Sauyin yanayi a Afirka ta Kudu

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Sauyin yanayi a Afirka ta Kudu
climate change by country or territory (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Facet of (en) Fassara Afirka ta kudu
Ƙasa Afirka ta kudu
Canjin yanayi zai shafi aikin gona a Afirka ta Kudu (ya'yan inabi a Stellenbosch)

Canjin yanayi a Afirka ta Kudu, yana haifar da karuwar yanayin zafi da canjin ruwan sama. Shaida ta nuna cewa abubuwan da suka faru na matsanancin yanayi suna zama sanannu saboda canjin yanayi.[1] Wannan damuwa ce mai mahimmanci ga 'yan Afirka ta Kudu kamar yadda canjin yanayi zai shafi matsayi da jin dadin kasar gaba daya daya, misali game da albarkatun ruwa. Kamar sauran sassan duniya, binciken yanayi ya nuna cewa ainihin kalubalen a Afirka ta Kudu ya fi alaka da batutuwan muhalli maimakon na ci gaba.[2] Sakamakon da ya fi tsanani zai kasance yana da niyya ga samar da ruwa, wanda ke da babban tasiri ga bangaren noma. Canje-canje na muhalli da sauri suna haifar da sakamako mai kyau a kan al'umma da matakin mujallar ta hanyoyi da fannoni daban-daban, farawa da ingancin iska, zuwa yanayin zafin jiki da yanayin yanayi, kaiwa ga tsaro na abinci da nauyin cututtuka.[3]


Ana sa ran tasirin sauyin yanayi daban-daban a kan al'ummomin karkara sun hada da: fari, raguwar albarkatun ruwa da bambancin halittu, rushewar kasa, rage tattalin arzikin rayuwa da dakatar da ayyukan al-adu.[4]

Afirka ta Kudu tana ba da gudummawa mai yawa na CO2, kasancewar ita ce ta 14 mafi girma da ke fitar da CO2.[5] Sama da matsakaicin duniya, Afirka ta Kudu tana da tan 9.5 na hayakin CO2 ga kowane mutum a cikin shekarar 2015.[5] Wannan ya faru ne a wani bangare saboda tsarin makamashi da ke dogaro da kwal da mai.[5] A matsayin wani bangare na alkawurranta na kasa da kasa, Afirka ta Kudu ta yi alkawarin samun hayaki tsakanin shekara ta 2020 da kuma 2025.[5]

Rashin iskar gas[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Afirka ta Kudu ita ce ta 14 mafi girma a duniya mai fitar da iskar gas.[5]

Sufuri[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Matsayin taksi na Cape Town

Sashin sufuri a Afirka ta Kudu yana ba da gudummawa 10.8% na jimlar Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions a cikin kasar. Baya ga hayaki kai tsaye, hayakin kai na kai a kai ta hanyar samarwa da jigilar man fetur suma suna samar da hayaniyar hayaka.[6][5] Sufuri na hanya, musamman, yana ba da gudummawa kusan kashi uku cikin hudu ga jimlar hayaki na sufuri.[7]

Tasirin yanayin muhalli[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Yanayin zafi da sauye-sauyen yanayi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Akwai tabbaci daban-daban game da tasirin canjin yanayi a Afirka ta Kudu tare da raguwar ruwan sama da sauri kuma an lura da matakan zafin jiki. Ana sa ran canjin yanayi zai kara yawan zafin jiki a Afirka ta Kudu da digiri 2-3 na Celsius a tsakiyar karni, da kuma digiri 3-4 na ° Celsius ta karshen karni a cikin wani yanayi na tsakiya. [5]Tasirin zai hada da canza yanayin ruwan sama da karuwar evaporation, kara yiwuwar matsanancin fari.[5]

Afirka a halin yanzu tana fama da manyan rakuman zafi bisa ga yanayin nahiyar a cikin rikicin muhalli na yanzu.[8]  

Tasirin da aka yi wa mutane[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Aikin noma[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  Babban kalubalen da kowace kasa ke fuskanta saboda canjin yanayi shine tasirinsa kai tsaye akan tsaro na abinci. A wannan ma'anar, an lissafa Afirka a matsayin nahiyar da ta fi fuskantar sauye-sauyen yanayi.[9] A Habasha misali, samar da abinci yana fuskantar kalubale da yawa saboda canjin yanayi. An lura cewa akwai karuwa a cikin asarar samarwa na shekara-shekara ga sauye-sauyen yanayi daga shekara zuwa shekara.[10]

Ana sa ran aikin gona zai sami mummunar tasiri ta hanyar fari, rage ruwan sama, kwari, da sauran canje-canje a cikin muhalli saboda canjin yanayi. Yanayin zafi mafi girma a Afirka ta Kudu [11]da karancin ruwan sama zai haifar da iyakancewar albarkatun ruwa da canza danshi na ƙasa, wanda ke haifar le raguwar amfanin gona. [12]

Wasu tsinkaya sun nuna cewa samar da ruwa na kasa na iya raguwa da kashi 60% a shekara ta 2070 a wasu sassan Yammacin Cape.[13] Don juyar da lalacewar da rashin kula da kasa ya haifar, gwamnati ta goyi bayan wani makirci wanda ke inganta ci gaba mai dorewa da amfani da albarkatun kasa.[14]

Samar da masara, wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga kashi 36% na yawan amfanin gona na Afirka ta Kudu, ya kuma sami mummunar sakamako saboda canjin yanayi.[15] Kimanin darajar asarar, wanda ke la'akari da abubuwan da ke faruwa tare da kuma ba tare tare le tasirin takin carbon dioxide ba, yana tsakanin dubban da daruruwan miliyoyin rands.[16]

Yawon shakatawa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Afirka ta Kudu tana da muhimmiyar al'amari na yawon bude ido don kallo da kuma mai da hankali sosai yayin la'akari da tasirin canjin yanayi. Wannan bangare ne mai hankali da za a ambata amma muhimmancinsa ya ta'allaka ne ga sauyin yanayi wanda ke girma kwanan nan. Kalubale sun wuce gaskiyar cewa akwai bukatar shirya hanya don karin masu yawon bude ido su zo. Babban damuwar Afirka ta Kudu ya kai ga bunkasa shirye-shiryen rage talauci sakamakon canjin yanayi a Afirka de Kudu. Yawon shakatawa ya bukaci masu tsara manufofi a Afirka da su inganta damar aiki, ci gaban tattalin arziki da tallafawa masana'antu daban-daban.[17] Akwai kalubale daban-daban da ke fuskantar bangaren yawon bude ido a Afirka ta Kudu kuma wannan yafi sakamakon tasirin Canjin Yanayi. A wannan bangaren, yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa gwamnatin kasa a Afirka ta Kudu ta fara aiwatar da sabbin manufofi na yawon bude ido da na yanayi don shawo kan kalubalen.[18] Yana da mahimmanci a ambaci cewa yanayin gaba daya a Afirka ta Kudu yana fama da yanayi da canje-canje daban-daban / Wadannan bambance-bambance sun yi niyya ga yankunan ruwan sama na rani da na hunturu, yankuna masu zafi, da yankunansu masu laushi da busasshiyar.[19]

Tasirin kiwon lafiya[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Akwai shaidar cewa canjin yanayi zai haifar da mummunar tasiri ga lafiyar jama'a a Afirka ta Kudu, musamman saboda yawan mutanen da ke fama da rauni.[20] An riga an sami babban nauyin cututtuka a Afirka ta Kudu da ke da alaka da matsalolin muhalli kuma canjin yanayi zai kara tsananta yawancin wadannan batutuwan zamantakewa da muhalli.[21] Ana sa ran canjin yanayi zai yi barazana ga lafiyar jama'a ta hanyar karuwar damuwa ta zafi, karuwa a cikin cututtukan da ke yaduwa da cututtuka masu yashiwa, kara yawan abubuwan da suka faru, raguwar tsaro na abinci, da karamin damuwa game da lafiyar kwakwalwa.[22] Binciken wallafe-wallafen shekarar 2019 game da daidaitawa da lafiyar jama'a, ya gano cewa "kararru da ingancin bincike abin takaici ne, kuma ba daidai ba ne da barazanar da canjin yanayi ya haifar a Afirka ta Kudu".[23]

Ragewa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Taron 2010 na ministocin muhalli na kasashen BASIC, gami da Afirka ta Kudu, don tattauna canjin yanayi bayan COP15.

Gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ta himmatu ga hauhawar hayaki na CO2 tsakanin shekara ta 2020 da kuma 2025. Afirka ta Kudu ta amince da yin aiki tare da sauran masu sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Paris don ci gaba da karuwar zafin jiki a kasa da 2 ° C.[24] Koyaya, masu sa ido masu zaman kansu sun kira ayyukan da gwamnati ke yi yanzu bai isa ba.[24] A wani bangare, wannan gazawar yin aiki yana da alaƙa da mallakar gwamnati ta Eskom, wanda ke da alhakin yawancin aikin kwal a kasar.[5] Hakazalika, tattalin arziki yana daya daga cikin mafi yawan makamashi a duniya kodayake ba ya saita manufofi na ragewa ga masana'antu.[5] Kaddamar da kudi da saka hannun jari zuwa ga sauyawa zuwa tattalin arzikin carbon da al'umma babbar ƙalubale ce ga Afirka ta Kudu.[24]

Kamar duk kasashen da ke cikin Yarjejeniyar Paris Afirka ta Kudu za ta ba da rahoton kayan iskar gas ga UNFCCC akalla sau biyu daga shekara ta 2024 a ƙarshe.[25]

Bankin Zuba Jari na Turai na Duniya da Banken Ci Gaban Kudancin Afirka sun amince da rancen Yuro miliyan 200 don tallafawa sabon shirin samar da kudade da aka yi niyya don buɗe Yura miliyan 400 don saka hannun jari na makamashi mai sabuntawa a Afirka ta Kudu.[26]

Daidaitawa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ta tsara dabarun sauyin yanayi na kasa (NCCAS) a cikin shekara ta 2019. Wannan dabarar tana gabatar da hangen nesa don daidaitawa da canjin yanayi da haɓaka juriya a cikin ƙasar. Wannan dabarar kuma tana tsara wuraren fifiko don cimma wannan hangen nesa, wanda ya haɗa da albarkatun ruwa, noma da gandun daji na kasuwanci, kiwon lafiya, bambancin halittu da yanayin halitte, mazaunan mutane, da rage haɗarin bala'i.[1] An kuma samar da wannan dabarar don yin aiki a kan sadaukarwar kasar ga wajibai a cikin Yarjejeniyar Paris a karkashin Yaruniyar Tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Canjin Yanayi (UNFCCC).

Afirka ta Kudu tana cikin ci gaba na kammala dabarun sauyin yanayi na kasa. "Tsarin daidaitawa na kasa yana aiki ne a matsayin ma'anar maballi daidaita canjin yanayi a Afirka ta Kudu, kuma yana ba da dandamali wanda za'a iya bayyana manufofin daidaita sauyin yanayi na kasa don samar da jagora ga dukkan bangarorin tattalin arziki".[27]

Jama'a da al'adu[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Yunkurin fafutuka[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ranar Aiki ta Duniya a Durban, 2011

A cikin taron canjin yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na shekarar 2011 (COP17) da aka gudanar a Durban,[28] an shirya zanga-zangar da zanga'angar don nuna damuwa game da batutuwan canji na yanayi. Wani yunkuri da ya tara mutane 12,000 ya bukaci wakilai a COP17 da su dauki matakin yanayi na gaggawa. Masu zanga-zangar sun kuma shiga cikin wurin taron a lokacin da tattaunawar ta kasance a cikin rikici.[29]

Sanarwar jama'a[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Masu zanga-zangar canjin yanayi na matasa a Afirka ta Kudu, 2020.

Sanarwar jama'a game da wadannan tasirin da za su iya samu ya karu tare da fari na Kudancin Afirka na 201820 da kuma rikicin ruwa na Cape Town.[10]

Duba kuma[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Republic of South Africa, National Climate Change Adaptation Strategy (NCCAS) Archived 2021-06-12 at the Wayback Machine, Version UE10, 13 November 2019.
  2. ↑ "Impacts of and Adaptation to Climate Change", Climate Change and Technological Options, Vienna: Springer Vienna, pp. 51–58, 2008, doi:10.1007/978-3-211-78203-3_5, ISBN 978-3-211-78202-6, retrieved 2020-11-24
  3. ↑ "International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health". www.mdpi.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-11-26.
  4. ↑ "Sustainability". www.mdpi.com (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-11-26.
  5. ↑ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 "The Carbon Brief Profile: South Africa". Carbon Brief (in Turanci). 2018-10-15. Retrieved 2020-08-03.
  6. ↑ Green Transport Strategy for South Africa: (2018-2050) Archived 2021-06-05 at the Wayback Machine, 2018.
  7. ↑ Tongwane, Mphethe; Piketh, Stuart; Stevens, Luanne; Ramotubei, Teke (2015-06-01). "Greenhouse gas emissions from road transport in South Africa and Lesotho between 2000 and 2009". Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment (in Turanci). 37: 1–13. doi:10.1016/j.trd.2015.02.017. ISSN 1361-9209.
  8. ↑ Parkes, Ben; Cronin, Jennifer; Dessens, Olivier; Sultan, Benjamin (2019-06-01). "Climate change in Africa: costs of mitigating heat stress". Climatic Change (in Turanci). 154 (3): 461–476. Bibcode:2019ClCh..154..461P. doi:10.1007/s10584-019-02405-w. ISSN 1573-1480. S2CID 159436152.
  9. ↑ "CAADP to reduce food security emergencies in Africa - World". ReliefWeb (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-11-27.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 "Likelihood of Cape Town water crisis tripled by climate change – World Weather Attribution" (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-08-03.
  11. ↑ "The best time to go to South Africa's Cape | weather & climate | Expert Africa". www.expertafrica.com. Retrieved 2020-11-26.
  12. ↑ Calzadilla, Alvaro; Zhu, Tingju; Rehdanz, Katrin; Tol, Richard S. J.; Ringler, Claudia (2014-05-01). "Climate change and agriculture: Impacts and adaptation options in South Africa". Water Resources and Economics (in Turanci). 5: 24–48. doi:10.1016/j.wre.2014.03.001. ISSN 2212-4284.
  13. ↑ Climate change to create African 'water refugees' – scientists, Reuters Alertnet. Accessed 21 September 2006]. Archived 25 Oktoba 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  14. ↑ "Department of Agriculture South Africa". Nda.agric.za. Archived from the original on 11 November 2008. Retrieved 30 October 2011.
  15. ↑ "The [[:Template:Chem]] fertilization effect: higher carbohydrate production and retention as biomass and seed yield". Fao.org. Retrieved 30 October 2011. URL–wikilink conflict (help)
  16. ↑ J. Turpie; et al. (2002). "Economic Impacts of Climate Change in South Africa: A Preliminary Analysis of Unmitigated Damage Costs" (PDF). Joint Center for Political and Economic Studies Inc. Southern Waters Ecological Research & Consulting & Energy & Development Research Centre. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 March 2009.
  17. ↑ Fitchett, Jennifer M.; Grant, Bronwyn; Hoogendoorn, Gijsbert (June 2016). "Climate change threats to two low-lying South African coastal towns: Risks and perceptions". South African Journal of Science. 112 (5–6): 9. doi:10.17159/sajs.2016/20150262. ISSN 0038-2353.
  18. ↑ Mugambiwa, Shingirai S.; Tirivangasi, Happy M. (2017). "Climate change: A threat towards achieving 'Sustainable Development Goal number two' (end hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture) in South Africa". Jàmbá: Journal of Disaster Risk Studies. 9 (1): 350. doi:10.4102/jamba.v9i1.350. ISSN 1996-1421. PMC 6014178. PMID 29955332.
  19. ↑ "GeoJournal of Tourism and Geosites". gtg.webhost.uoradea.ro. Retrieved 2020-11-28.
  20. ↑ Chersich, Matthew F.; Wright, Caradee Y.; Venter, Francois; Rees, Helen; Scorgie, Fiona; Erasmus, Barend (September 2018). "Impacts of Climate Change on Health and Wellbeing in South Africa". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 15 (9): 1884. doi:10.3390/ijerph15091884. ISSN 1661-7827. PMC 6164733. PMID 30200277.
  21. ↑ Mugambiwa, Shingirai S.; Tirivangasi, Happy M. (2017-02-27). "Climate change: A threat towards achieving 'Sustainable Development Goal number two' (end hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture) in South Africa". Jàmbá: Journal of Disaster Risk Studies. 9 (1): 350. doi:10.4102/jamba.v9i1.350. ISSN 2072-845X. PMC 6014178. PMID 29955332.
  22. ↑ Wright, C. Y.; Garland, R. M.; Norval, M.; Vogel, C. (August 2014). "Human health impacts in a changing South African climate". South African Medical Journal. 104 (8): 579–582. doi:10.7196/samj.8603. ISSN 0256-9574. PMID 26307804.
  23. ↑ Chersich, Matthew F.; Wright, Caradee Y. (2019-03-19). "Climate change adaptation in South Africa: a case study on the role of the health sector". Globalization and Health. 15 (1): 22. doi:10.1186/s12992-019-0466-x. ISSN 1744-8603. PMC 6423888. PMID 30890178.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 UNFCCC, South Africa’s Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC), 2015.
  25. ↑ "NDC reporting: making the Paris Agreement Transparency Framework work". Energy Post. 2019-07-19.
  26. ↑ Bank, European Investment (2023-02-02). "Energy Overview 2023" (in Turanci). Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  27. ↑ "NATIONAL CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION STRATEGY REPUBLIC OF SOUTH AFRICA" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-11-04. Retrieved 2023-06-04.
  28. ↑ "C17 - Global Day of Action - Overview". www.c17.org.za. Archived from the original on 2021-09-13. Retrieved 2022-10-07.
  29. ↑ Joselow, Gabe (2011-12-08). "Protesters Occupy Durban Climate Conference". VOA (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-10-07.
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