Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (28 ga watan Agusta 1749-22 Maris 1832) mawaƙin Jamus ne, kuma marubucin wasan kwaikwayo, marubuci, masanin kimiyya, ɗan majalisa, darektan wasan kwaikwayo, kuma critic ne. Ayyukansa sun haɗa da wasan kwaikwayo, waƙa, adabi, da sukar ƙayatarwa, da kuma littatafai game da ilimin halitta, jiki, da launi. An yi la'akari da shi a matsayin marubuci mafi girma kuma mafi tasiri a cikin harshen Jamus, aikinsa yana da tasiri mai zurfi da fadi a kan tunanin adabi, siyasa, da falsafar Yammacin Turai tun daga ƙarshen karni na 18 zuwa yau.
Goethe ya zauna a Weimar a watan Nuwamba 1775 bayan nasarar littafinsa na farko, The Sorrows of Young Werther (1774). Duke na Saxe-Weimar, Karl Agusta, ya karrama shi a cikin karni na 1782. Goethe ya kasance farkon ɗan takara a cikin motsin adabi na Sturm und Drang. A cikin shekaru goma na farko a Weimar, Goethe ya zama memba na majalisar sirri ta Duke (1776-1785), ya zauna a kan yaki da kwamitocin tituna, ya lura da sake buɗe ma'adinan azurfa a kusa da Ilmenau, kuma ya aiwatar da sauye-sauye na gudanarwa a Jami'ar Jena. Ya kuma ba da gudummawa ga tsara wurin shakatawa na Botanical na Weimar da sake gina fadarsa ta Ducal. [lower-alpha 1]
Babban aikin kimiyya na farko na Goethe, Metamorphosis of Plants, an buga shi bayan ya dawo daga yawon shakatawa na 1788 na Italiya. A cikin karni na 1791 ya zama darektan gudanarwa na gidan wasan kwaikwayo a Weimar, kuma a cikin karni na 1794 ya fara abota da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, masanin tarihi, kuma masanin falsafa Friedrich Schiller, wanda ya fara buga wasanninsa har zuwa mutuwar Schiller a 1805. A wannan lokacin Goethe ya buga littafinsa na biyu, Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship; ayar almara Hermann da Dorothea, kuma, a cikin karni na 1808, kashi na farko na wasan kwaikwayo da ya fi shahara, Faust. Tattaunawarsa da ayyuka daban-daban da aka raba a cikin shekarar 1790s tare da Schiller, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Johann Gottfried Herder, Alexander von Humboldt, [2] Wilhelm von Humboldt, da Agusta da Friedrich Schlegel sun kasance tare da suna Weimar Classicism.
Masanin falsafa dan kasar Jamus Arthur Schopenhauer mai suna Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship daya daga cikin manyan litattafai hudu da aka taba rubutawa, [lower-alpha 2] yayin da Ba'amurke masanin falsafa kuma marubuci Ralph Waldo Emerson ya zabi Goethe a matsayin daya daga cikin "mazajen wakilai" guda shida a cikin aikinsa na wannan sunan (tare da Plato, Emanuel Swedenborg, Montaigne, Napoleon, da Shakespeare). Bayanin Goethe da abubuwan lura sun kasance tushen ginshiƙan ayyukan tarihi da yawa, musamman Tattaunawar Johann Peter Eckermann tare da Goethe (1836). Mawaƙa da yawa sun tsara waƙarsa zuwa kiɗa ciki har da Mozart, Beethoven, Schubert, Berlioz, Liszt, Wagner, da Mahler.
Rayuwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Ƙuruciya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Mahaifin Goethe, Johann Caspar Goethe, ya zauna tare da iyalinsa a cikin wani babban gida (today the Goethe house) a Frankfurt, sannan birni mai 'yanci na Daular Roma Mai Tsarki. Ko da yake ya yi karatun shari'a a Leipzig kuma an nada shi Kansila na Imperial, Johann Caspar Goethe bai shiga cikin harkokin hukuma na birnin ba. [4] Johann Caspar ya auri mahaifiyar Goethe, Catharina Elisabeth Textor, a Frankfurt a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta 1748, lokacin yana 38 kuma tana 17. [5] Duk 'ya'yansu, ban da Johann Wolfgang da 'yar uwarsa Cornelia Friederica Christiana (an haife shi a 1750), sun mutu tun suna kanana.
Mahaifinsa da malamai masu zaman kansu sun ba wa matasa Goethe darussa a cikin batutuwa na yau da kullum na lokacinsu, musamman harsuna (Latin, Hellenanci, Ibrananci na Littafi Mai Tsarki (a takaice), Faransanci, Italiyanci, da Ingilishi). Goethe kuma ya sami darussan rawa, hawa, da wasan shinge. Johann Caspar, yana jin takaici a cikin burinsa, ya ƙudurta cewa ya kamata 'ya'yansa su sami duk abubuwan da bai samu ba. [4]
Ko da yake Goethe babban sha'awar yana zane, da sauri ya zama mai sha'awar wallafe-wallafe; Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock (1724-1803) da Homer suna cikin waɗanda ya fi so. [6] Ya kasance mai sadaukarwa ga gidan wasan kwaikwayo, kuma ya burge shi da wasan kwaikwayo na tsana da ake shirya kowace shekara. a gidansa; wannan ya zama jigo mai maimaitawa a cikin aikinsa na adabi Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship.
Ya kuma ji daɗin karanta ayyukan tarihi da addini. Ya rubuta game da wannan lokacin:
I had from childhood the singular habit of always learning by heart the beginnings of books, and the divisions of a work, first of the five books of Moses, and then of the Aeneid and Ovid's Metamorphoses. ... If an ever busy imagination, of which that tale may bear witness, led me hither and thither, if the medley of fable and history, mythology and religion, threatened to bewilder me, I readily fled to those oriental regions, plunged into the first books of Moses, and there, amid the scattered shepherd tribes, found myself at once in the greatest solitude and the greatest society.[7]
Goethe kuma ya saba da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Frankfurt. [8] A farkon yunƙurin wallafe-wallafen ya nuna sha'awar Gretchen, wanda daga baya zai sake bayyana a cikin <i id="mwmA">Faust ɗinsa</i>, da kuma abubuwan da ya faru tare da wanda zai bayyana a takaice a Dichtung und Wahrheit. [9] Ya ƙaunaci Caritas Meixner (1750-1773), 'yar dillalin Worms mai arziki kuma abokiyar 'yar uwarsa, wanda daga baya zai auri ɗan kasuwa G. F. Schuler. [10]
Manazarta
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- ↑ "Classical Weimar UNESCO Justification". Justification for UNESCO Heritage Cites. UNESCO. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
- ↑ Empty citation (help)
- ↑ Schopenhauer, Arthur (January 2004). The Art of Literature. The Essays of Arthur Schopenahuer. Retrieved 22 March 2015.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Herman Grimm: Goethe. Vorlesungen gehalten an der Königlichen Universität zu Berlin. Vol. 1. J.G. Cotta'sche Buchhandlung Nachfolger, Stuttgart / Berlin 1923, p. 36
- ↑ Catharina was the daughter of Johann Wolfgang Textor, sheriff (Schultheiß) of Frankfurt, and of Anna Margaretha Lindheimer.
- ↑ Oehler, R 1932, "Buch und Bibliotheken unter der Perspektive Goethe – Goethe's attitude toward books and libraries", The Library Quarterly, 2, pp. 232–249
- ↑ Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von. The Autobiography of Goethe: Truth and Poetry, From My Own Life, Volume 1 (1897), translated by John Oxenford, pp. 114, 129
- ↑ Valerian Tornius: Goethe – Leben, Wirken und Schaffen. Ludwig-Röhrscheid-Verlag, Bonn 1949, p. 26
- ↑ Emil Ludwig: Goethe – Geschichte eines Menschen. Vol. 1. Ernst-Rowohlt-Verlag, Berlin 1926, pp. 17–18
- ↑ Karl Goedeke: Goethes Leben. Cotta / Kröner, Stuttgart around 1883, pp. 16–17.
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