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Cinikin yara

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Cinikin yara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na Safarar Mutane
Babban tsarin rubutu Strafgesetzbuch (en) Fassara
Kalandan satar yara

Cinikin yara wani nau'i ne na fataucin mutane kuma Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta bayyana shi a matsayin "karɓar aiki, sufuri, shayarwa, da / ko karɓar" satar yaro don manufar bautar, tilasta aiki, da cin zarafi.[1]: Mataki na 3 (c) Wannan ma'anar ta fi girma fiye da ma'anar wannan takardar game da " fataucin mutane".[1]: Mataki na 3 (a) Ana iya fataucin yara don tallafi.


Cinikin yara wani nau'i ne na fataucin mutane kuma Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta bayyana shi a matsayin "karɓar aiki, sufuri, shayarwa, da / ko karɓar" satar yaro don manufar bautar, tilasta aiki, da cin zarafi.[1]: Mataki na 3 (c) Wannan ma'anar ta fi girma fiye da ma'anar wannan takardar game da " fataucin mutane".[1]: Mataki na 3 (a) Ana iya fataucin yara don tallafi. kididdiga game da girman fataucin yara yana da wuyar samu, Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta Duniya (ILO) ta kiyasta cewa ana fataucin Yara 10,000 a kowace shekara.[2] A cikin 2012, Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Magunguna da Laifuka (UNODC) ya ba da rahoton cewa kashi na yara da aka azabtar sun karu cikin shekaru 3 daga kashi 20 zuwa kashi 27.[3] Kowace shekara ana karbar yara 300,000 daga ko'ina cikin duniya kuma masu fataucin mutane suna sayar da su a matsayin bayi. 28% na mutane 17,000 da aka kawo Amurka yara ne - kimanin yara 13 a kowace rana.[4] A cikin 2014, binciken da kungiyar masu yaki da fataucin mutane Thorn ta gudanar ya ba da rahoton cewa ana amfani da shafukan intanet kamar Craigslist a matsayin Ƙaya aiki don gudanar da kasuwanci a cikin masana'antar kuma kashi 70 cikin 100 na wadanda suka tsira daga fataucin yara da aka bincika an sayar da su a kan layi. An san fataucin yara a duniya a matsayin babban laifi wanda ke cikin kowane yanki na duniya kuma wanda sau da yawa yana da tasirin haƙƙin ɗan adam. Duk da haka, a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata ne yaduwar da tasirin wannan aikin ya tashi zuwa matsayi na duniya, saboda karuwar bincike da ayyukan jama'a. Har yanzu ba a gano duk abubuwan da ke haifar da fataucin yara ba, duk da haka, ya bayyana cewa talauci, Rikicin jin kai, da rashin ilimi suna taimakawa ga manyan kudade. An ba da shawarar kuma an aiwatar da mafita iri-iri, wanda za'a iya rarraba shi cikin nau'ikan ayyuka huɗu: kariya mai zurfi, rigakafi, tilasta bin doka, da taimakon wanda aka azabtar. takardun kasa da kasa da ke hulɗa da fataucin yara sune Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta 1989 kan 'Yancin Yara, Yarjejeniyar ILO mafi munin nau'ikan aiki na yara ta 1999, da Yarjejeniyar UN ta 2000 don hanawa, hanawa da azabtar da fataucinsu a cikin mutane, musamman mata da yara.

Ma'anar

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Babban kayan aiki na farko na kasa da kasa da ke hulɗa da fataucin yara wani bangare ne na yarjejeniyar Palermo ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta 2000, mai taken Yarjejeniyar hanawa, hanawa da azabtar da fataucir a cikin mutane, Musamman Mata da Yara. Mataki na 3 (a) na wannan takardar ya bayyana fataucin yara a matsayin "karɓar aiki, sufuri, canja wuri, adanawa da / ko karɓar" yaro don manufar cin zarafi.[1] Ma'anar fataucin yara da aka bayar a nan ya shafi shari'o'in fataucin da suka shafi kasa da kasa da / ko kuma sun haɗa da ƙungiyoyin masu aikata laifuka; duk da wannan, ana gane fataucin yaro a waje da waɗannan sigogi.[5] ILO ta fadada wannan ma'anar ta hanyar tabbatar da cewa motsi da cin zarafi sune mahimman fannoni na fataucin yara.[5] Ma'anar "yaro" da aka yi amfani da ita a nan ita ce wadda aka jera a cikin Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta 1989 kan 'Yancin Yara wacce ta ce, "yaro yana nufin kowane ɗan adam da ke ƙasa da shekaru 18, sai dai, a ƙarƙashin dokar da ta shafi yaro, an sami mafi rinjaye a baya. " Bambancin da aka tsara a cikin wannan ma'anar yana da mahimmanci, saboda wasu ƙasashe sun zaɓi saita "shekarun mafi rinjaye" ƙasa da 18, don haka yana rinjayar abin da doka ta ƙunshi fataucin yara. [5][6]

Kayan aiki na shari'a

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Yawancin kayan aiki na kasa da kasa, na yanki, da na kasa suna hulɗa da fataucin yara. Ana amfani da waɗannan kayan aiki don bayyana abin da doka ta ƙunshi fataucin yara, don a iya ɗaukar matakin shari'a mai dacewa a kan waɗanda ke shiga da inganta wannan aikin. Wadannan kayan aikin shari'a ana kiransu da kalmomi daban-daban, gami da tarurruka, ladabi, memorandums, ayyukan hadin gwiwa, shawarwari, da sanarwa. An jera mafi mahimman kayan kida a ƙasa: [5]

Kayan kare hakkin dan adam na kasa da kasa

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Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ce ta kirkiro waɗannan kayan aikin shari'a a kokarin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya kuma, musamman, haƙƙin yara.

Yarjejeniyar aiki da ƙaura

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Cinikin yara sau da yawa ya haɗa da aiki da ƙaura. Saboda haka, waɗannan tsarin kasa da kasa suna bayyana lokuta inda waɗannan ayyukan ba bisa ka'ida ba ne.

  • Yarjejeniyar ILO ta Ƙananan Shekaru, 1973 [8]
  • ILO Mafi munin nau'ikan Kwarewar Kwarewar Yara, 1999 [9]
    • ILO Mafi Girma Hanyar Shawarwarin Ayyukan Yara No. 190, 1999 [10]
  • Yarjejeniyar ILO ta tilasta aiki, 1930 [11]
  • Yarjejeniyar ILO ta ƙaura don aiki (Bincike), 1949 [12]
  • Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Kare Hakkin Dukkanin Ma'aikatan Mutanen da ke ƙaura da membobin Iyalai, 1990 [13]

Takamaiman kayan aiki na fataucin mutane

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  • Yarjejeniya don hanawa, hanawa da azabtar da fataucin mutane, Musamman mata da yara, 2000 [1]
  • Ka'idodin da aka ba da shawarar da jagororin kan 'yancin ɗan adam da fataucin ɗan adam, 2002 [14]
  • Yarjejeniyar Hague kan Kare Yara da Haɗin Kai game da Kula da Kasashe

Kayan kida na yanki

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An kuma kirkiro kayan aiki daban-daban na yanki don jagorantar ƙasashe a cikin yanke shawara game da fataucin yara. Da ke ƙasa akwai wasu daga cikin manyan kayan kida, kodayake akwai wasu da yawa: [5]

  • Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Turai kan Aiki game da Ciniki a cikin 'yan Adam (Shirye-shiryen Yarjejeniya No.197), 2005
  • Sadarwa ga Majalisar Tarayyar Turai da Majalisar, COM (2005) 514 Final
  • Yarjejeniyar hadin gwiwa ta bangarori da yawa don yaki da fataucin mutane, musamman mata da yara, a Yamma da Tsakiyar Afirka, 2006
  • Yarjejeniyar hadin gwiwar yankin Mekong don yaki da fataucin mutane (COMMIT), 2004

Dokar ƙasa

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See also: Human trafficking in the United States and Human trafficking in the United Kingdom

Dokokin kasa da suka shafi fataucin yara suna ci gaba da bunkasa a duk duniya, bisa ga ka'idodin duniya da aka kafa. Dokar yaki da fataucin mutane ta sami yabo a matsayin mai mahimmanci daga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Yaki da fatauccin Dan Adam, saboda yana tabbatar da cewa ana bi da masu fataucin da wadanda ke fama da fataucinni mutane daidai: alal misali, "idan ana amfani da dokokin ƙaura don bin masu fataucinni, sau da yawa ana gurfanar da wadanda abin ya shafa a matsayin ba da ba bisa ka'ida ba, yayin da idan akwai takamaiman rukuni na 'mai fataucin' da 'mutumin mutane,' to ana iya ɗaukar wanda aka azabtar a matsayin haka". [5] su.

Nau'o'in fataucin yara

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Ba a san ainihin amfani da yaron ba bayan sayarwa.

Aikin tilasta

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Manufar fataucin yara galibi ana tilasta wa yara aiki.[5] UNICEF ta kiyasta cewa, a cikin 2011, yara miliyan 150 masu shekaru 5-14 a kasashe masu tasowa sun shiga cikin aikin yara.[15] Bugu da ƙari, UNICEF ta bayyana cewa farashin yanzu ya nuna cewa aƙalla yara miliyan 100 za a tilasta su yi aiki nan da shekarar 2020.[16] A cikin wannan adadi, ILO ta ba da rahoton cewa kashi 60% na ma'aikatan yara suna aiki a aikin gona.[17] Binciken kwatankwacin tsakanin yawan ma'aikatan yara a cikin birane da yankunan karkara a yankin Saharar Afirka ya nuna cewa kashi 84.3% na ma'aikatan ụmụaka suna aiki a yankunan karamar hukuma. Kashi 99.8% na yara masu shekaru biyar zuwa goma sha huɗu suna aiki da yara don wasu nau'ikan ayyukan tattalin arziki a waɗannan yankuna.[18] Har ila yau, ILO ta kiyasta cewa yara miliyan 115 suna aiki mai haɗari, kamar jima'i ko cinikin miyagun ƙwayoyi.[17] Gabaɗaya, aikin yara na iya ɗaukar nau'o'i da yawa, gami da bautar gida, aiki a aikin gona, sabis, da masana'antu. Har ila yau, a cewar masu bincike da yawa, ana tilasta wa yawancin yara aiki mai arha da sarrafawa, da aiki a gidaje, gonaki, masana'antu, gidajen cin abinci, da sauransu.[22] Yara suna da aiki mai arha kuma suna iya kammala ayyukan da manya ba za su iya ba saboda girman su. Misali daya na wannan shine a cikin masana'antar kamun kifi a Ghana. Yara na iya sakin kifi cikin sauƙi daga taru saboda ƙananan hannayensu. Ta haka ne ake buƙatar ayyukansu sosai kuma aikin yara ya kasance sakamakon yanzu na fataucin yara.

Ana iya cin zarafin yara da aka yi wa fataucin jima'i, ana amfani da su a cikin sojoji da kasuwancin miyagun ƙwayoyi, da kuma bara yara.[5] Dangane da yanayin duniya, ILO ta kiyasta cewa a cikin 2004-2008, akwai raguwar kashi 3% a cikin abin da ya faru na aikin yara; wannan ya bambanta da rahoton ILO na baya wanda ya gano cewa a cikin 2000-2004, akwai raguwar 10% a cikin aikin yara.[17] ILO ta yi jayayya cewa, a duniya, aikin yara yana raguwa a hankali, sai dai a yankin Saharar Afirka, inda yawan ma'aikatan yara ya kasance daidai: 1 cikin yara 4 masu shekaru 5-17 suna aiki a wannan yankin.[17] A cikin 2018 UNICEF ta ba da rahoton cewa kashi 31% na jimlar aikin yara suna cikin Yammacin Afirka. A cikin wannan yankin, daya daga cikin yara shida tsakanin shekaru shida zuwa goma sha huɗu yana aiki. Rahoton ya kuma gano cewa kashi 43% na aikin yara a Afirka ta Kudu saboda ƙaura da fataucin yara ne.[19] Wani babban yanayin duniya ya shafi yawan ma'aikatan yara a cikin shekarun 15-17: a cikin shekaru biyar da suka gabata, an ba da rahoton karuwar kashi 20% a cikin adadin waɗannan ma'aikatan yaro.[17] Misali mai ban mamaki ya faru a Amurka kamar yadda McCabe ya nuna cewa a cikin shekarun 1990s, manyan kamfanoni kamar Gap da Nike suna amfani da masana'antar "sweatshops" waɗanda ke amfani da yara masu fataucin mutane don yin samfuran da suke so. Bayan ci gaba da bincike game da abin kunya na aikin yara an fallasa yanayin aiki mai haɗari na masana'antun kamfanin GAP. Yara suna aiki a masana'antun da ba a kula da su sosai ba kuma suna da haɗari, sun sha wahala kuma ana biyan su ƙasa da mafi ƙarancin albashi. A cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya an bayyana irin wannan abin kunya a wasu sassan Asiya da Afirka.

Da yake amsawa ga waɗannan shari'o'in membobin Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun yi ƙoƙari su rage yawan keta doka a cikin tsarin kamfanoni a cikin 2011 ta hanyar aiwatar da Tsarin Majalisar Dinkinobho na "Kariya, Daraja da Magani", rahoton da ke nuna ka'idodin jagora kan kamfanoni na kasa da kasa da sauran kamfanonin kasuwanci da haƙƙin ɗan adam. An amince da shi a cikin Resolution 17/4 ta Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam a ranar 16 ga Yuni, 2011, rahoton ya tsara manyan ka'idoji uku. 1) Wajibi ne na jihar na girmamawa, karewa da cika haƙƙin ɗan adam da 'yanci na asali, 2) rawar da kamfanonin kasuwanci ke takawa a matsayin ƙwararrun ƙungiyoyi na al'umma da ke yin ayyuka na musamman, waɗanda ake buƙata don bin duk dokokin da suka dace da mutunta haƙƙin ɗanɗano, da kuma 3) buƙatar haƙƙoƙi da wajibai da za a daidaita su da magunguna masu dacewa da tasiri lokacin da aka keta. Kudurin ya yi ƙoƙari ya kafa fahimtar duniya game da yanayin aiki mai dacewa kuma ya bayyana azabtarwa ga waɗancan kamfanonin da suka saba wa ka'idodin jagora. Bugu da kari, bincike game da sakamakon dindindin ga ma'aikata waɗanda aka keta hakkinsu an bayyana su. Duk da haka a cikin 2018 an gano cewa har yanzu, yara miliyan 218 suna aiki na cikakken lokaci, da yawa daga cikinsu masu masana'antu ne ke aiki don rage farashin samarwa.[20]

Cin zarafin jima'i

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Jima'i da doka
Batutuwan zamantakewa
Takamaiman laifuka (ya bambanta da iko)
Rijistar masu aikata laifuka na jima'i
Tashoshin jiragen ruwa

Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka kan Sayar da Yara, Karuwanci na Yara da Batsa na Yara wata yarjejeniya ce ta Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Yara, wadda Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta karɓa a hukumance a shekara ta 2000.[21] Ainihin, wannan yarjejeniyar a hukumance tana buƙatar jihohi su hana sayar da yara, karuwancin yara, da hotunan batsa na yara.[21] A cewar ILO, cin zarafin yara na jima'i ya haɗa da duk ayyukan da suka biyo baya: [22]

  • "Yin amfani da 'yan mata da yara maza a cikin ayyukan jima'i da ake biyan kuɗi ko a cikin nau'i (wanda aka fi sani da karuwanci na yara) a kan tituna ko cikin gida, a wurare kamar gidajen karuwai, gidajen rawa, wuraren tausa, mashaya, otal-otal, gidajen cin abinci, da sauransu".
  • "Hotunan 'yan mata da maza da matasa don cinikin jima'i"
  • "Yawon shakatawa na jima'i na yara"
  • "Samarwa, gabatarwa da rarraba hotunan batsa da suka shafi yara"
  • "Yin amfani da yara a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na jima'i (na jama'a ko na sirri) "

Kodayake auna girman wannan aikin yana da wahala saboda aikata laifuka da yanayin ɓoye, ILO ta kiyasta cewa akwai yara miliyan 1.8 da aka yi fataucin jima'i a duk duniya, yayin da rahoton UNICEF na 2006 na Jihar Yara na Duniya ya ba da rahoton wannan adadin ya zama miliyan 2.[23][24] ILO ta gano cewa 'yan mata da ke da hannu a wasu nau'ikan aikin yara - kamar sabis na gida ko sayar da titi - suna cikin haɗarin da za a ja su cikin fataucin jima'i na yara.[23] Hakazalika, Kendall da Funk sun tabbatar da yadda "matasa 'yan mata masu shekaru 12 da kasa suna da sauƙin sarrafawa kuma suna da sauƙaƙe a cikin matsayinsu na karuwanci, kuma saboda budurwa tana da daraja sosai ga wasu masu amfani da ke son biyan kuɗi".[25] Tushen da yawa, ciki har da ILO da malamai Erin Kunze da DM Hughes, suma suna jayayya cewa karuwar amfani da wadatar Intanet ya zama babbar hanya ga masu fataucin mutane, a ƙarshe yana ƙara yawan abubuwan da ke faruwa na fataucin yara.[23][26][27] A zahiri, a cikin shekara ta 2009, Sheriff na Illinois Thomas J. Dart ya kai karar masu mallakar Craigslist, wani sanannen gidan yanar gizon yanar gizo, saboda "haɗin kai" da "sauƙin kai" na karuwanci, musamman a cikin yara. A mayar da martani ga matsin lamba na jama'a da na shari'a, Craigslist tun daga lokacin ya toshe duk damar shiga sashin "Ayyukan manya".

Yara a cikin sojoji

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Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka game da Haɗakarwar Yara a cikin Rikicin Makamai wata yarjejeniya ce ta Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Yara, wadda Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta karɓa a hukumance a cikin 2000.[28] Ainihin, yarjejeniyar ta bayyana cewa yayin da masu sa kai a kasa da shekaru 18 zasu iya shiga soja da son rai, ba za a iya kwashe su ba. Kamar yadda yarjejeniyar ta karanta, "Jam'iyyun Jiha za su dauki dukkan matakan da za a iya amfani da su don tabbatar da cewa mambobin sojojin su da ba su kai shekaru 18 ba su shiga kai tsaye a cikin tashin hankali ba. " [28] Duk da haka, ILO ta kiyasta cewa "dubban dubbai" na 'yan mata da yara maza a halin yanzu an tilasta su shiga cikin sojojin a akalla kasashe 17 a duniya. [29] Yara da aka kwashe a cikin sojoji za a iya amfani da su ta hanyoyi uku daban-daban:[30][31]

  • Matsayi kai tsaye a cikin tashin hankali (matsayi na yaƙi)
  • Matsayi na tallafi (kamar manzanni ko 'yan leƙen asiri)
  • Don fa'idar siyasa (kamar don dalilai na farfaganda)

Binciken da aka gudanar kwanan nan ta Haɗin gwiwa don Dakatar da Amfani da Yara Sojoji ya kuma lura cewa dole ne a san 'yan mata sojoji na musamman, saboda suna da matukar damuwa ga ayyukan tashin hankali na jima'i.[31] Abubuwan da suka faru na yara sojoji shine abin da ya fi mayar da hankali ga ƙungiyar Kony 2012, wanda ke da niyyar kama Joseph Kony, mai aikata laifukan yaki na Uganda wanda ke da alhakin fataucin dubban yara sojoji da bayi na jima'i.

Yara a cikin kasuwancin miyagun ƙwayoyi

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Ana kuma amfani da yara a kasuwancin miyagun ƙwayoyi a duk yankuna na duniya.[5] Musamman, ana fataucin yara sau da yawa a matsayin masu aika miyagun ƙwayoyi ko masu siyar da miyagun ƙ ƙwayoyi, sannan kuma 'a biya' da miyagun kwayoyi, don haka su zama masu jaraba kuma su kara shiga.[5] Saboda haramtacciyar yanayin fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi, ana bi da yara da aka kama a matsayin masu laifi, yayin da a zahiri galibi su ne waɗanda ke buƙatar taimakon shari'a.[5] Duk da yake ba a san cikakkun kididdigar duniya game da yaduwar wannan aikin ba, an gudanar da nazarin yanki da yawa masu amfani. Misali, ILO ta binciki amfani da yara na Afghanistan a cikin kasuwancin heroin da kuma shigar yara a cikin kasuwancin miyagun ƙwayoyi na Brazil.[32] Masanin kimiyya Luke Dowdney musamman ya yi nazarin yara a cikin kasuwancin miyagun ƙwayoyi a Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; ya gano cewa yara da ke cikin kasuwancin miyagu ƙwayoyi suna cikin haɗarin shiga cikin tashin hankali, musamman kisan kai.[33]

Samun tallafi

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Ana iya fataucin yara don dalilai na tallafi, musamman tallafi na kasa da kasa. Ana samun yara daga marayu ko sace su, ko kuma ana iya yaudarar iyaye, cajoled ko tilasta su cikin barin kulawa.[34]

Binciken kiwon lafiya

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Sau da yawa yana da wahala a dauki shari'o'in yara don gwajin guba na matakin 1 na magungunan gwaji. Saboda masu tallafi na kasa da kasa suna da rauni kuma saboda ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya suna da iko a kan masu kula da shari'a, sauƙaƙe tallafi na duniya don yin zirga-zirgar yara don yin rajista a cikin gwaje-gwajen asibiti na magani aiki ne daga jami'o'in bincike na kiwon lafiya da yawa.[35]

Hukumomin tallafi na kasa da kasa da ba a san su ba sai su shirya tallafi na duniya, suna cajin kuɗi mai yawa ga iyaye masu kula da su. Yarjejeniyar Hague kan Kare Yara da Haɗin Kai game da Kula da Kasashe Waliiwoci yarjejeniya ce ta kasa da kasa da aka tsara don kare yara daga irin wannan cin zarafi da kuma taimakawa wajen hana irin wannan tallafin Kasashe ba bisa ka'ida ba.

Yin bara na yara

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Yara masu bara a Nijar

Yin bara da yara wani nau'i ne na bara inda aka tilasta wa yara maza da mata a ƙarƙashin shekaru goma sha takwas su yi bara ta hanyar tilasta wa hankali da jiki. Binciken Dokar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Buffalo ya bayyana roƙo a matsayin "aikin neman kuɗi a matsayin sadaka a kan titi".[36] Akwai shaidu da za su ba da shawarar cewa tilasta bara shine masana'antar da ake fataucin yara, tare da binciken da aka yi kwanan nan na UNICEF wanda ya ba da rahoton cewa kashi 13% na wadanda ke fama da fataucin mutane a Kudu maso Gabashin Turai an fataucin su ne don manufar tilasta bara.[36] Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta tabbatar da cewa "karɓar ma'aikata, sufuri, canja wurin, adanawa ko karɓar yaro don manufar cin zarafi za a ɗauka a matsayin 'cin hanci da rashawa a cikin mutane' koda kuwa wannan bai haɗa da duk wata hanyar da aka tsara a cikin sakin layi (a) na wannan labarin ba. " [37] Tare da wannan ma'anar jigilar yaro zuwa cibiyar birni don dalilai na roƙo ya zama fataucin ba tare da la'akari da ko wannan tsari ya tilasta shi ta ɓangare na uku ko memba na iyali.[36] Matsalolin wannan nau'in fataucin mutane ya fara samun karbuwa a duniya, tare da Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya don Shige da Fice (IOM), Tarayyar Turai, ILO, da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, da sauransu, suna fara jaddada muhimmancinsa.[36] Sanarwar Brussels ta Tarayyar Turai game da hanawa da yaki da fataucin yara ta haɗa da yin bara da yara a matsayin wani nau'i na fataucin mutane, yana mai cewa " fataucin 'yan adam abu ne mai banƙyama da damuwa wanda ya shafi cin zarafin jima'i, cin zarafin aiki a cikin yanayin da ya yi kama da bautar, cin zarafi a cikin bara da kuma aikata laifuka na yara da kuma bautar gida. " Wannan batun yana da wahala musamman don tsarawa saboda yawanci cewa ana tilasta yin bara da shi sau da yawa ta hanyar 'yan uwa, tare da ikon iyaye ke amfani da shi a kan yaro don yin hakan.[38][36]

Yawan jama'a

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ta hanyar ma'anar addu'ar yara tana faruwa ne a cikin mutanen da ba su kai shekara goma sha takwas ba, kodayake UNICEF ta gano cewa tilasta addu'ar ta wanzu tsakanin yara tun suna da shekaru biyu. Bankin Duniya a Kudancin da Tsakiyar Asiya, Turai, Latin Amurka, Caribbean, Gabas ta Tsakiya, da Yammacin Afirka sun rubuta abubuwan da suka faru na wannan aikin.[39]

Yawancin bincike, kamar binciken da UNICEF ta yi, sun nuna cewa yara maza sun fi yawanci a fataucin su fiye da 'yan mata don dalilan bara; masana sunyi zaton wannan saboda akwai mafi yawan mata a fataucir don dalilan cin zarafin jima'i. A Albania, inda tilasta bara ya zama al'ada, kashi saba'in cikin dari na wadanda abin ya shafa maza ne.[36]

Duk da yake ƙididdigar ƙididdiga suna da wuyar tantancewa, ILO kwanan nan ta ba da rahoton cewa akwai aƙalla yara 600,000 da ke cikin tilasta bara.[40] Matsalar na iya zama mafi girma, duk da haka, tare da Ma'aikatar Harkokin Jama'a ta kasar Sin ta ba da rahoton cewa an tilasta wa yara miliyan 1.5 yin bara.[41] Bugu da ƙari, wani binciken da aka yi kwanan nan a Senegal ta Human Rights Watch ya yi hasashen cewa an yi fataucin yara 50,000 a cikin ƙasar da ƙasashe makwabta don dalilai na bara.[42] Yin bara sau da yawa shine tushen samun kudin shiga ga yara a kan titi a kasashe da yawa, tare da binciken da UNICEF ta gudanar a yanzu ya gano cewa kashi 45.7% na yara da ke aiki a kan titunan Zimbabwe suna yin bara, kodayake babu wata hanyar sanin ko ta hanyar tilasta.[43]

An gano cibiyoyin sadarwar da suka shafi tilasta bara a cikin yawan mutane 500 ko fiye.

Dalilan da ya sa aka yi amfani da su

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Abubuwan tattalin arziki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Yin bara da tilas ne mai fa'ida wanda masu cin zarafi ke motsawa ta hanyar motsawar tattalin arziki. Tsarin kasuwanci na manyan zoben yara da aka yi fataucin su don manufar bara an bincika su kamar yadda za a iya kwatanta su da matsakaicin kasuwancin kasuwanci.[36] A cikin mafi munin lokuta cibiyoyin sadarwa na yara da aka tilasta su roƙi na iya samar da $ 30-40,000 USD ga mai cin gajiyar.[44] Kodayake hanyoyin sadarwar iyali ba su da yawa, binciken da aka gudanar a Albania ya nuna cewa iyali tare da yara da yawa da ke bara na iya samun har zuwa Yuro goma sha biyar a rana, adadi mafi girma fiye da matsakaicin albashi na malami na ƙasa.[36] Anti-Slavery International ya tabbatar da cewa saboda wannan kudin shiga iyawa da yawa iyalai da yawa sun yi imanin cewa shine mafi kyawun zaɓi da ake samu saboda rashin damar da ke akwai. Rashin iyawa, ma'ana rashin isasshen albarkatun da ke aiki don sauƙaƙe dama, na iya lissafa ayyukan bara na ƙarni a cikin iyalai.[44] Nazarin UNICEF ya gano cewa bara yana da yawa musamman a tsakanin iyalai inda iyaye ba su da iyawa ta wata hanya, wanda ke haifar da yara su zama masu samarwa.[43]

Wani bangare mai mahimmanci na yaki da fataucin yara a Afirka shine karuwar albarkatu tsakanin al'ummomin matalauta. Iyalai da yawa sun rasa ikon kula da yaransu, don haka suna jin cewa dole ne su sanya su a wuraren kulawa, wanda sau da yawa yakan haifar da fataucin waɗannan yara. A cewar Addo, kafin aiwatar da wuraren kula da hukumomi a Afirka ta Kudu, iyalai suna yin zumunci don kula da yaran juna a lokuta na matsanancin talauci da marayu. A halin yanzu, kasashe da yawa na Afirka suna fuskantar ci gaban al'umma don samar da albarkatu ga iyalan marayu don taimakawa kula da su (Addo). A cikin labarinsa game da fataucin mutane a Afirka, Blessing ya ba da labarin yara a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo waɗanda iyayensu matalauta suka tura su sansanin da aka tallata a matsayin wurin kyauta ga yara su yi hutun su. A zahiri, babu sansani, kuma duk waɗannan yara sun shiga fataucin mutane. Duk da kokarin da suka yi, iyayen wadannan yara ba su iya gano su ba har tsawon shekaru biyu saboda rashin albarkatu. Da zarar an sami yaran, iyaye sun ƙare a tsakiyar yakin shari'a don kula da ɗansu (Albarka). Cinikin yara a yankunan Afirka kamar DRC zai ragu sosai tare da karuwar albarkatu ga iyayensu don samun rayuwa mafi kyau, da tserewa daga talauci.

Karin tilasta bin doka wani muhimmin abu ne na aiki don rage fataucin marayu. "A karkashin dokar haƙƙin ɗan adam ta duniya, wajibi ne don kare waɗanda aka yi wa fataucin mutane ya samo asali ne daga aikin gaba ɗaya don tabbatarwa, tabbatarwa ko dawo da haƙƙoƙi da kuma samar da magunguna" (Obokata 542). A cikin littafinsa mai taken The African Court of Justice and Human Peoples' Rights in Context, Obokata ya bayyana yadda ya kamata tilasta bin doka ta magance yanayin fataucin mutane bisa ga haƙƙin ɗan adam da aka yarda da shi. Sau da yawa gwamnatocin kasashe masu tasowa suna da jinkirin shiga tsakani a lokuta na fataucin mutane saboda tsarin yana amfana da tattalin arzikin kasar. A cewar Van Doore, "Babban mai tsinkaya game da fataucin mutane shine cin hanci da rashawa na gwamnati" (Van Doore 79). Gwamnatoci suna da alhakin tabbatar da cewa ƙananan ka'idojin kula da zama sun cika ta wuraren kula da zama waɗanda suka haɗa da lasisi na gwamnati, amma da yawa sun zaɓi su kasance masu sauƙin kai game da waɗannan ka'idoji, wanda ya haifar da yanayin rayuwa mara aminci wanda masana'antar fataucin mutane ta haifar wanda ya cika marayu da yawa a duk faɗin Afirka ta Kudu.

Abu na karshe mai mahimmanci don kawar da fataucin marayu shine ƙuntatawar yawon shakatawa. Kamar yadda Pippa Biddle ya bayyana, aikin sa kai shine aikin sa kai da baƙo ya yi a cikin ƙasa mai tasowa na ɗan gajeren lokaci tare da zaton sakamako mai kyau (Biddle 46). Ayyukan sa kai galibi ana yin su ne ta hanyar masu sa kai masu kyau daga kasashe masu arziki da fari, amma yana iya haifar da yanayin rayuwa mara daidaituwa da rashin tsaro ga yara marayu. Masu sa ido suna zaune kuma suna aiki a cikin wannan sarari kamar waɗannan yara ƙanana, amma ba a buƙatar binciken baya (Biddle 134). Yawancin kudade don fataucin marayu sun fito ne daga aikin sa kai, tafiye-tafiye na manufa, da gudummawa masu zaman kansu, don haka ana fataucin yara zuwa gidajen marayu don cika sarari da ƙirƙirar cikakkiyar yanayin sa kai don ci gaba da samun kudade. Gaskiyar abin mamaki ita ce waɗannan yara ba sa ganin dinari ɗaya daga cikin kuɗin da aka ba su. Gidajen marayu na Najeriya an haɗa su da masana'antun jarirai inda ake tsare mata masu fataucin yara, ana yi musu fyade, kuma ana tilasta su ɗauke da haihuwa don manufar sayar da shi a cikin waɗannan "gidajen maraya".

Abubuwan siyasa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cewar Bankin Duniya ana samun tilasta yin bara a Gabas ta Tsakiya da ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma, inda dokokin da ke hana yin bara ba su da yawa kuma ba su da ƙa'ida mai nauyi game da fataucin mutane.[39] A Zimbabwe, inda baracin yara ya fi shahara, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta nuna saɓani da yawa tsakanin Dokar Kwadago ta Zimbabwe da Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkinobho kan 'Yancin Yara.[43] Kasashe da yawa, kamar Indonesia, suna da dokoki game da yin bara a kan littattafan, amma tasirin irin wannan tsare-tsare na wucin gadi da sakewa a kan tituna, wanda ba ya yin komai don magance batun.

Abubuwan al'adu
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Akwai dalilai da yawa na al'adu waɗanda ke tallafawa bara. A Turai ana samun bara a cikin al'adun 'yan tsiraru da yawa, musamman sananne a cikin Roma da al'ummomin makiyaya.[36] A Turkiyya an rubuta hanyoyin sadarwar iyali na masu bara a cikin tsararraki uku, suna mai da shi zurfi a cikin tsarin rayuwarsu. Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa yayin da waɗannan na iya zama al'adun al'adu, roƙon yara ta hanyar matsin lamba har yanzu yana ƙarƙashin mulkin tilasta roƙo.[36] Sufurin yara, har ma da kansa, don dalilai na cin zarafi ta hanyar bara wani nau'i ne na fataucin da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta tsara.[36]

Wani al'ada kuma shine warware bashin iyali ta hanyar satar da cin zarafin daya daga cikin 'ya'yansu.[45]

Cin zarafin jama'a

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

UNICEF ta gano cewa yara da aka tilasta su roƙi daga wasu galibi ana cire su daga iyalansu, su ba da mafi yawan kuɗin da suke samu ga mai cin zarafinsu, su jimre da aiki mara aminci da yanayin rayuwa, kuma a wasu lokuta ana lalata su don kara riba. Tsarin gurɓata, wanda fim din Slumdog Millionaire ya shahara, ya zama ruwan dare gama gari saboda a cewar Buffalo Human Rights Law Review yara da ke da buƙatu na musamman sau da yawa suna yin sama da sau uku fiye da sauran yara da ke roƙo.[36] Baya ga cututtuka irin su makanta da asarar gaɓoɓin jiki, wasu cin zarafin jiki don dalilai na kara riba sun haɗa da zuba chili pepper a kan yaren yaro don ba da bayyanar magana da aka hana, amfani da opium don haifar da kuka, da kuma ba da allurar tilasta magunguna wanda zai kara kuzari da faɗakarwar yaro.[37] Shaidu game da shugabannin 'yan bindiga na fataucin mutane sun tattauna yadda ake tsare mutane a cikin ƙananan sel marasa abinci, ruwa, da haske don sa wadanda abin ya shafa ya raunana kuma ya raunana, don haka ya fi dacewa da samun gudummawa.

Yanayin da ake yin bara galibi suna fallasa yara ga ci gaba da cin zarafin jiki da na baki, gami da cin zarafi na jima'i da zalunci na 'yan sanda. Binciken da Human Rights Watch ta kammala ya nuna cewa lokacin da aka kammala lokutan addu'a a rana yara galibi ba su da mafaka mai kyau, isasshen abinci, ko samun damar samun kiwon lafiya inda suke zaune. Bugu da ƙari, yawancin ƙungiyoyin da ke gudanar da cibiyoyin neman tilas suna da sa hannu mai tsanani na miyagun ƙwayoyi, don haka yaran da ke ƙarƙashin ikonsu galibi suna juya zuwa masu shan miyagun ƙ ƙwayoyi don su ƙara dogara ga masu amfani da su.[37]

manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 "Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children" (PDF). United Nations. 2000. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 24, 2014. Retrieved February 9, 2012.
  2. ↑ "Child Trafficking – Essentials" (PDF). ILO-IPEC. 2010.
  3. ↑ "Child Trafficking Statistics". Ark of Hope for Children (in Turanci). Retrieved November 26, 2018.
  4. ↑ "Human Trafficking Statistics". ERASE Child Trafficking (in Turanci). July 20, 2016. Archived from the original on December 10, 2022. Retrieved December 6, 2018.
  5. ↑ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 UNICEF. Missing |author1= (help); Missing or empty |title= (help)
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Convention on the Rights of the Child". United Nations. 1989. Archived from the original on June 11, 2010. Retrieved March 10, 2012.
  7. ↑ "Universal Declaration of Human Rights". Nature. United Nations. 169 (4295): 310–311. 1948. Bibcode:1952Natur.169T.310.. doi:10.1038/169310d0. S2CID 4170851. Retrieved April 1, 2012.
  8. ↑ "Minimum Age Convention". ILO. 1973. Archived from the original on August 3, 2012. Retrieved March 10, 2012.
  9. ↑ "Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention". ILO. 1999. Archived from the original on August 2, 2012. Retrieved March 10, 2012.
  10. ↑ "Worst Forms of Child Labor Recommendation No. 190". ILO. 1999. Retrieved March 10, 2012.
  11. ↑ "Forced Labor Convention". ILO. 1930. Archived from the original on December 5, 2011. Retrieved March 10, 2012.
  12. ↑ "Migrant Workers Convention". ILO. 1949. Archived from the original on March 20, 2012. Retrieved March 10, 2012.
  13. ↑ "Convention on the Rights of all Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families". United Nations. 1990. Archived from the original on November 19, 2011. Retrieved March 10, 2012.
  14. ↑ "Recommended Principles and Guidelines on Human Rights and Human Trafficking" (PDF). United Nations, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. 2002. Retrieved March 10, 2012.
  15. ↑ "State of the World's Children 2011: Adolescence, an Age of Opportunity" (PDF). UNICEF. 2011. Retrieved March 12, 2012.
  16. ↑ "Child labour". UNICEF. Archived from the original on 2019-12-12. Retrieved 2019-10-21.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 "Fast Facts on Child Labour" (PDF). ILO. 2010. Retrieved March 12, 2012.
  18. ↑ Adonteng-Kissi, Obed (October 2018). "Parental perceptions of child labour and human rights: A comparative study of rural and urban Ghana". Child Abuse & Neglect. 84: 34–44. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.07.017. ISSN 0145-2134. PMID 30041057. S2CID 51724998.
  19. ↑ UNICEF (October 2019). "Child Labour". UNICEF data.
  20. ↑ Ruggie, John (March 21, 2011). "Report of the Special Representative of the Secretary- General on the issue of human rights and transnational corporations and other business enterprises" (PDF). Human Rights Council. 17.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 "Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography". United Nations. 2000. Archived from the original on March 10, 2012. Retrieved March 10, 2012.
  22. ↑ "Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children". ILO. Retrieved March 10, 2012.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 "Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children and Adolescents: The ILO's Response". ILO. Retrieved March 12, 2012.
  24. ↑ "The State of the World's Children: Excluded and Invisible". UNICEF. 2006. Archived from the original on February 25, 2012. Retrieved March 12, 2012.
  25. ↑ Kendall & Funk 2012.
  26. ↑ Kunze, Erin I. (2010). "Sex Trafficking Via the Internet: How International Agreements Address the Problem and Fail to Go Far Enough" (PDF). Journal of High Technology Law. 241-289. 10. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 11, 2012. Retrieved March 10, 2012.
  27. ↑ Hughes, D.M. (Spring 2000). "The Internet and Sex Industries: Partners in Global Sexual Exploitation". Technology and Society Magazine. 19 (1): 35–42. doi:10.1109/44.828562.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 "Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict". United Nations. 2000. Archived from the original on March 4, 2012. Retrieved March 12, 2012.
  29. ↑ "Child Labour and Armed Conflict". ILO. Retrieved March 12, 2012.
  30. ↑ "Children and Armed Conflict: A Guide to International Humanitarian and Human Rights Law" (PDF). International Bureau for Children's Rights. 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 6, 2011. Retrieved March 11, 2012.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 "Child Soldiers: Global Report" (PDF). Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers. 2008. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 7, 2013. Retrieved April 12, 2012.
  32. ↑ "Brazil Children in Drug Trafficking: A Rapid Assessment" (PDF). ILO. 2002. Retrieved March 9, 2012.
  33. ↑ Dowdney, Luke (2003). "Children of the Drug Trade" (PDF). Viveiros de Castro Editora Ltda. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 5, 2013.
  34. ↑ Emberger, E. Kay (July 18, 2018). "Separating Children of Immigrants and Unethical Adoptions". Psychology Today. Retrieved February 19, 2019.
  35. ↑ Busse, Thomas (23 March 2023). "Research Universities Sponsoring International Adoptions: What could go wrong?".
  36. ↑ 36.00 36.01 36.02 36.03 36.04 36.05 36.06 36.07 36.08 36.09 36.10 36.11 Cherneva, Iveta (2011). "Human Trafficking For Begging". Buffalo Human Rights Law Review. LexisNexis Academic: Law Reviews. 17: 25.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Delap, Emily 2009
  38. ↑ "Brussels Declaration on Preventing and Combating Trafficking" (PDF). 2002. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 17, 2012.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 "Social Development Notes: Conflict, Crime, and Violence" (PDF). World Bank. 2009.
  40. ↑ Craig 2010.
  41. ↑ Pumin, Yin (February 9, 2011). "Saving Child Panhandlers". Beijing Review. 54 (9): 18–19.
  42. ↑ Wells 2010.
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 43.2 "Study On Street Children In Zimbabwe" (PDF). UNICEF. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-30. Retrieved 2012-03-18.
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 Delap 2009.
  45. ↑ Sidner, Sarah (2011). "Gang Profits from Maimed Child Beggars". CNN Freedom Project. Archived from the original on 2021-10-16. Retrieved 2012-03-18.
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