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Farashin Hanyar lantarki

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Gante na ERP tare da Bukit Timah Expressway .

Tsarin Farashin hanya lantarki (ERP) tsarin tattara haraji ne na lantarki wanda aka karɓa a Singapore don sarrafa zirga-zirga ta hanyar farashi na hanya, kuma a matsayin hanyar amfani da haraji don haɓaka tsarin Yarjejeniyar Yarjejeniyar sayan. Akwai jimlar 93 ERP gantries dake ko'ina cikin ƙasar, tare da manyan hanyoyi da hanyoyin da ke kaiwa zuwa Yankin Tsakiya.[1] Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2023, akwai jimlar 19 ERP gantries a cikin aiki, idan aka kwatanta da 77 a cikin 2020 kafin annobar COVID-19 a Singapore.[2]

Hukumar Kula da Sufuri ta Kasa (LTA) ta aiwatar da ERP a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 1998 [3] don maye gurbin Shirin Lasisin Yankin Singapore (ALS) wanda aka fara gabatar dashi a ranar 11 ga Agusta 1974 bayan nasarar gwada tsarin tare da motocin da ke gudana da sauri. Tsarin yana amfani da budewa hanya; motoci ba sa tsayawa ko ragewa don biyan haraji.[4][5]

Singapore ita ce birni na farko a duniya da ta aiwatar da tsarin tattara haraji na lantarki don dalilai na farashi na cunkoso.[6] Amfani dashi yayi wahayi zuwa ga wasu birane a duniya wajen karɓar irin Landan tsarin, musamman yankin cajin tarwatsawa na London (CCZ) da harajin tarwatse na Stockholm.[7] An kuma gabatar dashi a Birnin New York da San Francisco.

Tsarin

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Tsarin yanzu

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Wani IU da aka shigar a cikin Hyundai Sonata CRDI mai sarrafa taksi

Shirin ya kunshi gantries na ERP dake duk hanyoyin da ke haɗawa da Yankin Tsakiya na Singapore. Har ila yau, suna tare da manyan hanyoyi da hanyoyin arterial tare da zirga-zirga mai nauyi don hana amfani a lokacin lokutan gaggawa. Tsarin gantry a zahiri tsarin na'urori masu auna sigina ne a kan gantries 2, daya a gaban ɗayan. Hakanan ana haɗa kyamarori zuwa gantries don kama lambobin lasisi na baya na motoci. Ya zuwa ranar 23 ga watan Agusta, 2023, akwai tashoshin ERP 93 a Singapore.[1] Ana aiwatar da sabbin gantries inda cunkoso yake da tsanani, kamar hanyoyi masu sauri da sauran hanyoyi.

An sanya na'urar da aka sani da In-vehicle Unit (IU) a kan ƙananan kusurwar dama na gilashin iska na gaba a cikin gani na direba, inda aka saka katin da aka adana, NETS CashCard, don biyan kuɗin amfani da hanya.[5] IU na ƙarni na biyu yana karɓar Contactless NETS FlashPay da EZ-Link. Kudin IU shine S $ 150. Dole ne a sanya dukkan motocin da aka yi rajista a Singapore tare da IU idan suna so su yi amfani da hanyoyin farashi.

Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Ltd ta sayar da fasahar IU ga Singapore, kuma ƙungiyar da ta ƙunshi Philips Singapore Pte Ltd., Mitsubishi heavy Industries Ltd., Miyoshi Electronic Corporation da CEI Systems and Engineering (wanda yanzu ake kira CSE Global Ltd.) ne suka jagoranci aikin a cikin 1995 ta hanyar buɗewa.

Kuskuren al'ada yana faruwa galibi a wuraren da ake fadada ɓawon burodi kamar iyaka mai banbanci. Girgizar ƙasa da ke da alaƙa da kuskuren al'ada gabaɗaya ƙasa da girman 7. Matsakaicin girman tare da kuskuren al'ada da yawa sun fi iyakancewa saboda da yawa daga cikinsu suna tare da cibiyoyin yadawa, kamar a Iceland, inda kauri na layin mai laushi kusan da abin hawa dake dauke da kayan aiki na IU ya wuce karkashin ERP gantry, ana cire cajin amfani da hanya daga CashCard a cikin IU. Sensors da aka girka a kan gantries suna sadarwa tare da IU ta hanyar sadaukar da tsarin sadarwa na gajeren lokaci, kuma ana nuna adadin da aka cire ga direba a allon LCD na IU.

Tsarin ERP 2.0

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  Tsarin ERP 2.0 tsarin Satellite ne na Duniya (GNSS), sabanin tsarin yanzu tare da gantries na zahiri dake kan manyan hanyoyi, da kuma hanyoyi da hanyoyin arterial da ke kaiwa ga CBD.[8] Tare da sabon tsarin, shirin ERP zai matsa zuwa manufofin caji na nesa, maimakon tsarin yanzu, inda ake cajin farashi lokacin da motoci suka wuce ta hanyar ERP na zahiri.

Ana sa ran cewa ba za a sake buƙatar gantries na ERP na zahiri ba lokacin da aka aiwatar da tsarin gaba ɗaya kuma aka kunna shi. Bayan an shigar da dukkan motocin tare da sabon OBU, za a cire gantries na ERP na yanzu tare da sabbin alamomi ko alamu don nuna wuraren caji na ERP.

A karkashin sabon tsarin, tsarin IU na yanzu za a maye gurbinsa da raka'a na jirgi (OBUs) tare da raka'o'i guda ɗaya don babura da raka'i uku don wasu motoci.[9][10][11]

Kungiyar NCS da MHI Engine System ne suka haɓaka tare, za a fitar da Onboard Unit (OBU) a matakai kuma an shirya kammala shigarwa a shekara ta 2025.[12] OBU ya ƙunshi abubuwa 3 ga dukkan motoci, banda babura, wanda zai kasance kashi 1.

Yankin guda 3 ya ƙunshi eriya, na'urar sarrafawa da nuni na touchscreen. Za a sanya eriya da nuni na touchscreen a kan ƙananan kusurwar dama na gilashin iska na gaba a cikin ganin direba, yayin da sashin sarrafawa yake a gefen dama na gefen fasinja na fasinja don sashin yanki 3.

Ana sa ran OBU za ta sami fasalulluka daban-daban, gami da samun damar nuna bayanan zirga-zirga na ainihi, da sauƙaƙe filin ajiye motoci ba tare da takardar shaidar ba da biyan kuɗi ta atomatik.[13]

Masu mallakar motoci na iya zaɓar kada su shigar da nuni na touchscreen, amma ba za su iya daidaita sautin OBU ba. Sauran fasalulluka kamar tsarin biyan kuɗi na gaba wanda za a gabatar da shi ga OBU, bayanan zirga-zirga na kai tsaye da sabuntawa, ana iya samun damar ta hanyar aikace-aikacen wayar salula da aka haɓaka tare da kayan haɓaka software da LTA ta fitar.[12]

Masu amfani da hanya za su iya amfani da katunan ƙayyadaddun aikace-aikacen e-Purse (CEPAS), kamar katin EZ-Link Motoring, katin EZ- Link, da kuma katunan NETS FlashPay da Nets Motoring waɗanda za a iya sakawa cikin na'urar sarrafawa. NETS CashCard ba zai sake jituwa da tsarin OBU ba.[14]

LTA ta ba da sanarwar cewa ba za a aiwatar da manufofin caji na nesa ba a nan gaba, ba tare da wani takamaiman kwanan wata ba game da lokacin da sabon manufofin zai faru.[15] Kudin ERP na yanzu zai kasance iri ɗaya, tare da OBUs suna iya aiki iri ɗaya da IUs yayin wucewa ta hanyar ERP na zahiri.[14] Za a cire gantries na zahiri a matakai bayan an kammala shigar da OBUs a duk motocin.[12]

Kudin haraji

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Wani ERP gantry yana aiki.

Kudin wucewa ta hanyar gantry ya dogara da wurin da lokaci, lokacin da ya fi tsada shine mafi tsada. Misalan sun haɗa da tafiya daga Woodlands zuwa Raffles Place ta hanyar Yishun - CTE - CBD zai kashe kusan S $ 15 a lokacin mafi girma yayin da direba zai wuce kusan gantries 5, yayin da a lokacin abincin rana, zai kashe kusan R2. Baƙi na ƙasashen waje da ke tuka motoci masu zaman kansu a kan hanyoyi masu farashi, a lokacin lokutan aiki na ERP, na iya zaɓar ko dai hayar IU ko biyan kuɗin yau da kullun na S $ 5 ba tare da la'akari da yawan ERP da suka shiga ba, ana biyan kuɗi kuma Autopass Card yana adana bayanai har sai abin hawa ya bar Singapore. Duk da haka, ana buƙatar motocin kasuwanci na ƙasashen waje don shigar da IU.

Idan mai motar ba shi da isasshen darajar a cikin CashCard (ko EZ-Link) lokacin da yake wucewa ta hanyar ERP, mai shi yana karɓar tarar ta hanyar wasiƙa a cikin makonni biyu. Dole ne mai keta doka ya biya kuɗin ERP tare da kuɗin gudanarwa na $ 10 a cikin makonni biyu na sanarwa. Ana ba da izinin biyan kuɗi na kan layi; ana buƙatar lissafin Lambar Rijistar Mota kawai. In ba haka ba, ana ba da hukuncin S $ 70 ta hanyar rajista ga mai motar, wanda ya kai S $ 1000, ko wata daya a kurkuku, idan ba a daidaita shi ba cikin kwanaki 30.

Tarihi

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Ayyukan dare yayin shigar da sabon ERP gantry a Hillview

ERP 1.0

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An aiwatar da fasahar ERP mai sauƙi don amfani a filin ajiye motoci, kuma an san shi da Electronic Parking System (EPS). Masu amfani da motoci da yawa sun karbe shi kuma sun maye gurbin amfani da tikiti na biyan kuɗi ko takardar shaidar ajiye motoci. Wadannan tsarin ajiye motoci sun sauya zuwa caji da minti daya.  [ana buƙatar hujja][citation needed]

A kokarin inganta tsarin farashi da kuma gabatar da farashi mai canji na ainihi, Hukumar Kula da Sufuri ta Singapore, tare da IBM, sun gudanar da matukin jirgi daga Disamba 2006 zuwa Afrilu 2007, tare da kimanta zirga-zirga da kayan aikin tsinkaya (TrEPS), wanda ke amfani da bayanan zirga-girma na tarihi da ciyarwar lokaci na ainihi tare da yanayin kwarara daga tushe da yawa, don hango matakan tarwatsa har zuwa awa daya a gaba. Ta hanyar kimantawa daidai da yanayin zirga-zirga mai tasowa da masu tasowa, ana sa ran wannan fasahar za ta ba da damar farashi mai canzawa, tare da ingantaccen gudanar da zirga-zane gaba ɗaya, gami da samar da bayanai a gaba don faɗakar da direbobi game da yanayin da ke gaba, da farashin da ake caji a wannan lokacin.[16]

This new systemSamfuri:Ambiguous integrates with the various LTA's traffic management existing systems, such as the Green Link Determining System (GLIDE), TrafficScan, Expressway Monitoring Advisory System (EMAS), Junction Electronic Eyes (J-Eyes),[17] and the Electronic Road Pricing system. The pilot results were successful, showing overall prediction results above 85 percent of accuracy. Furthermore, when more data was available, during peak hours, average accuracy raised near or above 90 percent from 10 minutes up to 60 minutes predictions in the future.[18]

A cikin 2020, an dakatar da ERP galibi saboda matakan da aka dauka a cikin zagaye don mayar da martani ga annobar COVID-19 a Singapore.

A cikin 2021, LTA ta bayyana cewa tsarin ERP na yanzu, wanda ke da shekaru 22 a wannan lokacin, "yana kaiwa ƙarshen rayuwarsa ta aiki".[10]

ERP 2.0

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A cewar wata takarda da aka gabatar a Taron Hanyoyi na Duniya na 2006, LTA tana gwada tsarin da ya dogara da Tsarin Matsayi na Duniya wanda zai iya maye gurbin tsarin Farashin Hanyar Lantarki na yanzu. An ce tsarin da aka gabatar zai iya shawo kan rashin daidaituwa na samun gantries na zahiri, wanda "ba mai sauƙin sauyawa ba ne idan ya zo ga sake gano su".  [ana buƙatar hujja][<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2024)">citation needed</span>]

A cikin shekara ta 2010, Ministan Sufuri na lokacin Raymond Lim ya ba da sanarwar cewa ana la'akari da sabon tsarin ERP kuma za a sanar da tayin sabon tsarin daga baya. Daga baya, an kira takara kuma a cikin 2016, an ba da NCS da MHI Engine System kwangilar don shigar da sabon tsarin ERP 2.0 na dala miliyan 556, wanda ya kasance ƙasa da tayin ST Electronics na dala biliyan 1.2. An ruwaito cewa ƙaddamar da sabon tsarin ERP zai fara a cikin 2020. Babban Darakta na LTA ya bayyana a lokacin cewa NCS-MHI bid "ya zo cikin kasafin kudinmu" kuma ya fi ST Electronics', kuma yana da tabbacin cewa NCS'MHI zai iya "yi aiki a hanyar kasuwanci" duk da babban bambanci tsakanin tayin.[13]

An ce tsarin ERP 2.0 ya maye gurbin IU na yanzu tare da OBU mai ƙwarewa girman wayar salula tare da fasalulluka daban-daban. Sabon OBU an yi niyya ne don ya iya samar da bayanan zirga-zirga na ainihi da faɗakar da direbobi na hanyoyin haraji da kuma cajin da ke tattare da su a gaba.[13]

A watan Satumbar 2020, an soki ƙirar farko ta OBU don motoci ban da babura, kamar motoci, kamar yadda yake da ƙarancin ƙarfi, mara kyau da kuma babba.

An kuma bayar da rahoton cewa sakamakon annobar COVID-19 a Singapore a cikin 2020, za a jinkirta daidaita sabbin OBUs zuwa rabi na biyu na 2021, tare da sabon tsarin ERP da ake sa ran zai fara aiki a tsakiyar 2023.[19]

A watan Nuwamba na 2021, an sake jinkirta turawa zuwa rabi na biyu na 2023 saboda karancin microchips na duniya ga OBUs.[20] Mataimakin Firayim Minista Heng Swee Keat ya kuma bayyana cewa fasahar da ake buƙata don cajin nesa "har yanzu shekaru da yawa".[10]

Wasu masu sharhi sun bayyana tsarin OBU a matsayin "tsohon zamani", suna mai cewa "fasahar ta tsufa" kuma sun lura cewa sabon OBU zai buƙaci karin sarari da ƙarin waya fiye da IU na yanzu.[10]

A watan Oktoba 2023, LTA ta ba da sanarwar cewa sabon tsarin zai fara maye gurbin tsarin ERP na yanzu daga Nuwamba 2023 zuwa gaba. Ana sa ran duk motocin za a haɗa su da sabbin raka'a a cikin jirgin a ƙarshen 2025 amma ba za a kunna tsarin ba har sai an sake sanarwa.[21]

A watan Maris na shekara ta 2024, an ruwaito cewa masu motoci daban-daban da ke amfani da tsarin ERP 2.0 sun koka game da wurin mai karatun katin OBU. A cikin motoci, ana shigar da mai karanta katin a cikin farashi, wanda ya sa ya zama da wahala ga direbobi su saka ko cire katin CEPAS daga wurin zama na direba.[22] A mayar da martani, LTA ta bayyana cewa za ta yi canje-canje ga tsarin don ba da damar direbobi su kashe katin CEPAS na ɗan lokaci ta amfani da allon taɓawa ba tare da cire katin a zahiri ba. LTA ta kuma bayyana cewa zai ba da damar direbobi su yanke shawarar inda za su shigar da ɓangaren mai karanta katin, dangane da ƙuntatawa na sarari a cikin abin hawa mai dacewa da yiwuwar fasaha. [23]

Ya zuwa watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2024, an sanya motoci sama da 13,000 tare da sabbin OBUs, daga cikinsu kusan kashi 75% motocin kamfanin ne, kamar bas da babura.[23]

A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2024, LTA ta karyata zargin cewa sabbin OBUs ba su bi ka'idodin kasa da kasa ba. A cewar LTA, an gwada OBU a kan IEC-60068 da IEC-60529 na Hukumar Electrotechnical ta Duniya sabili da haka "ya haɗu da ma'auni na duniya masu dacewa don na'urorin lantarki" kuma "lokacin da aka shigar da shi yadda ya kamata, yana da aminci kuma abin dogaro don amfani da shi a cikin yanayin aikinmu".[24]

Tasirin

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Wani bincike kan tasirin dogon lokaci na farashin tarwatsawa a Singapore yayi iƙirarin cewa "ba a kawar da tarwatsawar zirga-zirga ba - an sauya shi ne kawai a lokaci da wuri" kuma cewa matsakaicin lokacin tafiye-tafiye ya karu.

Sabanin haka, wani rahoto ya bayyana cewa zirga-zirgar hanya ta ragu da kusan motoci 25,000 a lokacin sa'o'i masu yawa, tare da matsakaicin saurin hanya yana ƙaruwa da kusan 20%. A cikin yankin da aka ƙuntata da kansa, zirga-zirga ya ragu da kusan 13% a lokacin ayyukan ERP, tare da lambobin motoci sun sauka daga 270,000 zuwa 235,000. An lura cewa motar mota da sufuri na jama'a sun karu, yayin da lokutan zirga-zirgar motoci suka ragu a hankali kuma suka bazu zuwa lokutan da ba su da yawa, suna ba da shawarar yin amfani da sararin hanya. Bugu da kari, an lura cewa matsakaicin saurin hanya don manyan hanyoyi da manyan hanyoyi sun kasance iri ɗaya, duk da karuwar yawan zirga-zirga a cikin shekaru.[25]

A wasu lokuta, aiwatar da ERP gantry tare da hanya na iya motsa zirga-zirga zuwa hanyoyi na waje ko canza masu amfani da mota zuwa sufuri na jama'a. Ɗaya daga cikin misalai na wannan shi ne cewa an ce ERP gantries sun haifar da zirga-zirga ya karu sosai a cikin hanyoyin arterial. A mayar da martani, an sauƙaƙa cunkoso a kan East Coast Parkway tare da buɗe Marina Coastal Expressway a ranar 29 ga Disamba 2013. Haɓakar zirga-zirgar ta sa LTA ta ƙarfafa ƙarin 'yan Singapore su sauya zuwa sufuri na jama'a a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin "al'umma mai zaman kanta" na ƙasar, ta hanyar gina ƙarin layin jirgin ƙasa na MRT da gabatar da ƙarin sabis na bas.[26][27] Cikakken kammala layin Downtown MRT a ranar 21 ga Oktoba 2017 ya cika Pan Island Expressway. Layin Thomson-East Coast MRT kuma yana gudana a layi daya da Seletar Expressway da East Coast Parkway.

Karɓar wasu manyan birane

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A Ontario, Kanada, ana amfani da tsarin farashi na lantarki a kan Hanyar 407 don karɓar haraji ta hanyar lantarki kuma ana biyan kuɗi ga mai motar ta hanyar ɗaukar hoto na layin lasisi.[28]

Tsarin ERP ya ja hankalin masu tsara sufuri da manajoji a wasu manyan birane, musamman wadanda ke Turai da Amurka. Misali, an gabatar da cajin tarwatsawa na London a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu 2003, bayan jami'an London sun ziyarci Singapore don nazarin tsarin ERP, kuma sun yi amfani da shi azaman bayani ga tsarin London. An faɗaɗa yankin cajin London a cikin shekara ta 2007.[29]

Harajin tarwatsawar Stockholm kuma tsarin farashi ne na tarwatsawa wanda aka aiwatar a matsayin haraji wanda ake karɓar mafi yawan motocin da ke shiga da fita daga tsakiyar Stockholm, Sweden.[30] An aiwatar da harajin tarwatsawa na dindindin a ranar 1 ga Agusta 2007, [31] bayan an gudanar da gwajin watanni bakwai tsakanin 3 ga Janairu 2006 da 31 ga Yuli 2006.[32][33]

A cikin shekara ta 2007, Dubai, a cikin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa, ta aiwatar da tsarin farashi mai suna Salik wanda ke aiki a kan irin waɗannan ka'idoji. A watan Janairun shekara ta 2008, Milan ta gabatar da tsarin cajin zirga-zirga a matsayin gwaji na shekara guda, wanda ake kira Ecopass, kuma ya keɓe motocin da ke fitar da iska mai yawa da wasu motocin mai. An maye gurbin wannan harajin a cikin 2012 ta hanyar Yankin C, wanda ke sanya caji a kusan dukkanin motocin da ke shiga tsakiyar gari a ranakun mako.

Ana sa ran irin wannan tsarin zai fara aiki a kan hanyoyin da aka zaɓa a Jakarta, babban birnin Indonesia a farkon 2019.

Biya

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Biyan kuɗi Amincewa Tushen da aka ba da izini Bayani
1st Gen IU 2nd Gen IU OBU
Katin Autopass Y Y Y Yankunan daji da wuraren binciken Tuas Motocin da ba na Singapore ba ne kawai
CBT EZ-Link da Katin Concession N Y Y Ofisoshin tikiti Dandalin CEPAS. Za a cire shi lokacin da duk motocin suka koma OBU kuma lokacin da duk katunan suka wuce zuwa dandalin SimplyGo kamar yadda yake ƙasa (a ƙarƙashin SimplyGo EZ-Link da Katin Concession).
SimplyGo EZ-Link da Katin Concession N N Y Ofisoshin tikiti
EZ-Link x Touch n'Go Card N Y Y Ofisoshin tikiti Dandalin CEPAS. Za a cire shi lokacin da duk motocin suka koma OBU kuma lokacin da duk katunan suka wuce zuwa dandalin SimplyGo.
Motar EZ-Link N Y Y Ofisoshin tikiti Dandalin CEPAS. Za a cire shi lokacin da duk motocin suka koma OBU kuma lokacin da duk katunan suka wuce zuwa dandalin SimplyGo.
NETS Motar N Y Y Ofisoshin tikiti, shagunan da ke da kyau (7-11, Cheers, Buzz), Filin jirgin sama da tashar jirgin ruwa
NETS CashCard ba tare da tuntuɓar ba N Y Y Ofisoshin tikiti, shagunan da ke da kyau (7-11, Cheers, Buzz), Filin jirgin sama da tashar jirgin ruwa
NETS da aka riga aka biya N N Y Ofisoshin tikiti, shagunan da ke da kyau (7-11, Cheers, Buzz), Filin jirgin sama da tashar jirgin ruwa
NETS FlashPay N Y Y Ofisoshin tikiti, shagunan da ke da kyau (7-11, Cheers, Buzz), Filin jirgin sama da tashar jirgin ruwa Dandalin CEPAS. Za a cire shi lokacin da duk motocin suka koma OBU kuma lokacin da duk katunan suka wuce zuwa dandalin SimplyGo kamar yadda yake a sama (a karkashin NETS Prepaid).
Katin Jagora N N Y Bankuna
Visa N N Y Bankuna
NETS Tap N N Y Bankuna
NETS Cash (tsara ta farko) Y Y N Ba A samu ba Tsohon zamani
American Express N N Y Bankuna

Dubi kuma

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Wikimedia Commons on Farashin Hanyar lantarki

  • Farashin Hanya
  • Farashin tarwatsawa
  • Tarin haraji na lantarki
  • Farashin Hanyar Wutar Lantarki ta Hong Kong
  • Tsarin Sufuri Mai Ilimi
  • Shirin Lasisi na Yankin Singapore
  • Kudin Tattalin Arziki na London
  • Yankin Milan C
  • Farashin tarwatsawa na New York
  • Farashin tarwatsawar San Francisco
  • Harajin tarwatsawa na Stockholm
  • PAYD

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Passenger Cars/ Lights Goods Vehicles/ Taxis - 28 August 2023". Land Transport Authority (LTA). August 23, 2023. Retrieved February 14, 2024.
  2. ↑ "Fewer than 1 in 4 ERP gantries in use today, even as rates at some locations go up". The Straits Times. February 13, 2023. Retrieved February 14, 2024.
  3. ↑ "Electronic Road Pricing system | Infopedia". Archived from the original on 2 October 2022. Retrieved 30 September 2022.
  4. ↑ Santos Georgina (2005). "Urban Congestion Charging: A Comparison between London and Singapore". Transport Reviews. 25 (5): 511–534. doi:10.1080/01441640500064439. S2CID 153685223.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Electronic Road Pricing. Land Transport Authority (Singapore)
  6. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  7. ↑ Simon Jeffery & Sarah Phillips (7 August 2006). "Q&A: The congestion charge". The Guardian. Guardian News and Media. Retrieved 26 May 2007.
  8. ↑ "ERP 2.0 - LTA". Retrieved February 14, 2024.
  9. ↑ "Installation of On-Board Units for Next-Generation ERP System to Commence in Second Half of 2021". LTA. 8 September 2020. Archived from the original on 30 June 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2021.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Tan, Christopher (8 September 2020). "New ERP system to start in 2023 but no distance-based charging yet; replacement of IU from second half of 2021". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2021.
  11. ↑ "New ERP units to be installed from second half of 2021; no change yet to congestion pricing framework". CNA. 8 September 2020. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 1 July 2021.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 "What you need to know about the next-generation ERP system and new on-board unit". The Straits Times. October 26, 2023. Retrieved February 14, 2024.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Tan, Christopher (25 February 2016). "LTA to roll out next-generation ERP from 2020, NCS-MHI to build system for $556m". The Straits Times. Archived from the original on 11 July 2019. Retrieved 1 July 2021.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "What you need to know about the ERP 2.0 on-board unit". TODAY. October 23, 2023. Retrieved February 14, 2024.
  15. ↑ "Explainer: Why distance-based road pricing is unlikely anytime soon". TODAY. October 25, 2023. Retrieved February 14, 2024.
  16. ↑ "Predicting Where The Traffic Will Flow". PLANETIZEN. Archived from the original on 4 May 2008. Retrieved 6 April 2008.
  17. ↑ eMonitoring. "Intelligent Transport Systems". Transport Land Authority. Archived from the original on 14 April 2008. Retrieved 6 April 2008.
  18. ↑ "IBM and Singapore's Land Transport Authority Pilot Innovative Traffic Prediction Tool". IBM Press release. 1 August 2007. Archived from the original on 3 May 2008. Retrieved 6 April 2008.
  19. ↑ Choo, Daryl (8 September 2020). "ERP readers to be replaced with free satellite-based units from 2021: LTA". TODAY (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-06-19.
  20. ↑ Yu, Eileen (17 November 2021). "Singapore delays satellite road toll system due to global chip shortage". ZDNET (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 28 May 2023. Retrieved 2023-11-09.
  21. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :3
  22. ↑ Yeoh, Grace (28 March 2024). "Haven't installed your ERP 2.0 unit yet? Here are 3 new features that are set to be rolled out". CNA (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-06-19.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Ng, Abigail (12 April 2024). "'Too inconvenient': Motorists complain about ERP 2.0 card reader but welcome changes in installation process". CNA (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-06-19.
  24. ↑ Ng, Hong Siang (14 May 2024). "LTA refutes online claims of ERP 2.0 on-board unit not complying with international standards". CNA (in Turanci). Retrieved 2024-06-19.
  25. ↑ "How ERP works as a speed booster". www.mot.gov.sg (in Turanci). 21 March 2022. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 16 September 2022.
  26. ↑ A P Menon, Gopinath (18 November 2017). "Getting Singaporeans to embrace a car-lite society". TODAY (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 16 September 2022.
  27. ↑ "Go Car-Lite". www.ura.gov.sg. Archived from the original on 20 September 2022. Retrieved 16 September 2022.
  28. ↑ "407 Express Toll Route". Archived from the original on 25 February 2023. Retrieved 25 February 2023.
  29. ↑ Simon Jeffery & Sarah Phillips (7 August 2006). "Q&A: The congestion charge". The Guardian. Guardian News and Media. Retrieved 26 May 2007.
  30. ↑ "Congestion tax in Stockholm from 1 August". Swedish Road Administration. Archived from the original on 2 March 2007. Retrieved 2 August 2007.
  31. ↑ "Trängselskatt i Stockholm". Swedish Road Administration. Archived from the original on 9 July 2007. Retrieved 1 August 2007.
  32. ↑ "Odramatisk start för biltullarna". Dagens Nyheter. 1 August 2007. Archived from the original on 19 August 2007. Retrieved 1 August 2007.
  33. ↑ "Stockholmsförsöket". Stockholmsförsöket. Archived from the original on 15 July 2007. Retrieved 18 July 2007.

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