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Allurar rigakafin ciwon ciki

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Allurar rigakafin ciwon ciki
essential medicine (en) Fassara da vaccine type (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na viral vaccines (en) Fassara
Vaccine for (en) Fassara mumps (en) Fassara

 

Alurar rigakafin mumps alluran rigakafi ce waɗanda ke hana mumps . [1] Lokacin da aka bai wa yawancin jama'a suna rage rikitarwa a matakin yawan jama'a . [1] An kiyasta tasirin lokacin da kashi 90% na yawan alurar riga kafi shine 85%. [2] Ana buƙatar allurai biyu don rigakafin dogon lokaci. [1] Ana ba da shawarar kashi na farko tsakanin watanni 12 zuwa 18. [1] Ana ba da kashi na biyu tsakanin shekaru biyu zuwa shekaru shida. [1] Amfani bayan fallasa a cikin waɗanda ba a rigaya ba na iya zama da amfani.[3]

Illolin gaba gabaɗaya suna da laushi. [1][3] Yana iya haifar da ciwo mai sauƙi da kumburi a wurin allura da zazzabi mai sauƙi. [1] Ƙarin tasiri mai mahimmanci yana da wuya. [1] Shaida ba ta isa ba don haɗa maganin alurar riga kafi zuwa rikitarwa kamar tasirin jijiya. [4] Kada a ba da maganin ga mutanen da ke da juna biyu ko kuma suna da ƙarancin aikin garkuwar jiki . [1] Sakamako mara kyau a tsakanin yaran uwayen da suka karɓi maganin a lokacin daukar ciki, duk da haka, ba a rubuta su ba. [1] [4] Ko da yake an samar da maganin a cikin ƙwayoyin kaji, yana da lafiya gabaɗaya don ba masu ciwon kwai . [4]

Yawancin kasashen da suka ci gaba da kuma kasashe da yawa a cikin kasashe masu tasowa sun haɗa da shi a cikin shirye-shiryensu na rigakafi sau da yawa a hade tare da kyanda da ƙwayar cutar kyanda da aka sani da MMR . [1] Akwai wani tsari tare da ukun da suka gabata da kuma rigakafin varicella (chickenpox) da aka sani da MMRV . Ya zuwa shekarar 2005, kasashe 110 ne suka ba da rigakafin a matsayin wani bangare na shirye-shiryensu na rigakafi. [1] A yankunan da ake yawan yin allurar rigakafi ya haifar da raguwar cututtuka fiye da kashi 90 cikin 100. [1] An ba da kusan rabin biliyan na allurai iri ɗaya na rigakafin. [1]

Tarihi

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A tsakiyar karni na ashirin, ba a kallon cututtukan mumps a tsakanin yara a matsayin wani muhimmin al'amari na kiwon lafiyar jama'a, amma mazan manya na iya haifar da kumburin jini mai raɗaɗi, wanda ya haifar da matsala ta musamman a tsakanin sojojin da ke kusa a lokacin yakin. A sakamakon haka, a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu (1939-1945), gwamnatin Amurka ta yi niyya don binciken kimiyya. [5] An ba da lasisin rigakafin cutar mump na farko a cikin 1948; ci gaba daga ƙwayoyin cuta marasa aiki, yana da tasiri na ɗan gajeren lokaci.

Ingantattun alluran rigakafi sun zama na kasuwanci a cikin 1960s. [1] A cikin 1963, Maurice Hilleman na Merck & Co. ya ɗauki samfurori na kwayar cutar mumps daga 'yarsa, wadda ta kamu da cutar; ta zama mai suna ga sakamakon Jeryl Lynn iri. [5] [6] Gina kan ci gaban da aka samu na baya-bayan nan wanda ya haifar da rigakafin cutar shan inna da kyanda, an samo nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta na mumps a cikin ƙwai masu kaji da kuma al'adun ƙwayoyin amfrayo. [5] Sakamakon nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta ba su dace da ƙwayoyin ɗan adam ba, don haka an ce an rage su . A wasu lokuta ana kiran su da neuroattenuated ta ma'anar cewa waɗannan nau'ikan ba su da cutarwa ga jijiyoyin ɗan adam fiye da nau'in daji. [7] [8]

Aikin Hilleman ya haifar da ingantaccen rigakafin mumps na farko, wanda ake kira Mumpsvax. An ba da izini a cikin 1967, ci gabanta na shekaru huɗu ya kafa rikodin don haɓaka mafi sauri na sabon rigakafin, [5] rikodin daga baya ya zarce allurar COVID-19, wanda aka haɓaka cikin ƙasa da shekara guda. [9]

Alurar riga kafi akan mumps bai zama na yau da kullun ba har sai an haɗa Mumpsvax a cikin haɗin gwiwar rigakafin MMR na Merck, wanda ya yi niyya ga kyanda da rubella tare da mumps. [5] [2] [10] An ba da lasisin MMR a shekara ta 1971, kuma kashi 40 cikin 100 na yaran Amurkawa sun sami haɗin gwiwar rigakafin ta 1974. A cikin 1977, Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka da Cututtuka ta Amurka (CDC) ta ba da shawarar rigakafin cutar mumps (a matsayin wani ɓangare na MMR) ga duk yara sama da watanni 12, kuma a cikin 1998, CDC ta fara ba da shawarar allurar rigakafin kashi biyu na MMR. [5]

Nau'ukan

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Yayin da rigakafin farko a cikin 1940s ya dogara ne akan ƙwayoyin cuta da ba a kunna ba, shirye-shiryen da suka biyo baya tun daga shekarun 1960 sun ƙunshi ƙwayoyin cuta masu rai waɗanda aka raunana. [1] Alurar rigakafin mumps yana cikin Jerin Mahimman Magunguna na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya .[10][11] Akwai nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan da ake amfani da su kamar na 2007. [1]

Mumpsvax alama ce ta Merck ta Jeryl Lynn nau'in rigakafi. [12][13] Wani bangare ne na rigakafin cutar MMR na Merck guda uku, kuma shine ma'aunin rigakafin mumps a cikin Amurka. [14] Ana ba da Mumpsvax ta hanyar allurar ƙwayar cuta mai rai wanda aka sake ginawa daga busasshiyar rigakafin ( lyophilized ).[13] An daina samar da Mumpsvax a matsayin samfurin tsaye a cikin 2009. [15][16]

Kwayoyin da aka yi amfani da su a cikin al'ada, ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta da ake amfani da su, da ruwan dabbobi duk ana bincika su don wani abu mai ban sha'awa a matsayin wani ɓangare na samar da rigakafin. Ana shuka su a cikin Matsakaici 199 (mafita dauke da gishiri mai buffer, bitamin, amino acid, fetal bovine serum) tare da SPGA (sucrose, phosphate, glutamate, albumin mutum ) da neomycin . Aikin sarrafa albumin na ɗan adam yana amfani da hanyar Cohn sanyi ethanol rarrabuwa .[13]

Sauran nau'ikan

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  • RIT 4385 sabon nau'i ne wanda aka samo daga nau'in Jeryl Lynn [2] ta Maurice Hilleman, mahaifin Jeryl Lynn.
  • Smrodintsev da Klyachko sun haɓaka nau'in Leningrad-3 a cikin al'adun ƙwayoyin koda kuma ana amfani dashi tun 1950 a tsoffin ƙasashen Soviet. [17] Ana amfani da wannan rigakafin akai-akai a Rasha.
  • An samo nau'in L-Zagreb da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin Croatia da Indiya daga nau'in Leningrad-3 ta hanyar wucewa . [17]
  • An gabatar da nau'in Urabe a Japan, kuma daga baya an ba da lasisi a Belgium, Faransa da Italiya. An danganta shi da mafi yawan ƙwayar cutar sankarau (1/143 000 da 1/227 000 don JL), [18] kuma an watsar da shi a cikin ƙasashe da yawa. An tsara shi azaman MMR a Burtaniya.
  • Nauyin Rubini da aka yi amfani da shi musamman a Switzerland ya rage yawan wuce gona da iri ta cikin amfrayo kaji, kuma daga baya ya nuna cewa yana da ƙarancin ƙarfi. [19] An gabatar da shi a cikin 1985. [17]

Shigo da sigar mara inganci cikin Burtaniya ba bisa ka'ida ba

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Maganin cutar mumps na Monovalent (Mumpsvax) ya kasance a cikin Amurka lokacin da aka gabatar da MMR a Burtaniya, wanda ya maye gurbin MR (kyanda da rubella). Babu wani shiri na monovalent mai lasisin Burtaniya da ya taɓa samuwa. Ana samun allurar rigakafin mumps na mumps kafin MMR, amma ana amfani da su akan iyakataccen sikeli. [20] Wannan ya zama batun muhawara mai yawa a ƙarshen karni na 20, tunda wasu iyaye sun gwammace su sami ɗayan abubuwan haɗin MMR. Shirye-shiryen rigakafin mumps guda ɗaya da aka shigo da shi cikin Burtaniya kuma ba shi da lasisi, ya tabbatar da cewa ba shi da inganci. Rigakafin rigakafin cutar mumps a Burtaniya ya zama na yau da kullun a cikin 1988, wanda ya fara da MMR. Alamar Aventis-Pasteur "MMR-2" ta saba a cikin Burtaniya a cikin 2006[ana buƙatar hujja]

Adana da kwanciyar hankali

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Sarkar sanyi shine babban abin la'akari a cikin allurar rigakafi, musamman a cikin ƙasashe masu ƙarancin ci gaba. Alurar rigakafin mumps yawanci a cikin firiji ne, amma suna da tsawon rabin rayuwa na kwanaki 65 a digiri 23 na ma'aunin celcius. [17]

Kara karantawa

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  • Hall E, Wodi AP, Hamborsky J, Morelli V, Schillie S, eds. (2021). "Chapter 15: Mumps". Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (14th ed.). Washington D.C.: U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

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Manazarta

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  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 World Health Organization (February 2007). "Mumps virus vaccines". Relevé Épidémiologique Hebdomadaire. 82 (7): 51–60. PMID 17304707. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "WHO2007" defined multiple times with different content
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Hviid A, Rubin S, Mühlemann K (March 2008). "Mumps". Lancet. 371 (9616): 932–944. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60419-5. PMID 18342688. S2CID 208793825. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Hviid2008" defined multiple times with different content
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Atkinson W (May 2012). Mumps Epidemiology and Prevention of Vaccine-Preventable Diseases (12 ed.). Public Health Foundation. pp. Chapter 14. ISBN 9780983263135. Archived from the original on 6 July 2016.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Empty citation (help)
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 "How a New Vaccine Was Developed in Record Time in the 1960s". HISTORY (in Turanci). Retrieved 17 November 2020. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":0" defined multiple times with different content
  6. ↑ Young ML, Dickstein B, Weibel RE, Stokes J, Buynak EB, Hilleman MR (November 1967). "Experiences with Jeryl Lynn strain live attenuated mumps virus vaccine in a pediatric outpatient clinic". Pediatrics. American Academy of Pediatrics. 40 (5): 798–803. doi:10.1542/peds.40.5.798. PMID 6075651. S2CID 35878536.
  7. ↑ "Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals". World Health Organization. 2003. Archived from the original on 15 April 2006.
  8. ↑ Rubin SA, Amexis G, Pletnikov M, Li Z, Vanderzanden J, Mauldin J, et al. (November 2003). "Changes in mumps virus gene sequence associated with variability in neurovirulent phenotype". Journal of Virology. 77 (21): 11616–11624. doi:10.1128/JVI.77.21.11616-11624.2003. PMC 229304. PMID 14557647.
  9. ↑ "The fastest vaccine in history". UCLA Health. 10 December 2020. Retrieved 20 December 2021.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Kowalzik F, Faber J, Knuf M (August 2018). "MMR and MMRV vaccines". Vaccine. 36 (36): 5402–5407. doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.07.051. PMID 28757060. S2CID 41538500.
  11. ↑ Hilleman MR, Buynak EB, Weibel RE, Stokes J (February 1968). "Live, attenuated mumps-virus vaccine". The New England Journal of Medicine. 278 (5): 227–232. doi:10.1056/NEJM196802012780501. PMID 4169706.
  12. ↑ Hilleman MR, Buynak EB, Weibel RE, Stokes J (February 1968). "Live, attenuated mumps-virus vaccine". The New England Journal of Medicine. 278 (5): 227–232. doi:10.1056/NEJM196802012780501. PMID 4169706.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Merck Co. (1999). "MUMPSVAX (Mumps Virus Vaccine Live) Jeryl Lynn Strain" (PDF). Merck Co. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 August 2006.
  14. ↑ Merck Co. (1999). "M-M-R II (Measles, Mumps, and Rubella Virus Vaccine Live)" (PDF). Merck Co.
  15. ↑ "Vaccines: Vac-Gen/Shortages/MMR single dose vaccine shortage questions". www.cdc.gov. Archived from the original on 17 March 2009.
  16. ↑ Smith R (24 November 2009). "Single mumps vaccine production stops". The Telegraph. London: Telegraph Media Group Limited. Retrieved 14 February 2016.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 "Immunizations, Vaccines and Biologicals - The Mumps Vaccine". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 23 April 2006. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "WHO_Mumps_Vaccines" defined multiple times with different content
  18. ↑ "MMR Vaccine". Pediatric Oncall. 7 January 2006. Archived from the original on 30 April 2007.
  19. ↑ "Eurosurveillance report on Portugal outbreak". Archived from the original on 7 September 2005.
  20. ↑ Forsey T (July 1994). "Mumps vaccines--current status". Journal of Medical Microbiology. 41 (1): 1–2. doi:10.1099/00222615-41-1-1. PMID 8006938.
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