Kungiyar tarayyar africa dake kula da layin dogo

Kungiyar tarayyar africa dake kula da layin dogo
Bayanai
Iri	government organization (en)

Kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka kungiya ce da ke karkashin sabuwar kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka da ke hulda da layin dogo. Yana kama da Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Railways (UIC).

Dubawa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Layukan dogo na kasashen Afirka sun rabu kuma sun katse. AUR na fatan gyara abubuwa. A cikin shekarata 2012, da alama akwai adadi mai yawa na ayyukan layin dogo da ke shirin sauka daga kan jirgin, wasu daga cikinsu za su haɗu da tsarin layin dogo a ƙasashe daban-daban. Ƙarin haɗin kai, ƙarin buƙatar ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodi.

Matsayi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ma'auni[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

AUR tana ganin cewa jujjuyawa zuwa ma'aunin gama gari yana da wahala da tsada sosai saboda lakan ma'aunin,^{[ana buƙatar hujja]} amma bisa ga rahotanni daga Bankin Duniya, yana ganin ma'auni masu zuwa kamar yadda aka fi so a cikin yankuna masu zuwa:

Arewa - 1,435 mm

Yawancin layin dogo irin su kasashen, Senegal, Guinea da Tanzaniya sun yi magana game da sauya sheka zuwa ma'auni, ko da yake ya rage a gani idan magana ta ci gaba da aiki. Guinea ta gina sabon reshe guda ɗaya a matsayin ma'aunin ma'auni duk da cewa ana buƙatar ma'aunin mita don ɗaukar ma'adinan zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa. Najeriya ta gina guntun reshe daya mai dauke da ma'aunin ma'auni masu barci, kuma cibiyar sadarwa da ke da niyyar hidimar tashar jiragen ruwa ta Warri ita ma ma'auni ne. Ana shirin tsawaita daga Tanzaniya zuwa Ruwanda a matsayin ma'aunin ma'auni, kodayake yana farawa daga tashar da ta riga ta kasance tashar busasshiyar jigilar kwantena . Layukan dogo na hakar ma'adinai waɗanda ke ɗaukar manyan tonnes (> metric tonnes 10,000 a kowace shekara) gabaɗaya daidaitattun ma'auni ne.

Duk da haka, m ta rashin su, shi ne yiwuwar dual ma'auni, kwantena, m ma'auni axles, Bogie musayar, piggy baya aiki har ma da sau uku ma'auni .

Sai dai kuma kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka a halin yanzu tana goyon bayan shirin na tsawon shekaru 50 na gina hanyar jirgin kasa mai saurin tafiya a kasashen Afirka .

Tsarin lokaci[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

2014[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An fara gina daidaitattun layukan ma'auni a ciki

Habasha da Eritrea
Kenya
Tashoshin jirgin kasa a Tanzaniya
Najeriya

Karyewar ma'auni[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Saboda manyan layukan ƙasashe daban-daban na ma'auni daban-daban ba su cika haɗuwa ba, in banda Kidatu, karya ma'aunin ba shi da matsala a halin yanzu.

Haɗin kai[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Abubuwan haɗin gwiwar da ake amfani da su sun haɗa da:

Ƙwararren salon Turai da sarkar ma'aurata, tazara da kuma tsawo na buffers daban-daban tare da ma'auni;
Yaren mutanen Norway chopper couplings iri-iri iri-iri, waɗanda ba su da ƙarfi da ƙarfi.
AAR coupler - nau'in nau'in atomatik da ake amfani da shi a ko'ina a cikin hanyar sadarwa ta Kudancin Afirka.
SA3 coupler - nau'in atomatik da ake amfani dashi a tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet.
Fiye da ɗaya na sama, kamar buffers da AAR coupler.
Akwai wasu nau'o'in nau'ikan da ba a saba gani ba da kuma waɗanda ba su da amfani, kamar waɗanda ake amfani da su a Benin .

Na'urar AAR ta Amurka ita ce mafi yawan amfani da nau'ikan zamani, sannan kuma ana iya amfani da ita tare da manyan jiragen ƙasa mafi nauyi na 32,000 tonnes (31,000 long tons; 35,000 short tons) akai-akai. .

Duk fa'idodin SA3 na zamani, ba a amfani da shi sosai kamar AAR kuma yana cikin ƴan tsiraru. An kuma yi amfani da ma'aunin SA3 a cikin jirgin ƙasa mai nauyin 43,400 tonnes (42,700 long tons; 47,800 short tons), don haka ko dai dacewa ko ya zarce ƙarfin haɗin AAR.

Kekunan matches na iya shawo kan rashin jituwa a farashin ƙarin mataccen nauyi. Hakazalika tare da adaftan haɗakarwa.

Nau'in haɗakarwa ba shi da mahimmanci lokacin da jiragen kasa ke tafiya cikin ƙayyadaddun kayan aikin toshe.

Kekunan zamani galibi ana gina su ne da kayan zane da aka ƙera don sauƙin juyawa zuwa wani nau'in haɗin gwiwa na tsakiya kamar AAR ko SA3.

Birki[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Birki na iska na Westinghouse da vacuum birki (ko babu ci gaba da birki kwata-kwata) yawanci ana haɗa su. Birki biyu ko bututu kawai zai iya shawo kan rashin jituwa. Ana ɗaukar birki na Vacuum kuma a matsayin wanda aka daina amfani da shi. An fara sanya birki na pneumatic ta hanyar lantarki (ECP) akan jiragen ƙasa masu nauyi da sauri don ƙarin aiki, kuma tsarin ECP guda biyu sun dace. Ya kamata a fifita birki na iska zuwa vacuum birki saboda girman ƙarfinsu.

Wutar lantarki[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Yawancin layin dogo a Afirka suna amfani da dizal, amma wutar lantarki a inda yake yawanci ya dace da daidaitattun zamani na 25 kV AC, tare da wasu tsarin da ba a gama ba suna amfani da tsofaffin 3 kV DC . Trams a cikin birane yawanci ƙananan ƙarfin lantarki ne kamar 750 VDC . Dual da Multi voltage locomotives da lantarki mahara raka'a (EMUs) an tabbatar da fasaha. Nahiyar Afirka na da babban karfin wutar lantarki da za ta iya tafiyar da jiragen kasa masu amfani da wutar lantarki da su, ko da yake hakan ba zai faru cikin dare daya ba.

Ma'aunin lodi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ma'aunin lodi ya bambanta sosai, kuma ta hanyar jiragen ƙasa za a tilastawa yin amfani da ma'aunin ɗaukar nauyi mafi ƙanƙanta akan hanyarsa. Ma'aunin tsarin tunnels da gadoji yana buƙatar zama kusan 1 metre (3.28 ft) tsayi don ba da izinin aikin piggy baya na jiragen ƙasa na ma'auni ɗaya akan kekunan wani ma'aunin.

Faɗin ma'aunin lodi don sabbin ma'auni na daidaitattun layin dogo a Habasha da Kenya yana bin 3,400 millimetres (11 ft 2 in) daidaitattun layukan saurin gudu wanda Shinkansen suka yi a Japan, sannan Koriya ta Kudu da China suka biyo baya. Za a kuma iya biye da Tanzania da Najeriya .

Ya kamata a daidaita tsayin dandali da karusai, da kuma rata tsakanin dandamali da karusai.

Axle lodi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Nauyin axle ya bambanta sosai, ya danganta da ƙarfin waƙar, musamman ma nauyin layin dogo waɗanda gabaɗaya suka yi nauyi ga zirga-zirgar zamani. Matsakaicin mafi ƙarancin nauyin jirgin ƙasa shine 40 kilograms per metre (80.64 lb/yd), ko da yake 50 kilograms per metre (100.80 lb/yd) 60 kilograms per metre (120.95 lb/yd) za a fi so don amfani mai nauyi.

Tsawon jirgin kasa da tsallaka tsayin madauki[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tsallake madaukai ya kamata ya kasance muddin jirgin kasa mafi tsayi, wanda aka yi la'akari da shi a duniya. Kuma wasu ma'auni na UIC sune 750 and 1,500 metres (2,461 and 4,921 ft).

Saboda hatsarori da namun daji irin su zakuna ke haifarwa, sarrafa madaukai da hannu ba lallai ba ne kyakkyawan ra'ayi ba ne, kuma wani mataki na sarrafa kansa na waɗannan fitowar, da kuma shinge, yana da kyawawa. ^[1]

Mafi ƙarancin radius[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Yana iyakance saurin gudu, kodayake saurin ba su da mahimmanci akan ƙananan layin reshe. Mafi ƙarancin radius shima yana shafar manyan jiragen ƙasa masu nauyi, saboda ɗabi'ar cire kekunan daga layin dogo da karkatar da su.

Harshe[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Rudani har ma da hatsarori na iya faruwa idan an yi amfani da yare fiye da ɗaya (ko lafazin) don sarrafa hanyar jirgin ƙasa. Sauƙaƙan harshe kamar ƙwanƙolin teku zai yi amfani don rage irin waɗannan matsalolin.

Jirgin dogo na Pécrot tare da rudani na masu magana da harshen Holland da Faransanci.
Za'a iya sauƙaƙa rikitattun kalmomi ta hanyar amfani da lambobi na waya.
- Lambobin telegraphic Great Railway Western
- Lambobin layin dogo na Australiya
- Lambar toshe layin dogo
- Lambar kasuwanci
Ana iya fitar da kalmomi a kan layukan hayaniya ta amfani da kuma faɗin haruffan sauti na NATO .
Ya kamata a bambanta sunayen tashoshi da juna. Hakanan ma gidan waya ba ya son garuruwan da ake magana ko rubuta iri ɗaya.
- Don haka ƙauyen Perth yana samun saƙon da aka yi niyya don Perth, Scotland da Perth, Western Australia, don haka aka sake masa suna Perthville .
- Don haka Makutopora da Makutupora yankuna ne daban-daban.

Namibiya[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ya zuwa shekarata 2007, layin dogo Namibia ya gina kusan 300 kilometres (190 mi) na layi tare da Angola. Namibiya ta kasance tana amfani da Tubular Modular Track . Tubular Modular Track yana kiyaye juriyar waƙarsa har ma a cikin mafi tsananin yashi na hamada. Transnet Freight Rail a Nahiyar Afirka ta Kudu yana amfani da Tubular Modular Track a cikin babban filin Ermelo akan ton miliyan 70 a kowace shekara. Ci gaba da tallafawa da Tubular Modular Track ke bayarwa yana haɓaka rayuwar dogo da fitowar mutane da ninki biyu da rayuwar walda da kashi goma (idan aka kwatanta da na al'ada da slabtrack suna ba da takamaiman tallafi don dogo). Hukumar Kula da Jirgin Kasa ta Afirka ta Kudu (PRASA) tana amfani da Tubular Modular Track a cikin tashoshi don tabbatar da daidaitacce a tsaye tsakanin dandamali da jiragen kasa.

Najeriya[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Shirye-shiryen da Najeriya ke yi na canza musu 1,067 mm layukan ma'auni zuwa 1,435 mm

Libya[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Libya ta fara gina sabbin 1,435 a cikin shekarar 2007 mm

Tanzania, Kenya da Uganda[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tanzaniya, Kenya da Uganda sun kasance maza marasa kyau a cikin 1,067 mm shiyyar Kudu & Gabas kamar yadda suke amfani 1,000 mm

Tsare-tsare na baya-bayan nan na fadada layin dogo tare da hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa zuwa ƙasashen da ke maƙwabtaka da su shine gina sabbin layukan cikin ma'aunin ma'auni da yuwuwar haɓakawa da canza layukan ma'aunin mitoci da ake da su zuwa ma'auni mai faɗi iri ɗaya.^[2]

Zambiya[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Mchinji - connects to Malawi Railways^[3]
Chipata (1,212 metres (3,976 ft)) - railhead - opened 2010

Titin dogo na ƙarfe[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Layukan dogo na ƙarfe masu nauyi a Afirka suna ɗaukar zirga-zirga fiye da na yau da kullun don haka kusan koyaushe suna ɗaukar daidaitattun ma'auni don amfani da kuma ingantattun fasahar shiryayye. Sabbin irin wadannan layukan na kara kunno kai a kasashen Kamaru da Senegal da Guinea. Gabon ta riga ta zama 1,435 mm