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Anaxagoras

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Anaxagoras
Rayuwa
Cikakken suna Ἀναξαγόρας
Haihuwa Klazomenai (en) Fassara, 500 "BCE"
Mutuwa Lampsacus (en) Fassara, 428 "BCE"
Karatu
Harsuna Ancient Greek (en) Fassara
Ɗalibai
Sana'a
Sana'a masanin lissafi, mai falsafa, physicist (en) Fassara, Ilimin Taurari da marubuci
Fafutuka Pluralist school (en) Fassara
Pre-Socratic philosophy (en) Fassara

AnaxagorasAnaxagoras"Masanin taron"; c. 500 - c. 428 BC) masanin falsafa ne na Girka na Pre-Socratic.   An haife shi a Clazomenae a lokacin da Asia Minor ke ƙarƙashin ikon Daular Farisa, Anaxagoras ya zo Athens. Daga baya an tuhume shi da rashin tsoron Allah kuma ya tafi gudun hijira a Lampsacus.

Anaxagoras (1636) by Jusepe de Ribera

Da yake amsa da'awar Parmenides game da rashin yiwuwar canji, Anaxagoras ya gabatar da manufar Nous ( Cosmic Mind) a matsayin mai ba da umarni. Ya kuma ba da labaran kimiyya da yawa na al'amuran halitta, ciki har da ra'ayi na panspermia, cewa rayuwa ta wanzu a ko'ina cikin sararin samaniya kuma ana iya rarrabawa a ko'ina. Ya fitar da cikakken bayani game da kusufin kuma ya bayyana Rana a matsayin wata wuta mai girma fiye da Peloponnese, sannan kuma yayi ƙoƙarin bayyana bakan gizo da meteors . Ya kuma yi hasashen cewa rana wataƙila wata tauraro ce. [1]  

Anaxagoras an haife shi ne a garin Clazomenae a farkon karni na 5 KZ, [2] inda mai yiwuwa an haife shi a cikin dangi na aristocratic. [3] [2] Ya isa Atina, ko dai ba da jimawa ba bayan yakin Farisa (wanda watakila ya yi yaki a bangaren Farisa), [4] ko kuma a wani lokaci da ya dan girma, wajen 456 KZ. [2] Yayin da yake a Athens, ya kasance kusa da ɗan ƙasar Athens Pericles . [2] A cewar Diogenes Laërtius da Plutarch, a cikin rayuwarsa daga baya an tuhume shi da rashin adalci kuma ya tafi gudun hijira a Lampsacus ; zargin na iya zama na siyasa, saboda haɗin gwiwarsa da Pericles, idan ba a ƙirƙira su daga baya tsoffin masu tarihin rayuwa ba. [5] A cewar Laërtius, Pericles ya yi magana don kare Anaxagoras a gwajinsa [lower-alpha 1], c. 450 . Duk da haka, an tilasta wa Anaxagoras yin ritaya daga Athens zuwa Lampsacus a Troad ( c. 434 – 433). Ya rasu a can wajen shekara ta 428. Jama'ar Lampsacus sun gina bagadi ga Hankali da Gaskiya don tunawa da shi kuma sun yi bikin tunawa da mutuwarsa na shekaru da yawa. Sun sanya a kan kabarinsa rubutu kamar haka:

Anan Anaxagoras, wanda a cikin neman gaskiyarsa ya kai sama da kanta, an kwantar da shi. [lower-alpha 2] [lower-alpha 3]

Da yake amsa da'awar Parmenides game da rashin yiwuwar canji, Anaxagoras ya bayyana duniya a matsayin cakuda na farko da ba za a iya lalacewa ba, inda bambancin kayan aiki bai taba haifar da cikakkiyar kasancewar wani sashi ba, sai dai ta hanyar girman dangi akan sauran sinadaran; a cikin fadinsa, "kowane daya ne... mafi bayyana abubuwan da suka fi yawa a cikinsa". Ya gabatar da manufar nous ( cosmic mind) a matsayin mai ba da umarni, wanda ya motsa kuma ya raba cakuda na asali, wanda ya kasance kama ko kusan haka.

Anaxagoras ya kawo falsafa da ruhin binciken kimiyya daga Ionia zuwa Athens. A cewar Anaxagoras, dukkan abubuwa sun wanzu ta wata hanya tun daga farko, amma asalinsu sun kasance cikin ƙananan guntuwar kansu marasa iyaka, ba su da iyaka kuma ba za a iya haɗa su cikin sararin samaniya ba. Dukan abubuwa sun wanzu a cikin wannan taro amma a cikin ruɗewa da sifar da ba za a iya bambanta su ba. [6] Akwai adadi mara iyaka na sassa iri ɗaya ( ὁμοιομερῆ</link> ) da kuma masu ban sha'awa. [6] [7]

Aikin tsarawa, da rarrabuwar kawuna daga sabanin haka, da kuma taƙaice duka zuwa jimlar suna ɗaya, aikin Hankali ne ko Dalili Hankali ba shi da iyaka marar iyaka fiye da yawan rikice-rikice, amma ya tsaya mai tsabta da zaman kanta, wani abu mai laushi mai kyau, daidai a cikin dukkanin bayyanarsa kuma a ko'ina iri ɗaya. Wannan wakili mai dabara, wanda ya mallaki dukkan ilimi da iko, musamman ana ganin yana mulkin kowane nau'in rayuwa. bayyanarsa ta farko, da kuma bayyanarsa ɗaya tilo da Anaxagoras ya kwatanta, shine Motsi. Ya ba da bambanci da gaskiya ga tarin sassa iri-iri.

Ragewa da haɓaka suna wakiltar sabon haɗuwa ( σὐγκρισις</link> ) da rushewa ( διάκρισις> ). Duk da haka, ainihin haɗuwar abubuwa ba a taɓa samun nasara gaba ɗaya ba. [6] Kowane abu ya ƙunshi sassa na wasu abubuwa ko abubuwa daban-daban, kuma shine abin da yake kawai saboda fifikon wasu sassa masu kama da juna waɗanda suka zama halayensa. [8] Daga cikin wannan tsari abubuwan da muke gani a wannan duniyar suna tasowa. [8]

Ilimin taurari

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Plutarch [lower-alpha 4] ya ce "Anaxagoras an ce ya annabta cewa idan za a saki jikkunan sama da wasu zamewa ko girgiza, ɗaya daga cikinsu yana iya yage, kuma yana iya nitse ya faɗi ƙasa."

Abubuwan da ya lura da sararin samaniya da faduwar meteorites ya sa shi ya samar da sababbin ka'idoji na tsarin duniya, da kuma hasashen tasirin meteorites. A cewar Pliny [lower-alpha 5], an lasafta shi da yin hasashen faduwar meteorite a shekara ta 467 . [9] Shi ne ya fara ba da cikakken bayani game da kusufin, kuma ya shahara kuma ya yi kaurin suna wajen ka’idojin kimiyya, ciki har da iƙirarin cewa Rana tarin ƙarfe ne mai zafi, cewa wata ƙasa ce, kuma taurari suna da zafi. duwatsu. [lower-alpha 6] Ya ɗauka cewa ƙasa tana da lebur kuma tana shawagi da iskar 'karfi' a ƙarƙashinta, kuma hargitsin wannan iska wani lokaci yakan haifar da girgizar ƙasa. [lower-alpha 7] Ya gabatar da ra'ayi na panspermia, cewa rayuwa ta wanzu a ko'ina cikin sararin samaniya kuma ana iya rarrabawa a ko'ina. [10] [11]

Ya yi ƙoƙari ya ba da lissafin kimiyya game da kusufi, meteors, bakan gizo, da kuma Rana, wanda ya bayyana a matsayin wani nau'i na ƙarfe na wuta, wanda ya fi Peloponnese girma; ya kuma ce Wata yana da tsaunuka, kuma ya yi imani da cewa ana zaune ne. Jikin sama, in ji shi, ɗimbin duwatsu ne da aka yage daga duniya kuma suna kunna wuta ta wurin saurin juyawa. [6] Ka'idodinsa game da kusufin rana, Rana, da Wata ƙila sun dogara ne a kan lura da husufin na 463 KZ [lower-alpha 8], wanda ake iya gani a Girka.

Anaxagoras na daya daga cikin na farko da ya tabbatar da cewa Wata yana haskaka hasken rana kuma bai samar da haske da kansa ba; an samu bayanin da aka fassara da “rana tana jawo wata da haske” a cikin rubuce-rubucensa.

A cewar Plutarch a cikin aikinsa na gudun hijira, Anaxagoras shine Girkanci na farko da ya yi ƙoƙarin magance matsalar da'irar, matsalar da ya yi aiki a lokacin da yake kurkuku. [lower-alpha 9]

Anaxagoras ya rubuta littafin Falsafa, amma gutsuttsuran sashin farko na wannan sun tsira, ta hanyar adanawa a cikin aikin Simplicius na Kilicia a karni na 6 AD. [lower-alpha 10]

An bayar da rahoton cewa littafin Anaxagoras ya kasance don samun dirachma a kasuwar Atheniya. [2] Tabbas an san shi ga Sophocles, Euripides, da Aristophanes, bisa ga abubuwan da ke cikin wasan kwaikwayo na rayuwa, [2] kuma mai yiwuwa ga Aeschylus kuma, bisa ga shaidar Seneca . [2] Duk da haka, ko da yake Anaxagoras kusan ya zauna a Athens a lokacin rayuwarsa na Socrates (an haife shi a shekara ta 470 KZ), babu wata shaida da ta nuna cewa sun taba haduwa. A cikin Phaedo, Plato ya kwatanta Socrates yana cewa Anaxagoras a matsayin saurayi: 'Na sami littattafansa da ɗokin karanta su da sauri kamar yadda zan iya'. Duk da haka, Socrates ya ci gaba da bayyana rashin jin daɗinsa daga baya game da falsafarsa. [lower-alpha 11] Anaxagoras kuma Socrates ya ambaci Anaxagoras yayin gwajinsa a cikin Uzuri na Plato .

An kuma ambace shi a cikin Tambayoyin Halitta na Seneca (Littafi 4B, asalin Littafi na 3: Kan gajimare, ƙanƙara, dusar ƙanƙara). Ya karanta: "Me ya sa ni ma zan ba wa kaina 'yanci kamar yadda Anaxagoras ya yarda da kansa?"

Mawallafin Romawa Valerius Maximus ya kiyaye wata al'ada ta daban; Anaxagoras, yana dawowa gida daga tafiya mai nisa, ya iske dukiyarsa a ruguje, ya ce: “Idan wannan bai halaka ba, da zan samu” — jimla da Valerius ya kwatanta da “mallakin hikimar da ake nema”. [12] [lower-alpha 12]

Dante Alighieri ya sanya Anaxagoras a cikin Da'irar Farko na Jahannama (Limbo) a cikin Comedy Divine ( Inferno, Canto IV, layi na 137).

Babi na 5 a cikin Littafi na II na De Docta Ignorantia (1440) na Nicholas na Cusa an sadaukar da shi ga gaskiyar jumlar "Kowane abu yana cikin kowane abu" wanda ya danganta ga Anaxagoras.

Anaxagoras ya bayyana a matsayin hali a cikin Dokar Faust ta biyu, Sashe na II na Johann Wolfgang von Goethe .

Friedrich Nietzsche ya kuma ambaci Anaxagoras akai-akai a cikin surori na gaba na littafinsa mai suna Philosophy in the Tragic Age of the Greeks . Yana magana da jin daɗin Anaxagoras's nous, kuma ya kare ra'ayin ta hanyar iƙirarin masana falsafa "sun kasa gane ma'anar Anaxagoras [nous] ..." kuma ya yi imani da cewa "ya isa daidai don fahimtarsa don samun motsi wanda zai iya haifar da tsari na gani a cikin rikice-rikicen rikice-rikice, ta hanyar aiki mai sauƙi." Nietzsche ya yi imanin cewa yana da mahimmanci. fahimtar Anaxagoras's nous a matsayin wani nau'i na 'yancin son rai, ba a ƙayyade ta kowane mataki na baya ba.

  • Anaxagoras (crater) akan wata

Bayanan kula

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Bayanan kafa

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  1. [1]
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Curd 2019.
  3. DK 59A1.
  4. Copleston 2003.
  5. Filonik 2013.
  6. 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Wallace & Mitchell 1911.
  7. Schmitz 1870.
  8. 8.0 8.1 Smith 1952.
  9. Couprie 2004.
  10. Hollinger 2016.
  11. Kolb & Clark 2020.
  12. Curd 2007.


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