Mutanen Iraqw

Mutanen Iraqw
Yankuna masu yawan jama'a
	Tanzaniya

Mutanen Iraqw (/ɪˈrɑːkuː/) ƙabilar Cushitic ce da ke zaune a yankunan arewacin Tanzania. Suna zaune a yankunan kudu maso yammacin Arusha da Manyara na Tanzania, kusa da kwarin Rift . Mutanen Iraki sun zauna a kudu maso gabashin Ngorongoro Crater a arewacin Gundumar Karatu, Yankin Arusha, inda yawancin su har yanzu suke zaune. A yankin Manyara, Iraqiwa babbar kabilanci ce, musamman a Gundumar Mbulu, Gundumar Babati da Gundumar Hanang.

Tarihi

Kerio Valley, Kenya

A al'adance ana kallon Irakiw a matsayin ragowar mutanen Afro-Asiatic waɗanda ke yin noma da Kiwon dabbobi a Yankin Great Lakes - jerin al'ummomin da aka sani da Stone Bowl. Yawancin waɗannan 'yan gudun hijirar arewacin farko an yi imanin cewa ƙungiyoyin Nilotic da Bantu na baya sun shawo kansu. A cikin Kerio Valley na Kenya, a tsakanin sauran yankuna makwabta, akwai alamun wayewar Neolithic a cikin tsarin ban ruwa mai zurfi. Kodayake waɗannan takamaiman tsarin a yau suna kiyayewa ta ƙungiyar Marakwet na Nandi Kalenjin Nilote, ƙarshen ya ce su aikin mutanen arewa ne na yare na musamman da ake kira Sirikwa, waɗanda daga baya annoba ta kashe su. A cewar Marakwet, Sirikwa "sun gina furrows, amma ba su koya mana yadda za a gina su ba; mun san kawai yadda za a kiyaye su kamar yadda suke. " ^[1] Hadisin baki na Iraqw kuma yana nufin Tafkin Manyara a matsayin "Tlawta Moyar tsar" ma'ana "Lake Moya na biyu. " Labarin ya ce Tafkin Moya na farko yana da nisa da Lake Turkana na yammacin Moyale na iyakar Kenya-Ethiopia.

Engaruka, Gundumar Monduli

Bugu da ƙari, ana yawan ba da kakannin Iraqiwa da gina gine-ginen Engaruka a Gundumar Monduli, Yankin Arusha, Tanzania. Iraqiw na zamani suna yin aiki mai zurfi na aikin gona mai zaman kansa wanda ke da kamanceceniya mai ban mamaki da rushewar magudanan dutse, madatsar ruwa da furrows da aka samu a Engaruka. Hadisai na tarihi na Iraki sun kuma danganta cewa ƙaura mai mahimmanci na ƙarshe zuwa yankin zama na yanzu ya faru ne kimanin ƙarni biyu ko uku da suka gabata bayan rikice-rikice tare da ƙungiyar Barbaig na Datog Nilotes, makiyaya waɗanda aka sani sun mamaye Crater Highlands sama da Engaruka kafin zuwan Maasai. Wannan motsi na yawan jama'a an ruwaito ya dace da ranar da aka yi watsi da shafin Engaruka, wanda aka kiyasta a wani wuri tsakanin 1700 da 1750. Har ila yau, kusan ya yi daidai da farkon raguwar kwararar Kogin Engaruka da na sauran raƙuman da ke saukowa daga tsaunuka na Ngorongoro; maɓuɓɓugar ruwa wanda ayyukan ban ruwa na Engaruka suka kasance a tsakiyar.

A cewar Maasai Nilotes, wadanda su ne mazaunan Engaruka na yanzu, Iraqi ma sun riga sun zauna a shafin lokacin da kakanninsu suka fara shiga yankin a cikin karni na 18.

Rarraba

A shekara ta 2001, an kiyasta yawan mutanen Iraki zuwa kusan mutane 462,000. Kimanin yanzu ya nuna yawan mutanen Iraki zuwa yankin 1,000,000.

Babban yankin da suke zaune shi ne Iraqw'ar Da / aw (ko Mama Issara) a cikin tsaunuka na Mbulu a arewacin yankin Manyara . An san shi da daɗewa saboda noma mai zurfi, kuma ana kiransa "tsibiran" a cikin matrix na noma mai zurfin.^[2]

Yankunan da ke kewaye da garin Karatu a Yankin Arusha suma mazaunan Iraqw ne.

Al'adu

Dangane da labarai game da yankin Mbulu na Tanzania, wasu al'adun Iraqi suna kama da na Yahudawa.

Cikakken nazarin ilimin ɗan adam na kabilun Iraqw na Ikeda et al. (1982) ya nuna cewa suna da alaƙa da sauran mutanen da ke magana da harshen Cushitic gabaɗaya. Koyaya, saboda auren tare da mutanen Tanzaniya da ke kewaye da su, Iraqiwa ma suna da wasu alaƙa da kungiyoyin Bantu na gida.

Harshe

Iraqiwa suna magana da yaren Iraqi, wanda yake na reshen Kudancin Cushitic na dangin Afro-Asiatic. Masu magana da harshen Iraqi kuma suna magana da Swahili, harshen ƙasar Tanzania.

Halitta

Ci gaban da aka samu kwanan nan a cikin nazarin kwayoyin halitta ya taimaka wajen haskaka haske game da asalin mutanen Iraqw. Genealogy, kodayake sabon kayan aiki wanda ke amfani da kwayoyin halitta na al'ummomin zamani don gano asalin kabilanci da na ƙasa, ya kuma taimaka wajen bayyana yiwuwar asalin Iraqi na zamani.

Y DNA

Nazarin Y-chromosome na Wood et al. (2005) ya gwada al'ummomi daban-daban a Afirka don zuriyar uba, ciki har da maza 9 Iraqiw daga Tanzaniya. Marubutan sun lura da E1b1b haplogroup a cikin 56% na binciken Iraqw, wanda ke da alaƙa da mazan Afro-Asiatic daga Arewa da Arewa maso Gabashin Afirka, waɗanda ke da haplogroup a manyan mitoci. [9] Na biyu mafi yawan zuriyar uba tsakanin Iraqiw shine Haplogroup B, wanda aka fi samu a cikin al'ummar Nilotic; [9] [10] an lura dashi a cikin 22% na maza na Iraqiw. Alamar DNA ta uba ta uku da aka fi gani akai-akai a cikin Iraqiw shine E1b1a haplogroup (E-P1), wanda yanzu ya zama ruwan dare tsakanin Bantus; an samo shi a cikin kashi 11% na samfuran Iraqiw. [9] A cikin babban samfurin haplogroup T y-dna an samu a kashi 11% na Iraqw. [Hirbo et al.]

Autosomal DNA

An bincika DNA ɗin autosomal na Iraqiw a cikin cikakken binciken Tishkoff et al. (2009) game da alaƙar jinsin al'ummomi daban-daban a Afirka. Bisa ga binciken clustering na Bayesian, Irakw gabaɗaya ya haɗu tare da sauran al'ummomin Afroasiatic da ke zaune a yankin Great Lakes, tare da waɗannan ƙungiyoyin lacustrine da suka samar da gungu daban-daban da na al'ummomin Afroasiatic a cikin Kahon Afirka, Arewacin Afirka da Sahara. An danganta wannan bambance-bambancen da gaggarumin musayar kwayoyin halitta tsakanin Iraqiw da maƙwabtan Nilo-Saharan da Bantu a cikin shekaru 5,000 da suka gabata. ^[3]

Sanannun Iraqiw

Yan siyasa

Willibrod Slaa - Dan siyasa da Diflomasiya
Mary Nagu – Tsohuwar Minista kuma ‘yar majalisa
Philip Marmo - Tsohon jakadan Tanzaniya a kasar Sin

Jama'ar Jihohi

Frederick Sumaye, Tsohon Firayim Ministan Tanzaniya

'Yan wasa

Filbert Bayi
John Stephen Akhwari
Gabriel Gerald Geay

Jama'ar Addini

Wolfgang Pisa - Shugaban taron cocin Katolika na Tanzaniya
Saigilo - Annabin Addinin Jama'ar Iraqiw

Bayanan kula

↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Matthiessen
↑ Börjeson, L. A History under Siege: Intensive Agriculture in the Mbulu Highlands, Tanzania, 19th Century to the Present.
↑ Sarah Tishkoff; et al. (2009). "The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans" (PDF). Science. 324 (5930): 1035–44. Bibcode:2009Sci...324.1035T. doi:10.1126/science.1172257. PMC 2947357. PMID 19407144. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-08. Retrieved 2017-12-07. We incorporated geographic data into a Bayesian clustering analysis, assuming no admixture (TESS software) (25) and distinguished six clusters within continental Africa (Fig. 5A).[...] Another geographically contiguous cluster extends across northern Africa (blue) into Mali (the Dogon), Ethiopia, and northern Kenya. With the exception of the Dogon, these populations speak an Afroasiaticlanguage[...] Nilo-Saharan and Cushitic speakers from the Sudan, Kenya, and Tanzania, as well as some of the Bantu speakers from Kenya, Tanzania, and Rwanda (Hutu/Tutsi), constitute another cluster (purple), reflecting linguistic evidence for gene flow among these populations over the past ~5000 years (28, 29).

[Matthiessen-1] Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Matthiessen

[2] Börjeson, L. A History under Siege: Intensive Agriculture in the Mbulu Highlands, Tanzania, 19th Century to the Present.

[Tishkoff2009-3] Sarah Tishkoff; et al. (2009). "The Genetic Structure and History of Africans and African Americans" (PDF). Science. 324 (5930): 1035–44. Bibcode:2009Sci...324.1035T. doi:10.1126/science.1172257. PMC 2947357. PMID 19407144. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-08. Retrieved 2017-12-07. We incorporated geographic data into a Bayesian clustering analysis, assuming no admixture (TESS software) (25) and distinguished six clusters within continental Africa (Fig. 5A).[...] Another geographically contiguous cluster extends across northern Africa (blue) into Mali (the Dogon), Ethiopia, and northern Kenya. With the exception of the Dogon, these populations speak an Afroasiaticlanguage[...] Nilo-Saharan and Cushitic speakers from the Sudan, Kenya, and Tanzania, as well as some of the Bantu speakers from Kenya, Tanzania, and Rwanda (Hutu/Tutsi), constitute another cluster (purple), reflecting linguistic evidence for gene flow among these populations over the past ~5000 years (28, 29).

[1]

[2]

[3]