Ilimin tauhidin siyasa

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Ilimin tauhidin siyasa
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Ilimin tauhidin Siyasa kalma ce da aka yi amfani da ita wajen tattauna hanyoyin da ka'idodin tauhidi ko hanyoyin tunani ke da alaƙa da siyasa. Ana amfani da kalmar sau da yawa don nuna tunanin addini game da tambayoyin siyasa. Masana kamar su Carl Schmitt, sanannen lauyan Nazi kuma masanin siyasa, wanda ya rubuta da yawa game da yadda za a yi amfani da ikon siyasa yadda ya kamata, ya yi amfani da shi don nuna ra'ayoyin addini waɗanda aka lalata kuma ta haka ne suka zama mahimman ra'ayoyi na siyasa. Sau da yawa ana danganta shi da Kiristanci, amma tun daga karni na 21, an tattauna shi kwanan nan tare da alaƙa da wasu addinai.

Ma'anar da bincike[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An yi amfani da kalmar tauhidin siyasa a hanyoyi daban-daban ta hanyar marubuta da ke bincika fannoni daban-daban na dangantakar masu bi da siyasa. An yi amfani da shi don tattauna Augustine na Hippo's City of God da kuma ayyukan Thomas Aquinas Summa Theologica [1] da De Regno: On Kingship . [2] Hakanan an yi amfani da shi don bayyana ra'ayi na Orthodox na Gabas game da ayyukan masu gyara Protestant Martin Luther da John Calvin.[3][5][4]  [page needed][shafin da ake buƙata] Akwai dogon tarihi a cikin tunanin siyasa na Kirista na haɗa siyasa, ƙwarewar ƙasa, da ikon duniya zuwa babban rukuni na wallafe-wallafen jiki, wanda aka buga a matsayin "Yahudawa" ta al'adar Pauline. Wannan al'adar ta haifar da halin tattauna kuskuren siyasa dangane da addinin Yahudanci, tare da bambancin tsakanin mutum da na har abada, masu zaman kansu da na jama'a, mai zalunci da na halal, wanda aka tsara akan bambancin tsakanin Yahudawa da Kirista. A sakamakon wannan tarihin, wucewa a matsayin manufa ta siyasa sau da yawa ya ƙayyade (kuma watakila har yanzu yana ƙididdiga?) abokan gaba a matsayin Yahudawa.[5]

Kodayake an yi muhawara game da bangarorin siyasa na Kiristanci, Islama, Confucianism, da sauran al'adu na dubban shekaru, tauhidin siyasa ya kasance horo na ilimi tun daga karni na 20. [6]

Amfani da kalmar kwanan nan sau da yawa ana danganta shi da aikin shahararren masanin siyasar Jamus Carl Schmitt . Rubuta a cikin rikice-rikicen Jamhuriyar Weimar ta Jamus, Schmitt ya yi jayayya a cikin rubutunsa na Politische Theologie (1922) cewa manyan ra'ayoyin siyasa na zamani sun kasance nau'ikan tsoffin ra'ayoyyar tauhidi.[7] Mikhail Bakunin ya yi amfani da kalmar a cikin rubutun sa na 1871 "The Political Theology of Mazzini and the International" wanda littafin Schmitt ya kasance martani.[8][11] Ya zana Thomas Hobbes a cikin Leviathan ya yi jayayya cewa jihar ta wanzu don kula da mutuncinta don tabbatar da tsari a cikin al'umma a lokutan rikici.

Wasu [waɗanda?] sun raba tsarin tauhidin siyasa tsakanin damuwa ta gargajiya ta dama tare da "gyare-gyare na ɗabi'a" (kamar Clyde Wilcox's God's Warriors [1992] da Ted Jelen's The Political World of the Clergy [1993]) da kuma mai da hankali kan "al'ummawar jama'a" gaba ɗaya (kamar Jeffrey K. Hadden's The Gathering Storm in the Churches [1969] da Harold Quinley's The Prophetic Clergy [1974]).[9] 

Kwok Pui-lan ya yi jayayya cewa, yayin da Schmitt na iya fitowa da kalmar da amfani da ita ta zamani, tauhidin siyasa suna ci gaba da kasancewa tare da hanyoyi daban-daban a wasu wurare a duniya, kamar a Asiya. A kasar Sin a cikin shekarun 1930, alal misali, Furotesta Wu Yaozong ya ba da shawarar cewa juyin juya halin zamantakewa ya zama dole don ceton kasar Sin da duniya.[10] Wannan zai kasance gaskiya ne game da rawar da Furotesta ke takawa a cikin kishin kasa na Koriya a farkon karni na ashirin.[11]

Yawancin manyan masana falsafa wadanda ba Krista ba sun rubuta da yawa a kan batun tauhidin siyasa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, kamar su Jürgen Habermas, Odo Marquard, Giorgio Agamben, Simon Critchley, da Slavoj Zizek.[12][13][14][15] Tun daga farkon karni na 21, an kuma sami karuwar magana game da tauhidin siyasar Islama, musamman a cikin yanayin Yammacin da Kristanci ya mamaye a baya.[16][17]

A cikin shekarun 1990 da farkon 2000s, tauhidin siyasa ya zama muhimmiyar taken a cikin ka'idar shari'a, musamman a cikin dokar tsarin mulki, dokar kasa da kasa da tarihin shari'a.[18][19][20] Littattafan sun samo asali ne daga abin da Carl Schmitt ya gada (ko da yake sau da yawa don muhawara game da wurinsa) da falsafar siyasa (kamar Ernesto Laclau), tare da abubuwan siyasa, kamar 'War on Terror'.[21][22]

Wani kalma wanda sau da yawa yana da irin wannan sarari a cikin jawabin ilimi shine " tauhidin jama'a". An ce tauhidin siyasa ya fi mayar da hankali ga gwamnati ko jihar, yayin da tauhidin jama'a ya fi mayarda hankali ga jama'a.[23]

Ta hanyar yanki[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

China[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  Ilimin tauhidin siyasa a kasar Sin ya hada da martani daga shugabannin gwamnatin kasar Sin, malamai, da shugabannin addini wadanda ke hulɗa da alaƙar da ke tsakanin addini da siyasa. Shekaru dubu biyu, an shirya wannan ne bisa ga fahimtar Confucian game da addini da siyasa, sau da yawa ana tattauna su dangane da falsafar siyasa ta Confucian.[24] A lokuta daban-daban a cikin tarihinta, addinin Buddha na kasar Sin ya gabatar da madadin muhimmancin siyasa na Confucianism. Koyaya, tun daga tsakiyar karni na ashirin, fahimtar Kwaminisanci game da addini ta mamaye jawabin.

Ga Kristanci, ana iya ganin wannan dangantakar daga farkon haduwar addinin a kasar a lokacin mulkin mallaka, tare da Ikilisiyar Gabas ta hulɗa da Sarkin sarakuna Taizong da mishaneri na Jesuit a kotun Ming. Amma ya ci gaba sosai a cikin ƙarni na 20 da 21 bayan kafa Jamhuriyar Sin da Jamhuriwar Jama'ar Sin, musamman ta hanyar kafa Ƙungiyar Ƙasar Uku da kuma haɓaka majami'u.

Jamus[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tasirin masanin falsafa Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (1770-1831) ya kasance a bayyane a cikin yawancin tauhidin siyasa na Jamus. Wannan ya bayyana musamman a cikin aikin masanin tauhidin Roman Katolika Johann Baptist Metz (1928-2019) wanda ya bincika manufar tauhidin siyasa a cikin aikinsa.[25]   [daidaitawa da ake buƙata] Ya yi jayayya game da manufar "Allah mai wahala" wanda ya raba wahalar halittarsa, yana rubuta, "Duk da haka, yana fuskantar yanayi a cikin halittar Allah wanda ke kuka zuwa sama, ta yaya tauhidin mahalicci Allah zai guje wa tuhumar rashin tausayi sai dai idan ya ɗauki harshen Allah mai wahala?" Wannan ya haifar da Metz don haɓaka tauhidin da ke da alaƙa da Marxism. Ya soki abin da ya kira Kiristanci na bourgeois kuma ya yi imanin cewa Linjila ta Kirista ta zama ba ta da gaskiya saboda ta shiga cikin addinin bourgeois. Ayyukansa Faith in History and Society suna haɓaka apologetics, ko tauhidin asali, daga wannan hangen nesa.

Biyu daga cikin manyan masu ci gaba da tauhidin siyasa a Jamus sune Jürgen Moltmann da Dorothee Sölle . Kamar yadda yake a cikin aikin Metz, ra'ayin Allah mai wahala yana da mahimmanci ga shirin tauhidin Moltmann. Masanin falsafar Marxist Ernst Bloch ya rinjayi tauhidin siyasa na Moltmann sosai, kuma duka Moltmann da Sölle sun rinjayi tauhidi na 'yanci sosai, kamar yadda Metz ya kasance. Wani tasiri na farko shine Makarantar Frankfurt na ka'idar mahimmanci, musamman Walter Benjamin, da kuma Babban sukar Makarantar Frankfurt game da zamani.[26]

Odo Marquard ya zama cibiyar tattaunawa da jayayya tare da rubutunsa na 1979 "In Praise of Polytheism". Yana jayayya cewa rabuwa da iko ya samo asali ne daga polytheism, kuma yana ba da shawarar tauhidin siyasa wanda ya dogara da "tunani mai haske".[13]

Gabas ta Tsakiya[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

 

  1. ↑ Bauerschmidt 2004.
  2. ↑ Tsonchev 2018.
  3. ↑ McGuckin 2008.
  4. ↑ Höpfl 1991.
  5. ↑ Nirenberg 2014.
  6. ↑ Bowker 2000.
  7. ↑ Schmitt 2005.
  8. ↑ Marshall 1992.
  9. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  10. ↑ Kwok 2016.
  11. ↑ Wells 1990.
  12. ↑ Afrasiabi 1998.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Gladigow 2001.
  14. ↑ Critchley, Simon (1 February 2012). "Simon Critchley on 'The Faith of the Faithless: Experiments in Political Theology'". Political Theology Today. Retrieved 9 July 2016.
  15. ↑ Breger 2001.
  16. ↑ Lloyd 2013.
  17. ↑ Ghobadzadeh 2018.
  18. ↑ Arato 2016.
  19. ↑ Koskenniemi 2011.
  20. ↑ Diamantides & Schütz 2017.
  21. ↑ Haskell 2018.
  22. ↑ Arvidsson, Brännström & Minkkinen 2015.
  23. ↑ Bell 2015.
  24. ↑ Wong 2011.
  25. ↑ "Johann-Baptist Metz", The Vocabulary of Political Theology, Gonzaga University.
  26. ↑ Osborne & Charles 2015.
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