Canjin yanayi a Botswana

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Canjin yanayi a Botswana
yanayi
Bayanai
Ƙasa Botswana

Canjin yanayi a Botswana, yana nufin canje-canje a cikin yanayi na Botswana da kuma martani na gaba, daidaitawa da dabarun ragewa na ƙasar. Ana sa ran zai haifar da karuwar fari da kuma karuwa da yawa wannan saboda gajeren lokacin ruwan sama da ƙananan kwanakin ruwan kasa. Saboda sauye-sauye a kan yanayi da yanayi kasar na iya fuskantar ruwan sama mai lalacewa a wasu lokuta.[1]

Yanayin Botswana[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Yanayin yanayi na Botswana Yankunan rarrabuwa

Yanayin Botswana ya bushe zuwa rabin bushe tare da hunturu mai zafi da lokacin zafi kuma ruwan sama ba shi da tabbas. Ruwan sama galibi yana faruwa ne daga Oktoba zuwa Afrilu.[2] Lokacin hunturu galibi ya bushe kuma yana da rana, mai sauƙi a rana amma sanyi da dare, musamman a tsakiyar da kudancin ƙasar. Wannan yawanci yana kusa da watanni na Mayu zuwa Agusta. Lokacin bazara wanda yawanci daga Nuwamba zuwa Maris, yana da zafi kuma yana leken sama. Akwai hasken rana da yawa a wannan kakar, musamman da safe. A cikin shekara, zafin jiki yawanci ya bambanta daga 41 ° F zuwa 89 °F kuma yana da wuya a ƙasa da 34 ° C ko sama da 97 °C.[3][4] Yawan zafi yana yawan ƙarfi a cikin bazara a kusa da Satumba da Oktoba, musamman a arewacin ƙasar, duk da haka, kwanakin zafi suna yiwuwa a duk faɗin ƙasar daga Satamba zuwa Afrilu.[3][3][4]

Yankin kudu maso yamma shine yankin da ya fi bushewa, wannan shine inda ake samun hamadar Kalahari kuma ruwan sama yana sauka ƙasa da millimita 300 (12 inci) a kowace shekara. Yankunan da suka fi ruwan sama, inda sama da 500 mm (20 in) na ruwan kasa a kowace shekara, sune arewa da kudu maso gabas, wurin Gaborone yake.[3] Kasar ba ta da iyaka kuma tana da yanayin hamada mai zafi wanda ke da babban bambanci tsakanin yanayin rana da dare da kuma yawan zafi.[5]

Yanayi mai tsaka-tsaki

An yi la'akari da Botswana mai matukar damuwa ga canjin yanayi da bambancin yanayi saboda karancin ruwan sama da kuma yawan talauci da ke shafar yawancin yankunan karkara.[6][7] Botswana tana fuskantar karancin ruwan sama kuma yanayin ruwan kasa yana canzawa wanda ke shafar bangaren noma. Saboda yanayin ruwan sama a Botswana, wanda ba abin dogaro ba ne, an sami raguwa a cikin hekta da aka noma. Ruwan sama mai tsanani ya wanke ƙasa da tsaba a lokacin noma kuma wannan yana haifar da ƙarancin amfanin gona.[1]

Matsalolin Botswana ga canjin yanayi galibi yana shafar dogaro da bangarorin da sauƙin sauyin yanayi ke sha wahala; yawon bude ido, noma, ruwa da kiwon lafiya. Talauci kuma wani bangare ne wanda galibi ya zo ne ta hanyar dogaro da waɗannan bangarorin.[8]

Muhimman abubuwan da ke faruwa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Yanayin zafi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Figure 2
Yanayin zafin jiki na Botswana tsakanin 1901-2020

Matsakaicin yanayin zafi ya karu a 1.5 ° C tun daga shekarun 1900. Hoton da ke dama yana nuna yanayin zafin jiki na Botswana tsakanin shekara ta 1901 da shekarar 2020. Babban canje-canje shine a watan Nuwamba da Maris. Botswana tana fuskantar yanayin zafi sosai a lokacin rani wanda ke tsakanin Nuwamba zuwa Maris wanda zasu iya zuwa sama da 38 ° C a wasu sassan ƙasar yayin da hunturu wanda ya kasance daga Maris zuwa Agusta yana da sanyi sosai da dare kuma yana leushi a rana, wani lokacin tare da mummunan sanyi wanda zai iya daskarewa da ƙananan ruwa. A lokacin bazara wanda yake daga Satumba zuwa Oktoba ƙasar tana fuskantar yanayin zafi sosai wanda zai iya kaiwa sama da 44 ° C a yawancin sassan ƙasar.

Ruwan sama[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Precipitation
Canje-canje na yau da kullun a cikin hazo

Botswana ta sami ruwan sama na yau da kullun da kuma fari mai yawa. Kwanakin rigar a Botswana sun bambanta a ko'ina cikin shekara. Ana auna rana mai laushi a 0.04 inci na ruwan sama.[9] Lokacin rigar ya ƙare daga Oktoba zuwa Afrilu tare da damar 21% na rana ta zama rana mai rigakafi yayin da lokacin hunturu ya wuce daga Afrilun zuwa Oktoba, Yuli yana da wata tare le mafi ƙarancin kwanakin riguna tare ti matsakaicin kwanaki 0.2 tare tare na akalla matsakaici 0.04 inci na hazo. An rubuta watan Disamba a matsayin wata tare da ruwan sama mafi girma.

Rashin iskar gas[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kasuwancin iskar gas na shekara-shekara na Botswana kamar yadda yake a shekarar 2019 ya kasance a 11, 000.00 na CO2, wanda ya ragu da kashi 13.25% daga shekarar da ta gabata 2018.[10]

Rashin hayaki na carbon dioxide galibi daga man fetur ne; iskar gas, mai, sufuri da gine-gine, masana'antar wutar lantarki suma suna ba da gudummawa ga waɗannan hayakin.

Tasirin canjin yanayi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Canjin yanayi ya riga ya sami tasirin gani a duniya, duniya tana dumama, tsarin ruwan sama koyaushe yana canzawa, kuma matakan teku suna ƙaruwa kuma waɗannan canje-canje suna ƙara haɗarin zafi, ambaliyar ruwa, fari, da gobara.[11]

Wadannan sune cikakkun tasirin canjin yanayi a Botswana.

Biodiversity[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Pyramid na Biodiversity

Canjin yanayi da hulɗarsa tare da wasu masu damuwa sun shafi bambancin halittu kuma jinsunan da ke da ƙananan rarraba, ƙarancin yalwa da wuraren zama na musamman galibi suna da rauni.[12]

Lafiya[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A halin yanzu, kusan kashi 30% na yawan mutanen Botswana suna fuskantar haɗarin kamuwa da zazzabin cizon sauro a kowace shekara kuma yawancin shari'o'in suna faruwa a gundumomin arewa tare da Bobonong, Tutume, Serowe, Phalapye da Boteti suna cikin yankin canjin zaurar.[13] A cikin shekarun ruwan sama mai yawa don haɗarin zazzabin cizon sauro ya koma yamma da Kudu. Sakamakon cutar zawo ya zo tare da tsarin cyclical na bimodal tare le tsaunuka a watan Maris (ANOVA p < 0.001) da Oktoba (anoVAp <0.001).[14] Akwai kyakkyawar alaƙa ta kai tsaye (p < 0.001) a cikin adadin da aka ruwaito a matakin jinkiri na wata ɗaya.[14] Canjin yanayi (ruwa, mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki, da matsin tururi) an yi hasashen zazzabi na yanayi tare da jinkirin wata ɗaya a cikin masu canji (p < 0.001). Sakamakon cutar zawo ya kasance mafi girma a lokacin fari bayan lissafin wasu masu canji, yana nuna a matsakaita karuwar 20% akan matsakaicin shekara-shekara (p < 0.001)[14]

Jinsi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Akwai dalilai da yawa na bambance-bambance a cikin tasirin canjin yanayi da maza da mata ke fuskanta wannan bambancin ya fito ne daga bambaran siyasa na tattalin arziki da zamantakewa.[15] Yawancin manoma masu ɗorewa duk da haka mata ne da suka noma don inganta tsaron abinci na gida duk lokacin da aka kara rawar da aikin gona da yawancin mata ba su da iko akan ƙasa kuma ba sa samun damar fadada aikin noma da bashi.[16][15] Shafuka da yawa na cutar kanjamau sun ba da gudummawa ga iyakancewar damar samun sabis da ƙwarewa duk waɗannan abubuwan suna sa mata musamman masu saukin kamuwa da tasirin canjin yanayi.[17] Canjin yanayi yana wakiltar ƙalubalen da ya fi rikitarwa a zamaninmu kuma yana buƙatar aiki tare da amsawa cikakke. A duk faɗin biranen tasirin canjin yanayi yana shafar mata da maza daban.[18] Mata da 'yan mata suna fuskantar manyan tasirin canjin yanayi, wanda ke kara yawan rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi da ke akwai kuma yana haifar da barazana ta musamman ga rayuwarsu, lafiya, da aminci.[19][20]

Aikin noma[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Canjin yanayi, wanda ya zo tare da yanayin zafi mafi girma, ƙarancin ƙasa da ruwa, ambaliyar ruwa. Wadannan sun fi shafar mutanen da ke fama da rauni suna sanya su cikin haɗarin yunwa da rashin tsaro na abinci. An kiyasta cewa hadarin duniya na yunwa da rashin abinci mai gina jiki na iya ƙaruwa da kashi 20 cikin dari a shekarar 2050[21]

Daidaitawa da ragewa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Canjin yanayi na gaske ne kuma babbar barazana ce ga dukan wayewarmu da duniya baki daya. Sakamakon canjin yanayi ya riga ya bayyana kuma zai haifar da mummunar lalacewa idan ba mu yi aiki ba yanzu, ta hanyar ilimi, kawowa da aiwatar da sababbin ra'ayoyi da bin alkawuranmu na yanayi, za mu iya yin canje-canje masu mahimmanci don kare duniya.[22]

Kudin yanayi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Botswana na da niyyar rage yawan hayaki da kashi 15% daga shekarar 2010 ta hanyar 2038 a farashin da ake tsammani na dala biliyan 18.4. An kiyasta wannan burin rage hayaki bisa ga kayan GHGs na asali don GG guda uku kasancewa CO2, CH4 da N2O. Rufe makamashi, sharar gida, da bangarorin noma.[23] Wannan lissafin bai haɗa da hayaki na CH4 daga noman dabbobi ba, galibi daga fermentation na ciki, duk da haka, ƙasar tana da niyyar aiwatar da matakan ragewa ga wannan ɓangaren.[24]

Dubi kuma[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Understanding vulnerability and adaptation in semi-arid areas in Botswana Archived 2023-07-22 at the Wayback Machine, May (2015), http://www.assaradapt.org/, retrieved 30/04/2023
  2. ↑ "Climate". Botswana Tourism. Retrieved 24 March 2023.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 "Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation". www.climatestotravel.com. Retrieved 2023-03-25.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Botswana Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Botswana) - Weather Spark". weatherspark.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-03-25.
  5. ↑ "BOTSWANA'S FIRST BIENNIAL UPDATE REPORT (BUR) TO THE UNITED NATIONS FRAMEWORK CONVENTION ON CLIMATE CHANGE OCTOBER 2019" (PDF). unfccc.int. 2019-10-30. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2023-03-29. Retrieved 2023-03-30.
  6. ↑ "Climate Risk Country Profile-Botswana". Climate Change Knowledge Portal. Worldbank. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
  7. ↑ "Botswana: Climate risk country profile - Botswana | ReliefWeb". reliefweb.int (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-04-30.
  8. ↑ "Climate Risk Country Profile-Botswana" (PDF). Climate Change Knowledge Portal. Worldbank. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
  9. ↑ "World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal". climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-03-25.
  10. ↑ "Botswana Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions 1990-2023". Macrotrends. Macrotrends LLC. Retrieved 21 March 2023.
  11. ↑ "Effects of climate change". Met Office (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-03-30.
  12. ↑ Desalegn Invalid |url-status=Adeleke (help); Check date values in: |access-date= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help); |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  13. ↑ unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/BOTSWANA%20THIRD%20NATIONAL%20COMUNICATION
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Alexander, Kathleen A.; Carzolio, Marcos; Goodin, Douglas; Vance, Eric (26 March 2013). "Climate change is likely to worsen the public health threat of diarrheal disease in Botswana". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 10 (4): 1202–1230. doi:10.3390/ijerph10041202. ISSN 1660-4601. Retrieved 1 May 2023. Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 (CC BY 3.0) license.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "What does gender equality have to do with climate change?". UNDP Climate Promise (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-04-11.
  16. ↑ "Gender and Climate Change: Botswana Case Study | Heinrich Böll Stiftung". Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-04-11.
  17. ↑ "| Heinrich Böll Stiftung". Heinrich-Böll-Stiftung (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-04-11.
  18. ↑ "Gender and climate change". IUCN (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-04-11.
  19. ↑ www.unwomen.org/en/news-stories/explainer/2022/02/explainer-how-gender-inequality-and-climate-change-are-interconnected#:~:text=The%20climate%20crisis%20is%20not,less%20access%20to%2C%20natural%20resources.
  20. ↑ "Explainer: How gender inequality and climate change are interconnected". UN Women – Headquarters (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-04-11.
  21. ↑ CLIMATE AND HEALTH COUNTRY PROFILE – 2015 BOTSWANA, (2015), World Health Organisation, retrieved 30/04/2023
  22. ↑ "Goal 13: Climate action". The Global Goals. Retrieved 2023-04-10.
  23. ↑ "FAO.org :". www.fao.org. Retrieved 2023-04-30.
  24. ↑ Botswana Country Diagnostic Archived 2023-04-30 at the Wayback Machine , May (2017), Southern African Climate Finance Partnership, https://drmims.sadc.int/[permanent dead link] Retrieved 30/04/2023
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