa kansu a cikin kasuwa mai kyauta. . Kamar yadda masu amfani a cikin kasuwa mai kyauta ke tantance ƙimar samfuran, kimiyya tsari ne na kwatsam wanda ya taso sakamakon buɗaɗɗen muhawara tsakanin kwararru. Saboda haka kimiyya na iya bunƙasa ne kawai lokacin da masana kimiyya suka sami 'yancin bin gaskiya a matsayin ƙarshen kanta:

[S]cientists, freely making their own choice of problems and pursuing them in the light of their own personal judgment, are in fact co-operating as members of a closely knit organization.

Such self-co-ordination of independent initiatives leads to a joint result which is unpremeditated by any of those who bring it about.

Any attempt to organize the group ... under a single authority would eliminate their independent initiatives, and thus reduce their joint effectiveness to that of the single person directing them from the centre. It would, in effect, paralyse their co-operation.

Dalilin dalili

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Magoya bayan 'yancin ilimi sun yi imanin cewa 'yancin yin bincike daga ɗalibai da membobin malamai yana da mahimmanci ga manufar makarantar. Suna bayar da hujjar cewa ana yawan kai wa al'ummomin ilimi hari don danniya saboda iyawar su na tsarawa da sarrafa kwararar bayanai. Lokacin da malamai suka yi ƙoƙarin koyarwa ko sadar da ra'ayoyi ko hujjoji waɗanda ba su dace da ƙungiyoyin siyasa na waje ko ga hukuma ba, ƙila su sami kansu a kai ga cin mutuncin jama'a, asarar aiki, ɗauri, ko ma mutuwa. Misali, a Arewacin Afirka, wani farfesa a fannin kiwon lafiyar jama'a ya gano cewa adadin mace-macen jarirai a kasarsa ya zarce alkaluman gwamnati. Ya rasa aikinsa kuma aka daure shi. [ bukatar sabuntawa

Jasper Becker ya bayyana makomar ilimin halitta a cikin Tarayyar Soviet a matsayin dalilin da yasa al'umma ke da sha'awar kare 'yancin ilimi. Masanin ilimin halittu na Soviet Trofim Lysenko ya ƙi kimiyyar Yammacin Turai - sannan ya mayar da hankali da farko don samun ci gaba a cikin ilimin kimiyyar halittu, bisa ga bincike tare da 'ya'yan itace ( Drosophila melanogaster ) - kuma ya ba da shawara ga tsarin noma wanda ya dogara ne akan ka'idodin tarawa na jari-hujja . (Lysenko ya kira wannan "Michurinism", amma an fi sani da shi a yau da sunan Lysenkoism .) Ra'ayoyin Lysenko sun yi kira ga jagorancin Soviet, a wani ɓangare saboda darajar su a matsayin farfaganda, kuma a ƙarshe ya zama darektan Soviet Academy of Agricultural Sciences. Daga baya, Lysenko ya ba da umarnin kawar da masana kimiyya waɗanda ke da'awar "ra'ayoyi masu cutarwa", wanda ya haifar da korar, ɗaure, ko mutuwar daruruwan masana kimiyyar Soviet. Daga nan aka aiwatar da ra'ayoyin Lysenko akan gonakin da aka tattara a cikin Tarayyar Soviet da China. An yi imanin cewa yunwar da ta haifar da wani bangare na tasirin Lysenko ta kashe mutane miliyan 30 a China kadai.

Masanin ilimin zamantakewa Ruth Pearce ta yi iƙirarin cewa manufar 'yancin ilimi ta wanzu don kare malanta daga zargi daga hukumomi ko na addini, kuma ba don kare rashin haƙuri ba. [7]

Wani babban bincike mai zurfi, wanda ya rufe fiye da ƙasashe 157 a cikin lokacin 1900-2015, ya danganta 'yancin ilimi zuwa inganci da adadin haƙƙin mallaka da aka shigar a cikin wata ƙasa. David Audretsch da abokan aikinsa sun kiyasta cewa 'yancin ilimi ya ragu a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata a karon farko a tsawon lokacin lura da su na tsawon karni, wanda ya haifar da aƙalla 4% ƙananan takardun shaida. Binciken ya yi iƙirarin cewa shi ne farkon wanda ya danganta 'yancin ilimi zuwa haɓakar tattalin arziki ta hanyar haɓakawa.

Fihirisar 'Yancin Ilimi

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Blue = more academic freedom, red = less academic freedom
Fihirisar 'Yanci na Ilimi kamar na Disamba 2023

Janika Spannagel da Katrin Kinzelbach sun kira Fiididdigar 'Yancin Ilimi ta cikakkiyar ma'aunin 'Yancin Ilimi na farko a duniya, tare da kima na koma baya ga kasashen da ke komawa zuwa 1900 wadanda kuma ake sabunta su duk shekara. Fihirisar ta ƙididdige 'yancin ilimi ta amfani da rukuni biyar:

  • 'yancin yin bincike da koyarwa
  • 'yancin musayar ilimi da yadawa
  • cin gashin kansa na hukumomi
  • mutuncin harabar
  • 'yancin faɗar ilimi da al'adu

Tun daga 2023, 'yancin ilimi gabaɗaya a duniya yana cikin ja da baya tun 2013. [8] Dalilan da aka ambata sun haɗa da mulkin mallaka [8] da kuma siyasar siyasa [9] [10] da populism . [11]

Ƙasashe na musamman

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'Yancin Ilimi a China (1900-2023) [12]

China

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Takaddar kai a cikin wata jarida ta ilimi ta kasar Sin: wani edita ya tambayi marubucin labarin ya cire jumla game da toshe Wikipedia a babban yankin kasar Sin saboda yana iya haifar da matsala tare da "hukuma".

An iyakance 'yancin ilimi a China sosai. [13] [14] Masana kimiyya sun lura da wani abin ƙarfafawa na rashin bayyana ra'ayoyin 'marasa daidai' game da batutuwan da suka shafi gwamnatin kasar Sin da jam'iyyar kwaminisanci ta kasar Sin (CCP). [15] Waɗannan ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce sun yi tasiri wajen haifar da masana ilimi don tantance kansu da canza maganganun ilimi. [16]

A watan Disamba na shekarar 2020, kamfanin dillancin labarai na Associated Press ya ba da rahoton cewa, kasar Sin tana sarrafa binciken kimiyya kan tushen COVID-19 bisa umarnin kai tsaye daga babban sakataren CCP Xi Jinping . Rahoton ya ce, umarnin da majalisar gudanarwar kasar Sin ta bayar ya bukaci kwamitin da ke gudanar da aikin ya amince da duk wani bincike da aka gudanar, yana mai cewa kamata ya yi a tsara buga littattafan kimiyya kamar "wasan dara", inda ya yi gargadin cewa za a tuhumi wadanda suka buga ba tare da izini ba. . [17]


Faransa

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  Ana sa ran farfesoshi a jami'o'in Faransanci na jama'a da masu bincike a dakunan binciken jama'a, kamar yadda duk ma'aikatan gwamnati, su kasance cikin tsaka-tsaki kuma kada su fifita kowane ra'ayi na siyasa ko addini yayin gudanar da ayyukansu. Duk da haka, 'yancin ilimi na malaman jami'a muhimmin tushe ne da dokokin Jamhuriyar Jama'a suka amince da su, kamar yadda Majalisar Tsarin Mulki ta ayyana; Bugu da ƙari, dokar doka ta bayyana game da manyan makarantu cewa "malamai-masu bincike (Farfesa na jami'a da mataimakan farfesoshi), masu bincike da malamai suna da cikakken 'yancin kai kuma suna jin daɗin cikakken 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki a cikin ayyukan bincike da koyarwa, idan sun mutunta, bin al'adun jami'a. da kuma abubuwan da ke tattare da wannan ka'idar, ka'idodin haƙuri da haƙƙin mallaka". Nadin nadi da haɓaka farfesoshi ana yin su ne ta hanyar bitar abokan zamansu maimakon ta hanyoyin gudanarwa na yau da kullun.

'Yancin ilimi a Faransa ya bambanta da sauran ƙasashe na Tarayyar Turai (EU). A cewar Maassen et al. (2023) " Tattaunawa na baya-bayan nan game da 'yancin ilimi a Faransa sun kasance, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, an mayar da hankali kan tsarin gwamnati na abin da ake kira " Islamic-Leftism " a cikin ilimin kimiyya ". Don ta'addancin Musulunci "; wannan dangantakar da ake zargin ta zama wani abu na siyasa a Faransa. An yi muhawara kan ƙungiyoyin "Islamo-Leftism" a lokacin zaben shugaban kasa na 2022. Duk da haka, Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Kasa (CNRS) ta musanta duk wani kasancewarsa. abin da ake kira "Islamo-Leftism" a hakikanin gaskiya (shafi na 3). 76). Maassen et al. (2023) ya kuma bayar da hujjar cewa "muhawarori a Faransa sun nuna cewa a cikin shekarun da suka gabata mafi girma ilimi da al'umma a cikin EU Membobin Tarayyar Turai da kuma sauran wurare sun ɓullo da wata sabuwar dangantaka, inda al'ada iyakoki da bambance-bambance sun zama kasa shahara" (shafi. 76-77). A cewar Maassen et al. (2023) a cikin 2020, gyara musamman magana game da "'yancin ilimi ya haifar da damuwa tsakanin al'ummar ilimi". Gyaran da ya shafi ya bayyana cewa "Ana amfani da 'yancin ilimi tare da mutunta dabi'un jamhuriyar" ba tare da wani karin bayani kan wadancan dabi'u ko gazawar wadannan dabi'u ba. Daga baya, "kimanin cibiyoyin bincike na ilimi 40, ƙungiyoyi, ƙungiyoyi, da ƙungiyoyin sha'awa, ban da kusan mujallu na ilimi 100" sun sanya hannu kan buɗaɗɗen wasiƙa don yin watsi da gyaran (shafi na 15). 77). Wannan ya nuna rashin jituwa tsakanin masu ruwa da tsaki na Tarayyar Turai (EU) game da 'yancin ilimi da kuma isar da jam'iyyun siyasa don iyakance 'yancin karatun.

Barazana iri-iri ga "'Yancin Ilimi a Faransa" wanda Beaud (2022) ya bayyana kuma Maassen et al. (2023, shafi. 77-78) a cikin labarin Tarayyar Turai kamar haka. Nau'in farko na "barazanar gargajiya" na faruwa ne saboda tsoma bakin "Hukumomin siyasa", saboda yawancin jami'o'in Faransa "Jami'o'in Jama'a" ne kuma suna karkashin kulawar siyasa. Beaud (2022, para.31) yana nufin shari'ar " Erneth Renan da Louis-Napolean " don nuna yadda jam'iyyun siyasa a Faransa suka kasance masu iyaka ga 'Yancin Ilimi a Faransa na dogon lokaci yanzu. Hukumar da ke mulki, Louis-Napolean, ta dakatar da kwas na Ernest Renan daga " College de France " bayan laccarsa inda "ya gabatar da manyan jigogin littafinsa a kan Rayuwar Yesu, tarihin "kimiyya" na Yesu Almasihu. dakatarwa, Ernest Renan kuma an cire shi daga "jiki na College de France", tare da "zargin" na rashin "bi" ka'idar kada a hada da wani "ra'ayi na sirri" a kan "tushen Addinin Kirista " Na biyu shi ne saboda tsoma baki da "ayyukan jama'a a matakin kasa (Ma'aikatar Ilimi mai zurfi)" Tare da "barazanar gargajiya" da aka ambata a sama, Beaud (2022) ya kuma yi nuni ga "sabbin barazanar" na "'yancin ilimi".

"Sabuwar barazanar farko a cewar Beaud (2022) wanda Maassen et al ya gano. (2023, shafi na 78) Hukumar jami'a ce ta kafa (wanda ake kira 'kusa da gwamnati'), da masana ilimi suka kafa a mukaman jagoranci, da kuma ofishin hukuma. An yi iƙirarin cewa jami'o'in Faransa sun fuskanci bullar "hanyar da za a yi wa lakabin matsayi" wanda Maassen et al. (2023, shafi. 78) yana nufin (Legrand 2008, p. 2242). Ana fassara na ƙarshe a matsayin barazana ga 'yancin 'yan ilimi don bin tsarin binciken su da koyarwa". Sauran "sabuwar barazanar" ita ce " Tsarin kararraki game da shigar jama'a (SLAPP)". An yi wannan karar ne don "kushe masu sukar da ke dora su kudin kariya na shari'a har sai sun yi watsi da suka ko adawa". Ƙara amfani da wannan ƙarar yana jefa " 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki " da "'yancin ilimi". Wani "sabon barazana bisa ga Beaud (2022, para.50)" Maassen et al. (2023, p. 78) zai kasance game da "dalibi da kungiyoyin gwagwarmayar ilimi". A cewar wannan sabuwar barazanar, malaman ba za su ji tsoro ne kawai daga hukumomin da suka fi su a cikin manyan mukamai ba, har ma suna bukatar su ji tsoro daga "dalibai" da "kungiyoyin masu fafutuka", saboda za su yanke shawara idan wani abu ya koyar da su. malami ya zagi ko a'a. Wannan ya shafi lamarin “Islamo-Leftism” kamar yadda aka ambata a baya.

Barylo (2021, sakin layi na 9-10), ya bayyana cewa, "bangaren wannan matsala shine rashin haɗin kai na tarihi tsakanin manufofi da bincike a Faransa" shine "rashin al'adun tunani na ƙasar", wanda ke toshe kwararar "ƙwarewar ilimi" cikin "siyasa gwamnati". Sauran ƙasashe kamar "US", "Kanada" da "Birtaniya" na iya raba waɗannan kurakuran tare da Faransa amma aƙalla suna da "dokokin daidaito" waɗanda ke ba mutane damar bayyana ra'ayoyinsu kuma suna da kafa "tsarin gwamnati" wanda ke ɗaukar waɗannan maganganun. Wannan rashin "'Yancin Ilimi a Faransa" yana sa malaman ilimi ficewa daga Faransa, kamar yadda marubucin wannan labarin ya yi. "Na firgita don yin tunanin inda wannan zai iya ƙare, amma yana da akalla tabbatar mani cewa na yanke shawara mai kyau lokacin da na shiga dukan waɗanda suka yi hijira kuma na bar Faransa zuwa Birtaniya" in ji marubucin, Barylo (2022, para.11).

Kudirin farko zai haramta tarurrukan harabar da ke damun tsarin kafa; Hukuncin karya wannan zai zama tarar $45,000 da/ko shekaru 3 a gidan yari. Kudirin doka na biyu shine kudirin tsaro na duniya wanda ke da nufin taimakawa jami'an tsaro a yanayi irin na kisan kai na Paty. Koyaya, ɗimbin cikakkun bayanai/ tanade-tanade na wannan lissafin sun sa ƴan ƙasar Faransa haushi. Daya daga cikin wadannan tanade-tanaden shi ne, wannan kudirin doka zai haramta buga/ raba hotuna na jami’an ‘yan sanda sai dai in ba a tozarta su ba. Wannan kudiri ya kuma bayyana cewa a yanzu jami'an tsaro za su iya amfani da jirage marasa matuka don yin fim ga 'yan kasa a bainar jama'a, tare da ba da damar daukar hotunan kamara daga jami'an 'yan sanda kai tsaye zuwa ga hukumomin Faransa. A ƙarshe, wannan lissafin zai kuma yanke hukunci ga mutanen da ake tuhuma da cin zarafin ɗan sanda.

Manufar kudirin doka ta uku ita ce karfafa mutunta ka’idojin Jamhuriyar ta hanyar yin gyare-gyaren tsarin ilimi ta hanyoyi da dama. Gwamnatin Faransa ta bayyana wannan kudiri a matsayin wani bangare na dabarun shugaba Macron na dakile yunkurin masu tsatsauran ra'ayin Islama na yin tasiri ga al'ummar Faransa ta wata hanya mara kyau. Za ta baiwa kowane ɗan Faransa lamba lambar bin diddigi don tilasta halartar kowane yaro a makarantun da gwamnati ta amince da su. Wannan zai kawo karshen mafi yawan ayyukan karatun gida da makarantu masu zaman kansu na addini a Faransa, wanda ke nufin cewa iyayen Faransa a yanzu ba za su iya jagorantar tafarkin ilimin ƴaƴansu don dacewa da bukatunsu ba. Za a ba da izini ga ilimi daga gida, kuma za a amince da shi ne kawai idan doka ta bayyana takamaiman yanayin yaron. Hakan kuma zai baiwa gwamnatin Faransa ikon kula da inganci da adadin ilimin da yaron Faransa ke samu, tare da tabbatar da cewa dukkan yaran Faransa sun sami ilimin kimar Jamhuriyar Faransa. Dokar za ta kuma haramta musayar bayanan da aka gano game da ma'aikacin gwamnati wanda za a iya amfani da shi don cutar da shi tare da " tsoratarwa / barazanar tashin hankali ga jami'in gwamnati daga dalilai da aka samo daga hukunci ko imani."

Jim kadan bayan kashe-kashen, Macron ya kuma fara neman wani kudirin dokar yaki da tsattsauran ra'ayi da zai tilasta wa limamai horo a Faransa tare da murkushe kungiyoyi daban-daban da ke yada akidar tsatsauran ra'ayi da 'yan aware. Har ila yau, wannan kudiri zai kara yawan kudaden da jama'a ke kashewa don karatun addinin musulunci tare da samar da kudade don samar da gidaje masu karamin karfi a cikin banlieues da ke kusa da birnin Paris, wanda ya kasance yankin da ya yi kaurin suna wajen tashin hankali.

Tsarin Mulkin Jamus ( German: </link> ) musamman yana ba da 'yancin ilimi: "Aiki da kimiyya, bincike da koyarwa suna da 'yanci. 'Yancin koyarwa ba ya kawar da aminci ga tsarin mulki" (Art. 5, sakin layi na 3). A cikin al'adar da ta dawo zuwa karni na 19, ikon hukuma ya fahimci wannan hakkin a matsayin wanda ya koyar ( Lehrfreiheit . ), karatu ( Lernfreiheit</link> ), da kuma gudanar da bincike ( Freiheit der Wissenschaft</link> ) da yardar kaina, ko da yake an ɗauki ra'ayi na ƙarshe a wasu lokuta azaman lokacin rufewa na biyun farko. Lehrfreiheit</link> ya rungumi yancin farfesoshi na tantance abubuwan da ke cikin laccocinsu da buga sakamakon binciken da suka yi ba tare da izini ba.

Tunda farfesa ta hanyar Habilitation ɗinsu suna samun yancin koyarwa ( Latin ) a wani fanni na ilimi, ana ganin yancin ilimi ya ƙunshi aƙalla gabaɗayan wannan fannin. Lernfreiheit yana nufin haƙƙin ɗalibi na ƙayyade tsarin karatun mutum ɗaya. A ƙarshe ya ba da izinin gudanar da harkokin ilimi da kuma baiwa jami'a damar kula da harkokin cikin gida.

Ireland

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kariya don 'yancin ilimi don bincike, koyarwa da sauran ayyuka "don tambaya da gwada hikimar da aka karɓa, don gabatar da sababbin ra'ayoyi da kuma bayyana ra'ayoyin masu jayayya ko rashin jin dadi" ba tare da rashin jin daɗi ba, an bayar da su a Sashe na 14 na Dokar Jami'o'in 1997. [18]

Isra'ila

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ana ɗaukar 'yancin ilimi a Isra'ila daga "Dokar Majalisar don Ilimi mafi girma ". [19] Sakin layi na 15 wanda a ciki ya bayyana cewa "ma'aikatar da aka sani tana da 'yanci ga dukkan al'amuranta na ilimi da gudanarwa, a cikin tsarin kasafin kudinta, kamar yadda ta ga dama. A cikin wannan sakin layi, 'al'amuran ilimi da gudanarwa' - ya hada da: ƙayyade bincike da bincike . shirin koyarwa, nada mahukuntan cibiyar, nada malamai da inganta su, tantance hanyar koyarwa da nazari, da duk wani aiki na kimiyya, ilimi ko tattalin arziki”. Da alama an faɗi sakin layi a bayyane kuma a fahimce ta har ga ƴan ƙasa. Hukumar da ya kamata ta kiyaye 'yancin ilimi, da kuma kula da ingantaccen matakin ilimi a manyan makarantun ilimi, ita ce majalisar ilimi mai zurfi - a nan gaba "Majalisar". Wannan majalisa ta kunshi malamai da suke aiki a matsayin farfesoshi a jami'o'i, da jiga-jigan jama'a, tare da ministan ilimi a matsayin shugaban majalisar.

A karkashin "Majalisar" ita ce hukumar zartarwa mai suna " Kwamitin Tsare-tsare da Kasafin Kudi", wanda galibi ya shafi batun kasafin kudi na jami'o'i da kafa hanyoyin da suka dace da ka'idojin kasafin kudi da albashi. Wani kwamitin da ya kamata ya kiyaye 'yancin ilimi shine "Kwamitin Shugabannin Jami'o'i", wanda ke da aikin sa kai, amma yana da tasiri a kan ayyukan majalisa da "Majalisar". Ta hanyar kwamitocin ma'aikatan su, da kuma ta hanyar ayyukan kowane ɗayansu, waɗannan ƙungiyoyi za su iya gwadawa da tasiri wajen kiyaye 'yancin ilimi.

Gabaɗaya, ana iya cewa mahimman 'yancin ilimi, wanda aka yi niyya ga' yancin koyarwa da bincike, an kiyaye shi, kuma gwamnati ba ta tsoma baki ko ƙoƙarin tsoma baki cikin waɗannan abubuwan ba. Hanyar da take rinjayar wannan al'amari ita ce ta hanyar samar da ƙarfafawa don koyarwa ta wannan hanyar, ko don bincike a wasu fannoni, kuma wannan ta hanyar tallafi. Gaskiyar cewa gwamnati tana ba da kuɗi mai yawa na kasafin kuɗin jami'o'i na yanzu (kimanin kashi 70% ko fiye), kuma tana bawa gwamnati damar yanke shawarar abin da zai zama kuɗin karatun ga dalibi a jami'oʼin da aka tsara a Isra'ila.[20] Amma, A cikin 2021, kwamitin ilimi na babbar lambar yabo ta Isra'ila ta yanke shawarar bayar da Kyautar Isra'ila a fannin lissafi da kimiyyar kwamfuta ga Farfesa Oded Goldreich daga Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Weizmann. Ministan Ilimi bai yarda da shawarar kwamitin ba a kan dalilin da ya sa Goldreich ya sanya hannu kan takardar neman takardar neman za a dakatar da Jami'ar Ariel, wacce ke cikin yankunan Yahudiya da Samariya, waɗanda ke cikin Yankin da aka mamaye, da kuma yin kira ga Gwamnatin Jamus ta soke shawarar da ta yanke cewa ƙungiyar BDS ƙungiya ce mai adawa da Yahudawa. Kwamitin bayar da kyautar ya yi kira ga Kotun Koli saboda keta 'yancin ilimi, kuma kotun ta soke shawarar, kuma ta umarci Ministan Ilimi da ya ba Goldreich kyautar. Godreich ya karbi kyautar shekara guda bayan haka.

Dukkanin jami'o'in bincike a Isra'ila suna da Babban mai binciken ciki, mai zaman kansa. Wannan batun na hulɗa tsakanin binciken ciki a cikin jami'o'i da ka'idar 'yancin ilimi an tattauna shi dalla-dalla a cikin wata kasida da ta bayyana a cikin wani littafi da aka bayar a madadin jami'ar Ben-Gurion ta Negev - wanda kawai kamar yadda aka ambata wanda ke da ka'idojin ilimi na ɗabi'a.[21] A cikin wannan al'amari akwai wasu bambance-bambance tsakanin jami'o'i. Ikon mai binciken jami'a don sake duba batutuwan da ke ƙarƙashin ikon Majalisar dattijai ta jami'a (musamman batutuwan ilimi da nadin ilimi) yana da iyaka a duk jami'o'i, ban da Jami'ar Ben-Gurion a Negev. A can an rubuta shi a cikin kundin tsarin mulkinta da kuma cikin ka'idojin gaba ɗaya: "Babu iko a kan Mai Binciken Jami'ar ciki sai dai doka, kundin tsarin mulki (na jami'a) da ka'idoji gaba ɗaya", kuma bisa ga ka'idojojin gaba ɗaya mai Bincike dole ne (kawai) "yi mutunta 'yancin ilimi da aka ba jami'ar, gami da membobinta". Tambayar nan da nan ta taso: wanda zai tantance wane al'amari ne ke jin daɗin 'yancin ilimi kuma wanda ba haka ba. A cewar labarin, Babban mai binciken ciki ne kawai zai tantance wannan kuma a cikin hasken dokoki 2: 1. Duk wani batun da ka'idojin ilimi suka tsara doka ba ya jin daɗin 'yancin ilimi, saboda membobin ƙungiyar dole ne suyi aiki bisa ga abin da aka tsara a cikin ka'idoji; 2. Mai binciken jami'a zai guji fara binciken a yankunan da suka bayyana a sakin layi na 15, wanda aka ambata a sama, na Dokar Majalisar Ilimi ta Sama. Marubucin labarin ya ci gaba da cewa gaskiyar cewa sakin layi da ke nuna ikon mai binciken jami'a ta hanyar "Dokar Audit ta ciki ta 1992" a cikin Dokar Majalisar Ilimi ta Sama ya bayyana a matsayin karamin sakin layi a sashi na 15, wanda ke ba da jami'o'i da membobinsu 'yancin ilimi, yana ƙara inganci ga tsarinsa. Don a ce: 'yancin ilimi a gefe guda, amma ba marar iyaka ba, kuma yana ƙarƙashin binciken a gefe guda.

Mauritius

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin Babi na II Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Mauritius, masana suna da 'yancin 'yanci na lamiri, kariya ga' yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, kariya ta' yancin majalisa da tarayya, kariya daga' yanci don kafa makarantu da kariya daga nuna bambanci. Tsarin mulki na ma'aikata da dogaro da jihar don kudade sun ƙuntata 'yancin malamai don sukar manufofin gwamnati.[22] Dokta Kasenally, malami a Jami'ar Mauritius ya bayyana cewa a cikin 1970s zuwa 1980s jami'ar ta kasance a kan gaba a cikin muhawara mai rikitarwa, amma a cikin 1990s jami'a ta fice bayan an rage 'yancin ilimi don kada su bayyana ra'ayoyi ko ra'ayoyin musamman idan sun yi adawa da na gudanarwa ko gwamnati.[22]

A cikin wata takarda ta 2012 a kan Jami'ar Mauritius marubucin ya bayyana cewa kodayake babu rubuce-rubuce na cin zarafin haƙƙin ɗan adam ko 'yancin jihar "barazanar da aka yi wa' yancin faɗar albarkacin baki ta wanzu, musamman game da zargi da jam'iyyun siyasa masu mulki da shugabanninsu da kuma kungiyoyin addinai". Duk da cewa babu shari'o'in kamawa ko tsare-tsare na musamman a matakin ci gaba don haka, masana suna ƙoƙarin kauce wa shiga cikin muhawara mai rikitarwa.[22] 'Yancin ilimi ya zama batun jama'a a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2009 lokacin da Jami'ar Mauritius ta yi magana game da mataimakin shugaban kasar na baya Farfesa I. Fagoonee, wanda ya aika da wata sanarwa da Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta aika wa masana kimiyya.[22] Wannan zagaye ya yi niyya ga jami'an gwamnati kuma ya buƙaci su tuntubi shugabanninsu kafin su yi magana da manema labarai. Wannan koma baya ya haifar da Mataimakin Shugaban kasa ya sauka, tare da marubucin yana hasashen cewa gwamnati ta yi amfani da ita a matsayin mai cin zarafi don shawararsa da ba a yarda da ita ba don tabbatar da 'yancin ilimi.[22]

Netherlands

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin Netherlands 'yancin ilimi yana da iyaka. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1985 Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Dutch ta wallafa takardar manufofi mai taken Ilimi mafi girma: Gudanarwa da Inganci. Wannan takarda tana da wani tsari wanda ya kauce daga ilimin gargajiya kuma ya sanar da cewa makomar bangaren ilimi mafi girma bai kamata gwamnatin tsakiya ta tsara shi ba. A cikin 1992 an buga Dokar Ilimi da Bincike (Wet op het hoger onderwijs en wetenschappelijk Post, labarin 1.6) kuma ya zama mai tasiri a cikin 1993.Koyaya, wannan dokar tana mulkin wasu cibiyoyi kawai. Bugu da ƙari, tanadin da ke sama wani ɓangare ne na doka ta yau da kullun kuma ba shi da matsayin tsarin mulki, don haka ana iya canza shi a kowane lokaci ta hanyar mafi rinjaye a cikin majalisa.

New Zealand

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Dokar Ilimi ta 1989 (s161 (2)) ta bayyana 'yancin ilimi kamar haka: a) 'Yanci na ma'aikatan ilimi da dalibai, a cikin doka, don yin tambayoyi da gwada hikima da aka karɓa, don gabatar da sababbin ra'ayoyi da kuma bayyana ra'ayoyin da ba a yarda da su ba; b) 'yancin ma'aikatan kimiyya da dalibai don shiga cikin bincike; c) 'yanci na jami'aikatar da ma'aikatanta don koyarwa da kuma tantancewa da kansu.[23]

Philippines

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Philippine na 1987 ya ce, "Za a ci moriyar 'Yancin Ilimi a duk manyan makarantu." Filin shari'a da kotunan shari'a, gami da Kotun Koli ta Philippine suna da ra'ayi a hankali ga cin gashin kansa na hukumomi na manyan cibiyoyin koyo a cikin yanke hukunci na ilimi game da sakamakon shari'o'in mutum guda da aka shigar a kotuna game da cin zarafin 'Yancin Ilimi. da farfesoshi, duk da daidaikun cancanta ko rashin cancantar kowane lamari. Wani shari'ar da aka sanya ido sosai ita ce ta cece-kuce na Jami'ar Philippines a Diliman Sociology Farfesa Sarah Raymundo wanda ba a ba shi damar zama ba saboda karar da 'yan tsiraru masu adawa da zaben suka yi a cikin sashen Sashen ilimin zamantakewa. Wannan shawarar ta ci gaba da daukaka kara daga malamai masu adawa da Farfesa Raymundo zuwa Jami'ar Philippines a Diliman Chancellor Sergio S. Cao; kuma ko da yake an daukaka karar zuwa Jami'ar Philippines System Shugaba Emerlinda R. Roman, Roman ta ki amincewa da karar da Farfesa Raymundo ya daukaka zuwa kwamitin gudanarwa na jami'ar don yanke shawara kuma BOR ta amince da bukatar ta na tsayawa. Wani babban kashin da ke tsakanin magoya bayan Farfesa Raymundo shi ne, ba su yi tambaya kan ‘Yancin Ilimi na Sashen na rashin ba ta mukamin ba, sai dai a nemi a yi fayyace yadda aka yi amfani da ‘Yancin Ilimin Sashen, bisa ga al’adu a cikin sashen. Jami'ar Philippines a cikin samar da tushen da zai iya zama batun bitar takwarorinsu, don yanke shawara na Ilimi da aka yanke a ƙarƙashin taken 'Yancin Ilimi.

Afirka ta Kudu

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Afirka ta Kudu na 1996 yana ba da kariya ga ƴancin ilimi da ƴancin bincike na ilimi. [24] 'Yancin ilimi ya zama babban ka'ida don ilimi mafi girma ta 1997. [24] An yi imanin cewa manyan barazana guda uku za su kawo cikas ga 'yancin ilimi: dokokin gwamnati, wuce gona da iri na masu daukar nauyin kamfanoni a jami'a, da iyakance 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki a jami'o'i. [24]

An yi ta tafka kura-kurai game da tauye 'yancin karatu a wasu jami'o'i a Afirka ta Kudu. Jami'ar KwaZulu-Natal ta yi suna kan tauye 'yancinta na ilimi da kuma abin kunya da ya faru a 2007. A cikin wannan abin kunya wani malamin ilimin zamantakewa, an kori Fazel Khan a watan Afrilun 2007 saboda "kayar da jami'ar cikin mutunci" bayan ya fitar da bayanai ga kafafen yada labarai. A cewar Khan, an goge shi daga wani hoton da aka buga a harabar makarantar saboda yajin aikin da ma’aikatan suka yi a watan Fabrairun da ya gabata. Dangane da wannan badakala ne majalisar kula da harkokin ilimi ta Afirka ta Kudu ta fitar da wani rahoto da ke cewa jihar na yin tasiri ga 'yancin karatun boko. Musamman jami'o'in gwamnati sun fi fuskantar matsin lamba na siyasa saboda suna karbar kudade daga jama'a.

Ƙasar Ingila

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Rahoton Robbins game da Ilimi mafi girma, wanda gwamnatin Biritaniya ta ba da izini kuma aka buga shi a cikin 1963, ya keɓe cikakken babi, Babi na XVI, ga 'yancin Ilimi da iyakarsa. Wannan yana ba da cikakken bayani game da mahimmancin da ke tattare da 'yancin ɗayan malamai da na cibiyar kanta. A cikin duniya, a wancan lokacin da kuma yanzu, inda gwamnatocin marasa sassaucin ra'ayi duk a shirye suke su kai hari kan 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, kwamitin Robbins ya ga (a lokacin) kariyar doka da aka ba wa 'yancin ilimi yana ba da kariya ga al'umma gaba daya daga duk wata fitina ta hauhawa. irin wadannan hare-haren.

Lokacin da gwamnatin Margaret Thatcher ta nemi cire yawancin kariyar da aka kayyade na 'yancin karatun boko wanda Robbins ya dauka a matsayin masu muhimmanci, wani bangare na takaicin wani gyara da aka yi mata na rashin amincewa da kudirin ta a majalisar dattawa. Wannan ya haɗa cikin abin da ya zama Dokar sake fasalin Ilimi na 1988, haƙƙin doka na masana ilimi a Burtaniya 'don yin tambaya da gwada hikimar da aka samu da gabatar da sabbin dabaru da ra'ayoyi masu rikitarwa ko rashin yarda ba tare da sanya kansu cikin haɗarin rasa ayyukansu ko gata da suka samu ba. iya iya'. [25] Waɗannan ƙa'idodin 'yancin ilimi don haka ana bayyana su a cikin ƙa'idodin yawancin jami'o'in Burtaniya. Farfesa Kathleen Stock tsohuwar Jami'ar Sussex ta yi murabus daga aikinta saboda cece-kuce daga dalibai da kafofin watsa labarai game da ra'ayoyinta na transphobic. [26] Dangane da irin wannan damuwa, hukumar daidaita daidaito da kare hakkin dan Adam ta ba da jagora. [27] Jagorar ta ba da cikakkun hanyoyin da jami'o'i za su yi la'akari da su wajen tantance ko takamaiman abubuwan da za su iya ci gaba ko a'a. Hakanan yana ba da hanyoyin da za a rage duk wani shingen da zai iya hana 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki dangane da takamaiman abubuwan da suka faru. Jagoran ya kuma bayyana ƙa'idodin doka na jami'o'i don tabbatar da cewa sun kare 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki a harabar har ila yau tare da bin ka'idodin Rigakafi da Dokar Daidaitawa ta 2010. A cikin 2016 da Warden na Wadham College Oxford, wani lauya a baya Darakta na Public Prosecucution, ya nuna cewa Conservative gwamnatin anti-ta'addanci "Hana" dabarun doka ya sanya a kan jami'o'i 'wani aiki na musamman enforceable. ... don hana bayyana ra'ayoyin da suka dace gaba ɗaya da dokar laifuka'. [28]

Amurka

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin Amurka, ana ɗaukar 'yancin ilimi gabaɗaya a matsayin ra'ayi na 'yancin ilimi da aka ayyana ta "Bayanan Ƙa'idodin Ka'idoji akan 'Yancin Ilimi da Tsawon Zamani" na 1940, tare da Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Jami'o'i ta Amirka (AAUP) da Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Amirka (AAUP) suka rubuta. yanzu Ƙungiyar Kwalejoji da Jami'o'in Amurka ). Waɗannan ƙa'idodin sun bayyana cewa "Malamai suna da 'yanci a cikin aji don tattauna batun su." Sanarwar ta kuma ba wa cibiyoyi damar sanya "iyaka na 'yancin ilimi saboda addini ko wasu manufofi", muddin "an bayyana su a rubuce a lokacin nadin". Ka'idar kuma tana nufin iyawar malamai, ɗalibai, da cibiyoyin ilimi don neman ilimi ba tare da tsangwama na siyasa ko gwamnati ba. Ka'idodin suna da halayen maganganun sirri kawai, ba na doka ba.

Masu ba da izini na yanki bakwai suna aiki tare da kwalejoji da jami'o'in Amurka, gami da masu zaman kansu da cibiyoyin addini, don aiwatar da wannan ma'auni. Bugu da ƙari, AAUP, wanda ba ƙungiyar da ta ba da izini ba, tana aiki tare da waɗannan cibiyoyin. AAUP ba koyaushe ta yarda da ƙungiyoyi masu ba da izini na yanki kan ƙa'idodin kariyar ƴancin ilimi da zaman aiki ba. [Note 1] Hukumar ta AAUP ta lissafo (censure) waɗancan kwalejoji da jami'o'in da ta gano, bayan binciken nata, don karya waɗannan ƙa'idodin. [29] Nan da shekarar 2022, kashi 88 cikin 100 na kwalejoji da jami'o'i na shekaru hudu za su takaita 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, tare da juyar da yanayin shekaru 15, bisa ga rahoton shekara-shekara na Lambobin Magana na Kwalejin. Gidauniyar Haƙƙin Mutum da Bayyanawa (FIRE) ta ba da rahoton cewa 426 daga cikin cibiyoyi 486 suna da aƙalla manufofin da ke hana maganganun ɗalibai. [30] [31]

Wani yanki ne da ɗalibai ke da 'yancin yin tunani mai zurfi game da bayanan da suka ci karo da su, da kuma inda za su iya bayyana ra'ayoyi a cikin wani batu mai girma a cikin fage. Hakanan yana buɗe damar waɗancan ɗaliban su tattauna har ma da tambayar wasu sassan aiki don ci gaba da fa'idodinsu. Irin wannan yanayi ana kiyaye shi ta hanyar kwararru na irin waɗannan fannoni ta hanyar farfesa(s) ɗalibai. Wadannan mutane suna taimakawa wajen jagorantar tsarin samar da yanayi mai faɗi wanda ke kare ra'ayoyi da ƙarfafa tunani. Suna amfani da ainihin kariyar da ra'ayoyi a cikin 'yancin ilimi don daidaita wannan tsari na ƙirƙirar yanayi. Saboda haka, furofesoshi, suna ƙarfafa tattaunawa da bincike ta hanyar gabatar da tsari mai yawa a cikin bayanan da suke koyarwa. Farfesoshi suna zana daga ainihin bayanan da filinsu ya samo asali, amma suna bayyana ta hanyoyi daban-daban don ba wa ɗalibai hanyar tattaunawa da kwatanta bayanan da suka karɓa. Wannan hanyar ƙarfafa tattaunawa da bincike mai mahimmanci yana haɓaka ƙarin cikakkiyar fahimtar batun. Irin wannan faɗaɗa a cikin fahimta kuma yana ba da damar fage don dawo da bayanan da aka “yi haske” waɗanda suka shafi nasarorin da al’ummomin da ba na Turai ba suka yi a zamanin da da kuma fasa ainihin ra’ayi na Turai na duniya. [32]

'Yancin ilimi ya fara ne a Amurka bayan yakin basasa ya tarwatsa tsarin manyan makarantun da suka tsaya cik a baya. Jami'o'i sun yi nazari kan tsarin ilimi da Jamus ta samu don ci gaban fagagen bincike. Jami'ar Johns Hopkins ce ta fara amfani da wannan tsarin ilimi. [33]

Kafin zuwan karni na ashirin, wani farfesa mai suna Edward Ross ya buga takardan tallafawa motsin azurfa kyauta wanda aka sani da Dalar Gaskiya. Takardar ta sanya farfesa cikin rashin jituwar siyasa da masu Jami'ar Stanford . Iyalin Stanford sun sami kuɗinsu daga masana'antar titin jirgin ƙasa da farfesa ya yi wa ba'a a bainar jama'a. A cikin 1900, farfesa ya bayyana kalamai na siyasa da suka yi kira da a kori bakin haure na Japan daga kasar wanda zai kai ga dakatar da shi daga jami'a. Wannan shawarar ta biyo bayan wasu farfesoshi bakwai da suka yi murabus daga jami’ar tare da daukaka al’amarin zuwa bin diddigin kasa. Wannan taron zai sa a kafa AAUP don samar da tsaro na kudi da na doka, tare da cike gibin da ke tattare da yawancin kwangilolin su. [34]

A cikin 1957, Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta fara ɗaukar lamarin da ya fara da shari'ar Sweezy v. New Hampshire . A cikin Keyishian v. Board of Regents (1967), Kotun Koli ta yi haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Gyaran Farko da 'yancin ilimi a matsayin kariya ta musamman a kan cewa yana da mahimmanci ga kowa. Irin wannan kariyar na Farko ana amfani da su ne kawai ga cibiyoyin jama'a, kuma 'yancin ilimi yana ƙunshe da kariya a wajen Gyaran Farko kamar yadda Kotu ba ta taɓa bayyana a sarari cewa tana ɗauke da 'yancin ilimi ba. [35]

Domin cibiyoyi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Babban fasalin manufar jami'ar Ingilishi shine 'yancin nada malamai, saita ma'auni da shigar da ɗalibai. Wannan manufa za a iya kwatanta shi da kyau a matsayin cin gashin kansa na cibiyoyi kuma ya bambanta da kowane irin 'yancin da cibiyar ta ba wa ɗalibai da malamai. [36]

  1. wanda zai iya koyarwa,
  2. abin da za a iya koya,
  3. yadda ya kamata a koyar da shi, da
  4. [ za ] iya shigar [Note 2] [Note 3] [Note 4] [37] karatu.

A cikin shari'ar 2008, wata kotun tarayya a Virginia ta yanke hukuncin cewa furofesoshi ba su da 'yancin ilimi; duk 'yancin ilimi yana zaune tare da jami'a ko kwaleji. [Note 4] A wannan yanayin, Stronach v. Jami'ar Jihar Virginia, wani alkalin kotun gunduma ya ce "babu wani hakki na kundin tsarin mulki na 'yancin ilimi wanda zai hana manyan jami'an (jami'a) canza darajar da ( farfesa ) ya ba daya daga cikin dalibansa." [Note 4] Kotun ta dogara ne da ƙa’idar da ta dace na shari’ar Kotun Koli ta Amurka na Sweezy da New Hampshire [Note 2] da kuma ƙara daga kotun da’ira ta huɗu. [Note 4] [Note 5] Kotun Stronach ta kuma dogara da shari'o'i masu gamsarwa daga da'irori da yawa na kotunan ƙararraki, ciki har da na farko, [Note 6] na uku, [Note 7] [Note 8] da kuma na bakwai [Note 9] . Kotun ta bambanta yanayin lokacin da wata jami'a ta yi ƙoƙari ta tilasta wa farfesa canza maki, wanda a fili ya saba wa Dokar Farko, daga lokacin da jami'an jami'a, bisa ga ikonsu, za su canza maki idan dalibi ya daukaka kara. [Note 4] [Note 10] Shari'ar Stronach ta sami kulawa sosai a cikin al'ummar ilimi a matsayin muhimmin abin koyi. [38]

Dangantaka da 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

'Yancin ilimi da 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki ba su da yawa, ko da yake an kalubalanci wannan ra'ayi da aka yarda da shi ta hanyar hangen nesa na "masu ci gaba" a kan Gyaran Farko. [39] 'Yancin ilimi ya ƙunshi fiye da haƙƙin magana; misali, ya haɗa da yancin tantance abin da ake koyarwa a cikin aji. [40] AAUP tana ba malamai tsarin jagororin da za su bi lokacin da aka ɗauki ra'ayoyinsu na barazana ga manufofin addini, siyasa, ko zamantakewa. Lokacin da malamai ke magana ko rubutu a cikin jama'a, ta hanyar kafofin watsa labarun ko a cikin mujallu na ilimi, suna iya bayyana ra'ayoyinsu ba tare da tsoro daga ƙuntatawa ko hukunci ba, amma an ƙarfafa su su nuna kamewa kuma suna bayyana a fili cewa ba su yi magana ba. cibiyar su. [41] A aikace, 'yancin ilimi yana da kariya ta dokoki da ka'idoji na hukumomi, wasiƙun alƙawari, littattafan koyarwa, yarjejeniyoyin ciniki na gamayya, da al'adar ilimi.

A cikin Amurka, an ba da garantin 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki ta hanyar Kwaskwarimar Farko, wanda ke cewa "Majalisa ba za ta yi wata doka ba ... da ke tattare da 'yancin yin magana, ko na 'yan jarida ..." Ta hanyar tsawaitawa, Kwaskwarimar Farko ta shafi duk cibiyoyin gwamnati, ciki har da jami'o'in gwamnati. Kotun kolin Amurka a tarihi ta rike cewa 'yancin ilimi dama ce ta Farko a cibiyoyin jama'a . [Note 11] Duk da haka, an yi gyare-gyaren Farko na Amurka gabaɗaya don kada ya shafi cibiyoyi masu zaman kansu, gami da cibiyoyin addini. Waɗannan cibiyoyi masu zaman kansu na iya girmama 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da 'yancin ilimi bisa ga ra'ayinsu. [42] [43]

Rigingimu

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Muhawarar Juyin Halitta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

'Yancin ilimi kuma yana da alaƙa da motsi don gabatar da ƙira mai hankali azaman madadin bayani ga juyin halitta a makarantun jama'a na Amurka. Magoya bayan sun yi iƙirarin cewa cibiyoyin ilimi suna buƙatar yin adalci ga kowane bayani mai yuwuwa game da bambancin halittun da aka lura a duniya, maimakon nuna cewa babu wata hanyar ka'idar juyin halitta ta wanzu, kodayake a aikace suna da sha'awar yuwuwar bayani daga ɗaya daga cikin al'adun addini na duniya, addinan Ibrahim .

Masu sukar wannan motsi suna da'awar ƙira ta hankali ta hanyar ilimin kimiyya ce ta addini kuma ba za a iya ba da izinin shiga cikin manhajar makarantun jama'a na Amurka ba saboda Kwaskwarima na Farko ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka, galibi suna ambaton Gundumar Makarantun yankin Kitzmiller v. Dover a matsayin misali na doka . [44] [45] Sun kuma yi watsi da zarge-zargen nuna wariya ga masu goyon bayan tsara zane, wanda bincike ya nuna babu wata shaida.

ALFP debate (2014)
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin 1940, Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Jami'ar Amirka (AAUP) ta ba da ma'anar 'yancin kai na ilimi wanda ke tafiya kamar haka: "masu ilimi suna da gata don neman gaskiya da ilimi da 'yancin ba da gaskiya da ilimin ga wasu, ciki har da dalibai. makarantar, da sauran jama’a, ba tare da la’akari da matsin lamba na siyasa ko akida ba”. [46]

Tun lokacin da aka tsara wannan ma'anar, an yi gyare-gyare biyu a cikin 1970 da 1999 bi da bi. Bita na 1970 ya ayyana cewa kariyar 'yancin ilimi "ba ta shafi ma'aikacin gwaji na cikakken lokaci da malamin da ke da aiki ba, har ma ga duk wasu, kamar malamai na lokaci-lokaci da mataimakan koyarwa, waɗanda ke aiwatar da ayyukan koyarwa". [46] Bita na 1999 ya ba da fifiko kan ra'ayin cewa ya kamata a gudanar da bitar bayan zaman ta hanyar da ta mutunta 'yancin ilimi da tsarin da ya dace.

Kwaminisanci
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin karni na 20 kuma musamman 1950s a lokacin McCarthyism, akwai kwanan wata da yawa na jama'a da aka buga game da rawar Kwaminisanci a cikin 'yancin ilimi, misali, Sidney Hook 's Heresy, Yes-Conspiracy, No [47] da Whittaker Chambers '' Shin 'Yancin Ilimi ne a Hadari?" [48] a tsakanin sauran littattafai da labarai da yawa.

Shirye-shiryen iri-iri
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tun da 2014, Harvard Medical School Dean Jeffrey Flier, [49] [50] da Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Amirka Abigail Thompson [51] sun yi iƙirarin cewa ana neman malaman ilimi don tallafawa manufofin bambancin, kuma an hana su bayyana adawa ga daidaito da haɗawa ta hanyar kai tsaye. -tace hatsaniya, da kuma ingantawa, daukar aiki, da kora. [52]

Ra'ayoyi masu rikitarwa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Yayin da wasu rigingimu na 'yancin ilimi ke nunawa a cikin dokokin da aka tsara waɗanda za su shafi ɗimbin ɗalibai a duk yankuna, yawancin lokuta sun haɗa da ɗaiɗaikun malamai waɗanda ke bayyana ra'ayoyin da ba sa so ko raba bayanan siyasa mara kyau. Waɗannan shari'o'in guda ɗaya na iya samun kulawa da yawa kuma lokaci-lokaci suna gwada iyakokin, da goyan baya, 'yancin ilimi. Da yawa daga cikin waɗannan ƙayyadaddun shari'o'in kuma sune tushen yin dokoki na gaba.

A cikin 1929, Farfesa Farfesa Psychology Max Friedrich Meyer da mataimakin farfesa ilimin zamantakewa Harmon O. DeGraff an sallame su daga mukamansu a Jami'ar Missouri don ba da shawara ga ɗalibi Orval Hobart Mowrer game da rarraba tambayoyin da ke tambaya game da halayen halayen jima'i na abokan tarayya, ra'ayoyin zamani. na aure, saki, jima'i na waje, da zama tare. [53] Daga baya Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Jami'o'i ta Amirka ta tsawatar da jami'ar a wani lamari na farko game da 'yancin ilimi saboda wani farfesa. [54]

A cikin 2006, Lawrence Summers, yayin da shugaban Jami'ar Harvard, ya jagoranci tattaunawa da aka yi niyya don gano dalilan da yasa mata kaɗan suka zaɓi nazarin kimiyya da lissafi a matakan ci gaba. Ya ba da shawarar cewa, ya kamata a yi la’akari da yiwuwar samun bambance-bambancen jinsi na asali ta fuskar basirar kimiyya da lissafi. Ya zama abin da jama'a ke yi masa yawa. Su kuma masu sukarsa, an zarge su da yunƙurin danne ’yancin ilimi. [55] Sakamakon rashin tarbar da aka yi masa, ya yi murabus bayan ya shafe shekaru biyar yana aiki. Wani muhimmin al'amari na murabus din nasa shi ne kuri'u da dama na rashin amincewa da shugabannin makarantu suka ba su, musamman malaman farfesa da dama a Sashen Fasaha da Kimiyya. [56]

A shekara ta 2009 Thio Li-ann ta janye daga wani alƙawari a Makarantar Shari'a ta Jami'ar New York bayan da aka samu cece-kuce game da wasu kalamai na nuna adawa da 'yan luwaɗi da ta yi, wanda ya haifar da tattaunawa game da 'yancin ilimi a cikin makarantar lauya. [57] Daga baya, an nemi Li-ann ta sauka daga matsayinta a Makarantar Shari'a ta NYU. [58]

A cikin 2009 Jami'ar California da ke Santa Barbara ta zargi William I. Robinson da nuna kyama bayan ya yada sakon imel zuwa ajinsa mai dauke da hotuna da sakin layi na Holocaust da aka yi wa na Zirin Gaza. An kori Robinson daga jami'ar, amma daga baya aka janye zargin bayan wani gangamin yaki da mahukuntan jami'ar a duniya. [59]

Duba sauran bayanai kuma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Lerch, Julia C.; Frank, David John; Schofer, Evan (2024). "The Social Foundations of Academic Freedom: Heterogeneous Institutions in World Society, 1960 to 2022". American Sociological Review (in Turanci). 89: 88–125. doi:10.1177/00031224231214000. ISSN 0003-1224.
  2. ↑ Andreescu, Liviu (2009). "Individual academic freedom and aprofessional acts". Educational Theory. 59 (5): 559–578. doi:10.1111/j.1741-5446.2009.00338.x.
  3. ↑ Van Alstyne, William (1975). The Specific Theory of Academic Freedom and the General Issue of Civil Liberty. In The Concept of Academic Freedom, ed. Edmund Pincoffs. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1975.
  4. ↑ Britannica website, academic freedom, article dated Mar 25, 2024
  5. ↑ Glass, Bentley (May 1962). "Scientists in Politics". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 18 (5): 3. Bibcode:1962BuAtS..18e...2G. doi:10.1080/00963402.1962.11454353.
  6. ↑ Greenfeld, Liah (1988-01-01). "Soviet Sociology and Sociology in the Soviet Union". Annual Review of Sociology. 14: 99–123. doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.14.1.99. JSTOR 2083312.
  7. ↑ Pearce, Ruth (2021). "Academic freedom and the paradox of tolerance" (PDF). Nature Human Behaviour. 5 (11): 1461. doi:10.1038/s41562-021-01214-5. PMID 34795420 Check |pmid= value (help). S2CID 244409335 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Lott, Lars (2023-12-18). "Academic freedom growth and decline episodes". Higher Education (in Turanci). doi:10.1007/s10734-023-01156-z. ISSN 0018-1560.
  9. ↑ Packer, Helen (2024-03-07). "'Stark decline' in academic freedom: four in 10 face restrictions". Times Higher Education (THE) (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-03-08.
  10. ↑ Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Institute of Political Science; V-Dem Institute (March 7, 2024). "Academic Freedom Index: Update 2024" (PDF).
  11. ↑ California, University of; Irvine. "Study highlights key social forces shaping worldwide academic freedom trends". phys.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-03-07.
  12. ↑ "Country Graph". V-Dem Democracy Indices. March 9, 2024. To reproduce, select Country=china, Indicators=Academic Freedom Index
  13. ↑ "Academic freedom in China" (PDF). Academe (magazine) by the American Association of University Professors. May 2002. p. Vol. 88, Iss. 3, : 26-28.
  14. ↑ Zha, Qiang; Shen, Wenqin (2018). "The Paradox of Academic Freedom in the Chinese Context". History of Education Quarterly. 58 (3): 447–452. doi:10.1017/heq.2018.22. S2CID 149712417.
  15. ↑ Redden, Elizabeth (2018-01-03). "Scholars and politicians raise concerns about the Chinese government's influence over international academe". Inside Higher Ed. Retrieved 2020-12-29.
  16. ↑ Wong, Matteo N. (2020-04-23). "The End of the Harvard Century – Magazine". The Harvard Crimson. Retrieved 2020-12-29.
  17. ↑ "China delayed releasing coronavirus info, frustrating WHO". Associated Press. 20 April 2021.
  18. ↑ "Universities Act, 1997". Irishstatutebook.ie. 1997-05-14. Retrieved 2020-12-14.
  19. ↑ The Law of the Councile for Higher Education, 1958: Paragraph 15 (he).
  20. ↑ Gori Zilka, Tuition policy in higher education institutions in Israel, Shmuel Na'aman Institute, Technion, 2006 (in Henrew)
  21. ↑ Ron Avni. The Internal Audit at the University and Academic Freedom – Between Conflict and Harmony. In: J. Grados and Y. Nevo (editors), Science and Spirit in the Negev: pp. 581 – 589, BGU, 2014 (in Hebrew).
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 Ramtohul, Ramola (2012). "Academic Freedom in a State-Sponsored African University: The Case of the University of Mauritius". AAUP Journal of Academic Freedom. 3: 1–17 – via American Association of University Professors.
  23. ↑ "Education Act 1989 No 80 (as at 28 September 2017), Public Act 161 Academic freedom –". New Zealand Legislation. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 "Academic Freedom statement from the Academy of Science of South Africa (ASSAf)". South African Journal of Science. 106. 16 April 2010.
  25. ↑ "1988 Education Reform Act". The National Archives.
  26. ↑ Burns, A. (2019). "The rise of anti-trans "radical" feminists, explained". Vox.
  27. ↑ "Freedom of expression: a guide for higher education providers and students' unions in England and Wales". Equality and Human Rights Commission. 2019. Archived from the original on 2019-07-14. Retrieved 2024-07-11.
  28. ↑ Macdonald, Ken (February 2016). "PREVENT: Counter-Terrorism and Freedom". Wadham College, University of Oxford. Archived from the original on 5 March 2022. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
  29. ↑ "Censure List". AAUP. 18 July 2006. Retrieved 3 May 2015.
  30. ↑ Salai, Sean (2022-12-17). "More and more U.S. universities limiting students' free expression". The Washington Times (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-02-13.
  31. ↑ "New FIRE report finds 85% of top colleges have restrictive speech codes". The Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression (in Turanci). 2024-01-31. Retrieved 2024-03-04.
  32. ↑ Veléz, Manuel; Curry, Stephanie (November 2020). "Academic Freedom and Equity | ASCCC". Academic Senate for California Community Colleges. Retrieved 2023-10-25.
  33. ↑ "Free Speech and Academic Freedom". www.law.columbia.edu (in Turanci). March 7, 2016. Retrieved 2023-10-23.
  34. ↑ University, Stanford (2023-05-01). "Academic freedom's origin story". Stanford Report (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-10-23.
  35. ↑ Kraft, Emilie S. (February 18, 2024). "Academic Freedom". The Free Speech Center at Middle Tennessee State University (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-04-07.
  36. ↑ Kenneth W. Kemp (15 November, 2000) What is Academic Freedom?, p. 7 - University of St. Thomas
  37. ↑ "Academic Freedom of Professors and Institutions – AAUP". www.aaup.org. May 2002. Retrieved 2021-01-15.
  38. ↑ White, Lawrence, "CASE IN POINT: STRONACH V. VIRGINIA STATE U. (2008): Does Academic Freedom Give a Professor the Final Say on Grades?", Chronicle of Higher Education, found at Chronicle web site and Chronicle Review commentary and blog. Accessed May 20, 2008.
  39. ↑ See, for instance, Paul Horwitz, "Universities as First Amendment Institutions: Some Easy Answers and Hard Questions, 54 UCLA Law Review 1497 (2007)
  40. ↑ "Testing the Limits of Academic Freedom". University of Pennsylvania Law Review. 130 (3): 712–743. 1982. doi:10.2307/3311840. JSTOR 3311840.
  41. ↑ "AAUP. 1940 Statement of Principles on Academic Freedom and Tenure" (PDF). AAUP.
  42. ↑ "The Basics". PEN America (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-03-04.
  43. ↑ "State of the Law: Speech Codes". Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-03-04.
  44. ↑ Lynn, Leon (Winter 1997–1998). "Creationists Push Pseudo-Science Text". Rethinking Schools Online. Archived from the original on 2022-03-17. Retrieved 2024-07-11.
  45. ↑ Intelligent Design on Trial: Kitzmiller v. Dover. National Center for Science Education. October 17th, 2008
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 Aarrevaara, Timo (May 2010). "Academic Freedom in a Changing Academic World". European Review (in Turanci). 18 (S1): S55–S69. doi:10.1017/S1062798709990317. ISSN 1474-0575. S2CID 146443318. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  47. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  48. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  49. ↑ Flier, Jeffrey (2019-01-03). "Against Diversity Statements". Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved 2020-12-29.
  50. ↑ "Former Harvard dean's tweet against required faculty diversity statements sets off debate". Inside Higher Ed. 2018-11-12. Retrieved 2020-12-29.
  51. ↑ Abigail Thompson. "A word from" (PDF). Notices of the American Mathematical Society. 66 (11).
  52. ↑ Friedersdorf, Conor (2016-05-26). "The Perils of Writing a Provocative Email at Yale". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2020-12-29.
  53. ↑ Broadwell, Percy (February 2, 1930). "Academic Freedom at the University of Missouri: Report on the Dismissal of Professor DeGraff and the Suspension of Professor Meyer" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on March 20, 2015.
  54. ↑ A.J. Carlson (February 1930). "Report on the Dismissal of Professor DeGraff and the Suspension of Professor Meyer". Bulletin of the American Association of University Professors. XVI (2): 2–35. doi:10.2307/40218216. JSTOR 40218216.
  55. ↑ Thernstrom, Stephan. "In Defense of Academic Freedom at Harvard". History News Network, George Mason University.
  56. ↑ Finder, Alan (February 22, 2006). "President of Harvard Resigns, Ending Stormy 5-Year Tenure". The New York Times.
  57. ↑ Jaschik, Scott (8 June 2009). "Rights for some people". Inside Higher Ed. Archived from the original on August 7, 2009. Retrieved 11 June 2009.
  58. ↑ Hu, Winnie (July 22, 2009). "Citing Opposition, Professor Calls off NYU Appointment". The New York Times.
  59. ↑ SPME Statement on the Disposition of the Case of William Robinson at UCSB Archived 2012-07-29 at the Wayback Machine, SPME Board of Directors, June 29, 2009


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