Mamaya na Biyu na Mulkin Mallaka

Mamaya na Biyu na Mulkin Mallaka

Mamaya na Biyu na Mulkin Mallaka

Wani malamin Turai yana karantar da ɗaliban Afirka game da aikin mota a Gabashin Afirka, c. 1950

Mamaya na biyu na mulkin mallaka, kalma ce da masana tarihi Anthony Low da John Lonsdale suka tsara don bayyana yanayin mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara bayan yakin duniya na biyu. An samo asalita ne a cikin wani bincike kan Gabashin Afirka a cikin kundin edita Tarihin Gabashin Afirka (1976), tun lokacin da sauran masana tarihi suka yi amfani da kalmar a matsayin nau'i na lokaci-lokaci a cikin sauran abubuwan tarihi, kodayake a cikin tarihin Afirka.

Ra'ayi

A cewar Anthony Low da John Lonsdale, "mallakar mulkin mallaka na biyu" ya wakilci wani lokaci na musamman a mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya wanda ya fara bayan yakin duniya na biyu, ya gudana kusan daga 1945 zuwa 1963, wanda ya biyo bayan "mallaka" na farko da ya yi hasara bayan zamanin na New Imperialism. An fara yin wannan gardama ne a wata kasida mai suna "Gabashin Afirka: Zuwa Sabuwar Umarni, 1945-1963", wanda aka buga a cikin juzu'i na uku na Tarihin Gabashin Afirka (1976). Low da Lonsdale sun rubuta:

From the late 1940s there was a great intensification of government activity throughout British Africa; in contrast to earlier years, and to the recent war period when territories were drained of staff, this access of official energy amounted to a second colonial occupation. It had a variety of causes.

A cewar Low and Lonsdate, "mamayar mulkin mallaka" na farko ya faru ne a lokacin mulkin mallaka a zamanin New Imperialism wanda ya kafa da'awar ikon mallaka na mulkin mallaka a kan mamayar yanki mai inganci kafin yakin duniya na daya. Sakamakon karancin kasafin kudi da kuma babban mawuyacin hali, gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta kara dogaro da saukin hako albarkatun kasa da kuma mulkin kai tsaye. Wannan yana nufin cewa za a iya rage adadin masu gudanarwa, ma'aikata, da jami'ai na Turai.

Daular Biritaniya ta tara manyan basussukan dala-dala ga Amurka a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu. Don haka, ya zama dole a rage shigo da kudaden waje kuma an yi imanin cewa amfanin gona na mulkin mallaka zai iya maye gurbin kayayyakin da aka samu a baya. Wannan zai ƙunshi sake fasalin tattalin arzikin Afirka "domin moriyar masu amfani da Burtaniya", tsari wanda zai buƙaci ƙarin saka hannun jari ta fuskar ma'aikata da saka hannun jari. Yawancin ƙwararrun Turai, irin su masana aikin gona da masana ilimin ɗan adam, an ɗauke su don inganta ayyukan noma na Afirka kuma gwamnati ta saka hannun jari a manyan ayyukan tattalin arziki da aka tsara a tsakiya kamar tsarin gyada na Tanganyika (1947-52). Wannan ya haifar da tsoma bakin da ba a taba yin irinsa ba a cikin rayuwar al’ummar ‘yan mulkin mallaka, musamman ma manoma, wanda ya taimaka wajen haifar da bullar mashahuran kishin kasa na ‘yan mulkin mallaka na Afirka.

Yunkurin zuwa "ci gaba" ko "amincewa" a cikin manufofin mulkin mallaka galibi ana bin sa ne zuwa ga Dokar Ci gaban Mulki da Jin Dadin Mulki na 1940 ko manufofin lokacin yaƙi wanda Yarjejeniya ta Atlantika ta misalta. An yi iƙirarin cewa akwai ci gaba tsakanin ɗabi'ar mulkin mallaka na biyu da mayar da hankali ga ci gaban tattalin arziki bayan mulkin mallaka.