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Cin zarafin bil'adama a Jammu da Kashmir

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Cin zarafin bil'adama a Jammu da Kashmir

Cin zarafin bil'adama a Jammu da Kashmir ya kunshi kashe-kashen jama'a, tilasta bacewar mutane, azabtarwa, fyade da cin zarafi ta hanyar siyasa da danne 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki . Sojojin Indiya, Rundunar 'Yan Sanda ta Tsakiya (CRPF), Jami'an Tsaron Iyakoki (BSF) an zarge su kuma ana tuhumar su da laifin cin zarafin bil'adama a kan fararen hular Kashmir . Har ila yau ana zargin kungiyoyin 'yan bindiga da aikata irin wannan laifin, amma mafi yawan cin zarafi sojojin gwamnatin Indiya ne ke aikata su.

Wasu kungiyoyin kare hakki  [1 ya ce fiye da mutane 100,000 sun mutu tun 1989 yayin da alkaluman hukuma daga majiyoyin Indiya suka bayyana alkaluman adadin fararen hula da aka kashe sakamakon tashin hankalin da ya haura 50,000. Indiya ta zargi Sojojin Pakistan da gwamnatinta da ke daukar nauyin 'yan ta'adda da cin zarafin bil'adama a Jammu da Kashmir ta hanyar karya yarjejeniyar tsagaita wuta da kuma ci gaba da kashe fararen hula na Kashmir, da'awar da Pakistan ta yi watsi da ita. wanda ke zargin Sojojin Indiya da keta Layin Gudanarwa . Takardun diflomasiyya da WikiLeaks ya samu sun bayyana cewa kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross ta yi wa jami’an Amurka bayani a Delhi a shekarar 2005 game da azabtarwa daga 2002-2004 da jami’an tsaro suka yi a kan daruruwan fursunonin da ake zargi da alaka da su ko kuma suna da bayanai game da tsageru.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23]

A cikin wani rahoto na 1993, Human Rights Watch ta bayyana cewa jami'an tsaron Indiya sun "ci zarafin fararen hula a yayin gudanar da bincike, azabtarwa da kuma kashe mutanen da ake tsare da su a takaice tare da kashe fararen hula a harin ramuwar gayya"; A cewar rahoton, mayakan sun kuma kai hari kan fararen hula, amma kadan fiye da jami'an tsaro. An yi amfani da fyade akai-akai a matsayin hanyar "hukunci da wulakanta" al'ummomi. Malama Seema Kazi ta ce jihar na amfani da shi a matsayin makamin yaki a kan al'ummar kasar. [24] Wani rahoto da ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka ta fitar a shekara ta 2010 ya bayyana cewa sojojin Indiya a Jammu da Kashmir sun aiwatar da kisan gilla kan fararen hula da kuma wadanda ake zargin 'yan tawaye ne. Rahoton ya kuma bayyana kashe-kashe da cin zarafi da 'yan tada kayar baya da 'yan aware ke aiwatarwa . A shekara ta 2010, alkaluman da aka gabatar wa kwamitin majalisar zartarwa kan harkokin tsaro na gwamnatin Indiya sun nuna cewa a karon farko tun cikin shekarun 1980, adadin fararen hula da ake dangantawa da sojojin Indiya ya haura wanda ake dangantawa da ayyukan 'yan tawaye. Rundunar sojin Indiya ta yi ikirarin cewa kashi 97% na rahotannin cin zarafin dan Adam an same su da cewa "karya ne ko kuma kishi" bisa binciken da sojojin suka yi. Sai dai wani rahoto da ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka ta fitar ya ce, "Hukumomin Indiya suna amfani da dokar ba da iko ta musamman ta rundunar soji (AFSPA) don gujewa rike jami'an tsaronta da alhakin kashe fararen hula a Jammu da Kashmir."

Rikicin 'yan bindiga a cikin shekara ta 1990s, karkashin jagorancin Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front a kan Kashmiri Hindu Pandits ya haifar da hijirar dubban ɗaruruwan daga cikin kwarin Kashmir, waɗanda kafin ƙauransu ya ƙunshi kusan ~ 5% na yawan mutanen kwarin. A cewar Asia Watch, kungiyoyin masu fafutuka sun tilasta wa Hindu mazauna kwarin Kashmir tserewa da zama 'yan gudun hijira a Delhi da Jammu. Manyan wadanda suka aikata laifin sune Jammu & Kashmir Liberation Front da Hizbul Mujahideen . An ci gaba da yin hijira har zuwa lokacin da aka kori akasarin ƴan ta'addar Kashmiri daga cikin kwarin bayan sun sha fama da tashe-tashen hankula da suka haɗa da lalata da mata, kone-kone, gallazawa da kuma kwashe dukiyoyi. [22] Wasu daga cikin shugabannin 'yan aware na Kashmir sun yi watsi da wadannan zarge-zargen. Gwamnatin Indiya na kokarin dawo da 'yan Pandit da suka rasa matsugunansu a yankin Kashmir. A cewar gwamnatin J&K adadin kudin Rs. An kashe crore 71.95 wajen samar da agaji da sauran wurare ga bakin haure na Kashmir da ke zaune a Jammu da sauran sassan a cikin 2007–08, Rs. 70.33 crore a 2008-09 da Rs. 68.59 crore daga shekara ta 2009 har zuwa Janairun shekara ta 2010. [23] Ragowar Pandits na Kashmir na zaune a Jammu, amma yawancinsu sun yi imanin cewa, har sai an daina tashin hankalin, komawa Kashmir ba zabi bane.

Sojojin Indiya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Dubban mutanen Kashmir ne dai aka ruwaito jami'an tsaron Indiya sun ce jami'an tsaron Indiya sun kashe a gidan yari, da aiwatar da hukuncin kisa ba bisa ka'ida ba tare da tilasta bacewarsu sannan an ce jami'an tsaron Indiya na aiwatar da wadannan take hakkin bil'adama ne ba tare da wani hukunci ba. An kashe fararen hula da suka hada da mata da yara a hare-haren "ramuwar gayya" da jami'an tsaron Indiya suka kai. Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na ƙasa da ƙasa, da ma’aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka, sun tattara bayanan cin zarafin bil’adama da suka hada da bacewar mutane, azabtarwa, da kisa ba bisa ka’ida ba a lokacin ayyukan yaki da ta’addanci na Indiya.

Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta bayyana matukar damuwarta kan yawan kashe-kashen da jami'an tsaron Indiya ke yi. [25] Kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama sun kuma zargi jami'an tsaron Indiya da yin amfani da yara kanana sojoji, ko da yake gwamnatin Indiya ta musanta wannan zargi. [note 1] Ya zuwa yanzu sama da mazauna 15,000, da rahotanni suka ce ciki har da matasa, sun shiga wadannan kungiyoyin kare kai. [26]A taron Asiya-Pacific kan amfani da yara a matsayin sojoji a watan Mayun 2000 wakilin gwamnatin jihar Jammu da Kashmir sun musanta shigar yara a cikin VDCs. Ya ce ta yiwu an samu wasu lokuttan samarin samarin da suka dauki makamai domin kare kansu a harin, amma “babu wata manufa ta karfafa gwiwar yara maza su zama mambobin kwamitin tsaro na kauyen . azabtarwa, wanda majiyoyin tsaron Indiya ke amfani da shi sosai, wanda Amnesty International ta bayyana tsananinta da rashin fahimta, ita ce ta haddasa yawan mace-mace a gidan yari.

Jaridar The Telegraph, ta ruwaito rahoton WikiLeaks, ya nakalto kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross ta kasa da kasa (ICRC) cewa jami’an tsaron Indiya na cin zarafin wadanda ake tsare da su tare da duka, da wutar lantarki da kuma yin lalata da su. Wadannan fursunonin ba ’yan tawayen Islama ba ne ko kuma ’yan tada kayar bayan Pakistan, amma farar hula ne, sabanin yadda Indiya ke ci gaba da zargin Pakistan da hannu. Fursunonin sun kasance "suna da alaƙa da ko kuma suna da bayanai game da maharan". A cewar ICRC, 681 daga cikin fursunoni guda 1296 da ta yi hira da su sun yi ikirarin azabtar da su. An ambato jami'an Amurka suna ba da rahoton "binciken ta'addanci da kuma shari'o'in kotu sun dogara ne akan ikirari, yawancinsu ana samun su ne ta tursasa idan ba duka ba, barazana, ko kuma azabtarwa."

Amnesty International ta zargi jami'an tsaro da yin amfani da dokar hana wanzar da iko ta musamman na rundunar soji (AFSPA) da ke ba su damar "riƙe fursunoni ba tare da shari'a ba". Kungiyar ta ce dokar da ta baiwa jami'an tsaro damar tsare mutane har na tsawon shekaru biyu "ba tare da gabatar da tuhume-tuhume ba, da take hakkin fursunoni". Majiyar sojojin ta ci gaba da cewa "duk wani yunkuri na soke AFSPA a Jammu da Kashmir zai yi illa ga tsaron kwarin kuma zai ba da kwarin gwiwa ga 'yan ta'adda."

Tsohon babban hafsan sojin Indiya Janar VK Singh ya yi watsi da zargin cewa ba a dauki matakin ba a lokuta da jami'an Sojoji ke cin zarafin bil'adama. A ranar 24 ga Oktoba, 2010, ya ce an hukunta jami'an soji guda 104 a Jammu da Kashmir dangane da wannan batu, ciki har da jami'ai 39. Ya kuma ce kashi 95 cikin 100 na zarge-zargen cin zarafin bil-Adama da ake yi wa Sojojin Indiya an tabbatar da su karya ne, wanda ya ce da alama an yi su ne da "babban manufar bata wa sojojin kasar zagon kasa". Da yake karin bayani, ya ce: ''Tun daga shekara ta 1994, an samu zarge-zarge 988 kan sojojin a Jammu da Kashmir. A cikin wadannan, an bincika kararraki 965 inda aka gano 940 ba gaskiya ba ne, wanda ya kai kashi 95.2%, ya rage 25 na gaskiya.' Sai dai kuma a cewar ƙungiyar kare Haƙƙin bil adama ta Human Rights Watch, kotunan soji a Indiya gaba daya, an tabbatar da cewa ba su da kwarewa wajen tunkarar wasu munanan laifuka na take hakkin dan Adam kuma suna da alhakin boye shaida da kuma kare jami'an da abin ya shafa. Amnesty International a cikin rahotonta na 2015, mai taken "An ƙaryata" - gazawar da aka samu a Jammu da Kashmir, ta ce, "... dangane da bincike, binciken da wannan hukuma ta gudanar ya haifar da manyan tambayoyi game da batun. 'yancin kai da rashin son kai na wadancan shari'o'in", ya kara da cewa bisa ga dokar kasa da kasa, wata hukuma mai zaman kanta da ba ta da hannu a cikin laifukan da ake zargin dole ne ta binciki irin wadannan laifuka.

A cikin ayoyin da suka biyo baya a ranar 24 ga Satumba, 2013 da Janar VK Singh ya yi, ya ce 'yan siyasar Jammu da Kashmir suna samun tallafi daga ma'aikatar sirri ta Sojoji don kwantar da hankalin jama'a kuma wannan aikin yana nan tun bayan rabuwar.

Sojojin Indiya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Sojojin Indiya na Rajputana Rifles na 4 a ranar 23 ga Fabrairun 1991 sun kaddamar da farmakin neman mayakan a wani kauye Kunan Poshpora, a gundumar Kupwara a Jammu da Kashmir kuma bayan haka ne mazauna yankin suka tuhume su da laifin yi wa mata guda 23 fyaɗe. :490Bayan haka, an rubuta hirarrakin da abin ya shafa da kuma shaidun gani da ido a cikin wani gajeren fim na Tekun Hawaye da aka hana watsawa. Duk da haka, kwamitin Indiya wanda ya jagoranci bincike mai zurfi ya yanke shawarar cewa zarge-zargen "an yi karin gishiri sosai" kuma labarin fyade na Kunan "babban yaudara ne da kungiyoyin 'yan bindiga da masu goyon bayansu da masu ba da shawara a Kashmir da kuma ƙasashen waje suka shirya. dabarun yaƙin tunani da kuma matsayin hanyar shiga don sake rubuta Kashmir kan ajanda ta ƙasa da ƙasa a matsayin batun kare Haƙƙin ɗan adam." Duk da haka, ƙungiyoyin kare Haƙƙin bil'adama ciki har da Human Rights Watch sun ruwaito cewa adadin matan da aka yi wa fyaɗe zai iya kaiwa 100. Sojojin Indiya sun kuma cutar da tsarin kiwon lafiya a cikin kwarin. Manyan asibitocin yankin Kashmir sun fuskanci murkushe tashe-tashen hankula, har ma sojojin kasar sun shiga gidajen wasan kwaikwayo domin neman masu tada kayar baya.

Jami'an tsaron kan iyaka

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A ranar 22 ga Oktoban shekara ta 1993, Bataliya ta 13 ta Jami'an tsaron kan iyaka an zargi ta da harbin kan mai uwa da wabi tare da kashe fararen hula 37 a Bijbehara [27] Adadin wadanda suka mutu da jikkata sun sha banban ta majiya mai tushe. Kungiyar kare hakkin bil adama ta Amnesty International ta ce akalla mutane 51 ne suka mutu sannan wasu 200 suka jikkata a wannan rana.

Gwamnatin Indiya ta gudanar da bincike biyu a hukumance sannan Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Indiya (NHRC) ta gudanar da na uku. A cikin Maris 1994 gwamnati ta tuhumi Rundunar Tsaron Kan iyaka (BSF) da harbi a cikin taron "ba tare da tsokana ba" tare da tuhumar jami'an BSF 13 da kisan kai. [27] A wani lamari da ya faru a Handwara a ranar 25 ga Janairun shekara ta 1990, ƙungiyar guda ta kashe masu zanga-zanga 9.

Rundunar 'yan sanda ta tsakiya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A yayin rikicin mika mulki na Amarnath fiye da masu zanga-zangar 40 da ba su ɗauke da makami jami'an 'yan sanda na Central Reserve sun kashe. An sake maimaita irin wannan al'ada ta ma'aikatan Rundunar 'Yan Sanda ta Tsakiya, a lokacin rikicin Kashmir na 2010, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane 112, ciki har da matasa masu zanga-zangar matasa a lokuta daban-daban.

Ƙungiyar Ayyuka ta Musamman

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An tayar da Ƙungiyar Ayyuka ta Musamman a cikin shekara ta 1994 don yaki da ta'addanci. Rundunar sa kai, wanda ya kunshi 'yan sanda da 'yan sanda daga Jammu da Kashmir' yan sanda . Ana zargin kungiyar da azabtarwa da kuma kisan gilla. Wani babban Sufeto na wannan kungiya da mataimakinsa na daga cikin mutane 11 da aka yankewa hukunci bisa laifin yin arangama ta bogi, wanda ya kashe wani kafinta na yankin, kuma aka yi masa lakabi da ‘yan bindiga domin samun karin girma da kuma karama.

Dokar Sojoji na Musamman, 1958

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A cikin Satumba 1990 an kafa dokar Sojoji (Masu iko na musamman) a Jammu da Kashmir bayan wucewa a majalisar dokokin Indiya don magance tashin hankalin Kashmir . Kungiyar kare hakkin dan Adam ta Amnesty ta yi ikirarin cewa hukumomi na musamman a karkashin (AFSPA) suna ba wa jami'an tsaro kariya daga zargin cin zarafi da aka yi, [28] tare da yin Allah wadai da shi. Babban jami'in kare hakkin bil'adama na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Navanethem Pillay ya bukaci Indiya da ta soke AFSPA kuma ta binciki bacewar Kashmir.

Kisan kiyashi

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Kisan Gawakadal : A ranar 21 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1990, sojojin CRPF sun kashe fararen hula 51 a lokacin zanga-zangar nuna adawa da farmakin farko da sojojin CRPF suka yi na kame da cin zarafin mata. [29]

A shekara ta 2010 an ba da rahoton bacewar wasu mutane uku daga cikin wadannan rahotannin da suka bace an kashe wasu mutane 3 da suka yi ikirarin cewa mayakan ne a wani artabu da aka yi da sojojin kuma sun ce sun gano kudin Pakistan a cikin wadanda suka mutu. Daga nan ne aka dakatar da Manjo kuma wani babban soja daga mukaminsa. A shekara ta 2011, 'yan sandan Kashmir sun tuhumi wani jami'in 'yan sanda na musamman da wani sojan Indiya Jawan bisa laifin kisan wani farar hula da su biyun suka kashe a wata ganawa da suka yi da cewa shi babban dan gwagwarmayar Lashkar-e-Taiba ne.

An yi Allah-wadai da tashin hankalin da ake yi wa Pandits na Kashmir kuma an yi masa lakabi da tsarkake kabilanci a cikin kudurin 2006 da Majalisar Dokokin Amurka ta zartar. An bayyana cewa, a shekarar 1989 ne mahara suka kutsa kai cikin yankin inda suka fara wani gangamin kawar da kabilanci domin mayar da yankin Kashmir zuwa kasar musulmi. Dangane da haka, yawan mutanen Kashmir Pandits a Kashmir sun ragu daga 400,000 a 1989 zuwa 4,000 a 2011. Masanin tarihi Mrdu Rai ya ce irin wannan adadi mai yawa ba sahihanci ne saboda jimlar Pandit na Kashmir ya kasance 160,000 zuwa 170,000 ne kawai a lokacin tafiyarsu. [1][2][3][4][5][30][7][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][16][18][39][20][40][22][23]

Hukumar leken asiri ta CIA ta sanar da cewa kusan mutane 506,000 ne, kusan rabinsu Pandit Hindu ne suka rasa matsugunansu sakamakon rikicin. Hukumar kare hakkin dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi rahoton cewa akwai kusan 1.5 Miliyoyin 'yan gudun hijira daga yankin Kashmir da ke karkashin ikon Indiya, yawancinsu sun isa Pakistan ne a yankin Kashmir da Pakistan bayan da lamarin ya yi kamari a bangaren Indiya a rikicin 1989.

Bayan 1989, Kashmiri Pandits da sauran tsirarun kungiyoyin a Jammu da Kashmir sun kasance hare-hare na abubuwan jihadi wanda Indiya ta zarge su kuma ta zargi Hukumar leken asiri ta Inter-Services . Kashmir Pandits, al'ummar Hindu Brahmins, sannan wanda ya ƙunshi kashi 5% na al'ummar jihar sune farkon hare-haren masu fafutukar Islama, waɗanda kuma suka nemi kawar da rikodin Kashmir na shekaru 5000 na al'adun Hindu Sanskrit da malanta tare da masu haƙuri. al'adu daban-daban na 'yan asalin da ake kira Kashmiriyat . Kimanin 'yan bindigar Kashmir 170,000 ne aka kiyasta sun tsere daga jihar saboda hare-haren da kungiyoyin 'yan bindiga suka yi musu. A cikin 1989, hare-haren da ake kaiwa Pandits ya ta'azzara kuma 'yan sandan musulmi suka zaba, suka yi musu fyade, azabtarwa da kashe Pandit na Kashmir, sun kona haikalinsu, gumakansu da littattafai masu tsarki. ‘Yan fashin sun gudu da jama’a daga jihar bayan da ‘yan bindiga suka kona gidajensu tare da lalata masu zane-zane da sassakakensu. [41]

A watan Agustan shekara ta 2000, ƙungiyoyin tsageru sun kashe mahajjata Hindu 30 a wani abin da aka fi sani da kisan kiyashin da aka yi na hajjin Amarnath na shekara ta 2000 . [42] Gwamnatin Indiya ta zargi Lashkar-e-Taiba da laifin kisan. BBC ta rubuta cewa "daruruwan ma'aikatan Hindu sun bar kwarin Kashmir" a watan Agustan 2000 saboda kashe-kashen da aka yi wa ma'aikatan Hindu. [42]

Sauran tsiraru irin su Sikh na Kashmir su ma an kai hari. A cewar Chitkara, kisan da aka yi wa mabiya addinin Sikh a kusa da Anantnag a shekara ta 2001, da mayakan Jihadi suka yi, na da nufin kawar da kabilanci ne. 'Yan Hindu sun yi hijira daga mafi yawan kwarin Kashmir, 'yan Sikh wadanda ke da kaso kadan za a iya tilasta musu yin hijira sakamakon irin wadannan kashe-kashe. Gwamnatin Indiya ta zargi kungiyar Lashkar-e-Taiba da laifin kisan kiyashin da aka yi a Chittisinghpura, wanda ya kashe mabiya addinin Sikh 36 a lokacin ziyarar Clinton a Indiya. A cikin 2010, abokin Lashkar-e-Taiba (LeT) David Headley, wanda aka kama shi da hannu a harin Mumbai na 2008, ya shaida wa Hukumar Bincike ta Kasa cewa LeT ta yi kisan kiyashin Chittisinghpura. [43]

Duba kuma

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  • Sayyid Ali Shah Geelani
  • Cin zarafin dan Adam a Azad Kashmir
  • Hakkin Dan Adam a Indiya
  • Taron Hurriyat
  • Rikicin Kashmir
  • Pakistan da ta'addancin da gwamnati ke daukar nauyinta
  • Baba II
  • Hakkokin mata a Jammu da Kashmir

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "23 years on, Kashmiri Pandits remain refugees in their own nation". Rediff News. Retrieved 15 September 2012.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Hindwan, Sudhir (1998). Verma, Bharat (ed.). "Policing the police". Indian Defence Review. 13 (2): 95. ISSN 0970-2512.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Hartjen, Clayton; S. Priyadarsini (2011). The Global Victimization of Children: Problems and Solutions (2012 ed.). Springer. p. 106. ISBN 978-1-4614-2178-8.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Document – India: Jammu/Kashmir government should implement human rights program". Amnesty International. 27 October 2002. Retrieved 2012-10-01.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Kazi, Seema. Gender and Militarization in Kashmir. Oxford Islamic Studies Online. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2019-12-13. Retrieved 2022-03-17. Sordid and gruesome as the millitant record of violence against Kashmiri women and civilians is, it does not compare with the scale and depth of abuse by Indian State forces for which justice has yet to be done.
  6. ↑ "40,000 people killed in Kashmir: India". The Express Tribune.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 "India: Act on UN Rights Report on Kashmir". 14 June 2018.
  8. ↑ "Pakistan Violated Ceasefire in Jammu And Kashmir 685 Times in 8 Months". HuffPost. 24 February 2015. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
  9. ↑ "Kashmir: India says eight civilians injured in Pakistan firing". BBC. 25 October 2013. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
  10. ↑ "1 killed, 9 injured as Pakistan trains guns on civilians". The Hindu. 3 January 2015. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
  11. ↑ "Pakistan continues to violate ceasefire, kills 5 civilians". Hindustan Times. 7 October 2014. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
  12. ↑ "Pakistan violates ceasefire yet again; 2 civilians killed in J&K". The Times of India. 23 August 2014. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
  13. ↑ "LoC violation: Indian forces target Harpal sector in Sialkot". Dunya News. 7 October 2014. Retrieved 10 May 2015.
  14. ↑ Burke, Jason (16 December 2010). "WikiLeaks cables: India accused of systematic use of torture in Kashmir". The Guardian. London.
  15. ↑ "US embassy cables: Red Cross clashes with India over treatment of detainees". The Guardian. 16 December 2010. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 "Rape in Kashmir: A Crime of War" (PDF). Human Rights Watch. 1993. Retrieved 21 July 2012.
  17. ↑ Kazi, Seema. Between democracy and nation: Gender and militarisation in Kashmir. Diss. London School of Economics and Political Science (United Kingdom), 2008.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 "2010 Human Rights Reports: India". State.gov. Retrieved 2012-03-10.
  19. ↑ "For the first time, security men kill more civilians than terrorists in J&K". The Times of India. 7 September 2010. Archived from the original on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 29 June 2012.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 "Why Kashmiris want the hated AFSPA to go". Daily News Analysis. Retrieved 15 September 2012.
  21. ↑ "India uses AFSPA to obscure civilian killings in Kashmir: US Report". greaterkashmir.com. Retrieved 2016-04-15.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 Tolley, Howard B., Jr. (2009), "Kashmir", in David P Forsythe (ed.), Encyclopedia of Human Rights, Volume 3, New York: Oxford University Press, p. 306, ISBN 978-0-19-533402-9, retrieved 23 September 2012
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 Bukhari, Shujaat (2010-03-23). "219 Kashmiri Pandits killed by militants since 1989". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2019-07-10.
  24. ↑ Kazi, Seema. Between democracy and nation: Gender and militarisation in Kashmir. Diss. London School of Economics and Political Science (United Kingdom), 2008.
  25. ↑ Report of the Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary and arbitrary executions, E/CN.4/1994/7, paragraph 327
  26. ↑ ("Jammu & Kashmir: the new vigilantes: despite lack of proper training and sophisticated arms, Village Defence Committees are proving invaluable in the fight against militancy in the state", India Today, 11 October 1999.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Siddharth Varadarajan and Manoj Joshi, BSF record: Guilty are seldom punished The Times of India, India, 21 April 2002
  28. ↑ "Crisis in Kashmir" Archived 2011-01-11 at the Wayback Machine Council on Foreign Relations retrieved 11 September 2012
  29. ↑ Wani, Arif Shafi (20 January 2014). "Gaw Kadal massacre: Lone survivor recounts CRPF terror". Greater Kashmir.
  30. ↑ "40,000 people killed in Kashmir: India". The Express Tribune.
  31. ↑ "Pakistan Violated Ceasefire in Jammu And Kashmir 685 Times in 8 Months". HuffPost. 24 February 2015. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
  32. ↑ "Kashmir: India says eight civilians injured in Pakistan firing". BBC. 25 October 2013. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
  33. ↑ "1 killed, 9 injured as Pakistan trains guns on civilians". The Hindu. 3 January 2015. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
  34. ↑ "Pakistan continues to violate ceasefire, kills 5 civilians". Hindustan Times. 7 October 2014. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
  35. ↑ "Pakistan violates ceasefire yet again; 2 civilians killed in J&K". The Times of India. 23 August 2014. Retrieved 6 April 2015.
  36. ↑ "LoC violation: Indian forces target Harpal sector in Sialkot". Dunya News. 7 October 2014. Retrieved 10 May 2015.
  37. ↑ Burke, Jason (16 December 2010). "WikiLeaks cables: India accused of systematic use of torture in Kashmir". The Guardian. London.
  38. ↑ "US embassy cables: Red Cross clashes with India over treatment of detainees". The Guardian. 16 December 2010. Retrieved 6 December 2014.
  39. ↑ "For the first time, security men kill more civilians than terrorists in J&K". The Times of India. 7 September 2010. Archived from the original on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 29 June 2012.
  40. ↑ "India uses AFSPA to obscure civilian killings in Kashmir: US Report". greaterkashmir.com. Retrieved 2016-04-15.
  41. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Knuth2006
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 Amarnath pilgrimage resumes, BBC, 2000-08-04
  43. ↑ Lashkar behind Sikh massacre in Kashmir in 2000, says Headley. Hindustan Times. 25 October 2010.

Sources

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