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Cowpox

Daga Wikipedia, Insakulofidiya ta kyauta.
Cowpox
Description (en) Fassara
Iri Poxviridae infectious disease (en) Fassara, viral infectious disease (en) Fassara, Zoonosis
cuta
Specialty (en) Fassara infectious diseases (en) Fassara
veterinary medicine (en) Fassara
Sanadi cowpox virus (en) Fassara
Symptoms and signs (en) Fassara vesicle (en) Fassara
low-grade fever (en) Fassara
Disease transmission process (en) Fassara contact transmission (en) Fassara
Physical examination (en) Fassara physical examination (en) Fassara
Identifier (en) Fassara
ICD-10-CM B08.010
ICD-9-CM 051.01
MeSH D015605
Disease Ontology ID DOID:8956

Cowpx cuta ce mai saurin kamuwa da cutar sankarau (CPXV). [1] Yana gabatar da manyan blisters a cikin fata, zazzaɓi da kumburin gland, a tarihi yawanci biyo bayan hulɗa da saniya mai cutar, kodayake a cikin shekaru da yawa da suka gabata sau da yawa (ko da yake gabaɗaya da wuya) daga kuliyoyi masu kamuwa da cuta.[2] Hannu da fuska ana yawan shafa su kuma aibobi gabaɗaya suna da zafi sosai.[3]

Kwayar cutar, wani ɓangare na kwayar cutar Orthopoxvirus, yana da alaka da kwayar cutar alurar riga kafi . Kwayar cutar zoonotic, ma'ana cewa ana iya canjawa wuri tsakanin nau'in, kamar daga cat zuwa mutum. An fara jigilar cutar a cikin ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya waɗanda suka taɓa nono na shanun da suka kamu da cutar kuma sakamakon haka sun sami ƙuruciyar sa hannu a hannunsu. [4] An fi samun Cowpx a cikin dabbobin da ba na dabbobi ba, kamar rodents. Cowpx yana kama da, amma ya fi sauƙi fiye da, cutar ƙanƙara mai saurin yaduwa kuma galibi mai saurin kisa. [4] Kamanta ya yi kama da ƙananan nau'in ƙwayar cuta da kuma lura da cewa manoman kiwo[5] ba su da kariya daga cutar sankarau ya ƙarfafa maganin ƙwayar cuta ta zamani, wanda likitan Ingila Edward Jenner ya ƙirƙira kuma ya gudanar.[6]

Jenner ya ba da bayanin farko na saniya a cikin 1798. [7] " Alurar riga kafi " an samo shi daga sifa na Latin, ma'ana "na ko daga saniya".[8] Da zarar an yi masa alurar riga kafi, majiyyaci yana samar da ƙwayoyin rigakafi waɗanda ke sa su yin rigakafi daga cutar sankarau, amma kuma suna haɓaka rigakafi ga ƙwayar cuta, ko cutar Variola . Alurar riga-kafin saniya da daga baya sun sami nasara sosai har a shekara ta 1980, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta sanar da cewa cutar sankarau ita ce cuta ta farko da aka kawar da ita ta hanyar yin allurar rigakafi a duniya.[8] Sauran ƙwayoyin cuta na orthopox suna ci gaba da yaduwa a wasu al'ummomi kuma suna ci gaba da kamuwa da mutane, kamar kwayar cutar sankara a Turai da kwayar cutar kyandar biri a Tsakiya da Yammacin Afirka.[ana buƙatar hujja]

Amfani da likita

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Abubuwan da ke faruwa a dabi'a na saniya ba su zama gama gari ba, amma an gano cewa ana iya "dauke" maganin a cikin mutane kuma a sake haifuwa da yadawa daga mutum zuwa mutum. Asalin maganin alurar riga kafi na Jenner yayi amfani da ƙwayar lymph daga maƙarƙashiyar saniya akan wata mai shayarwa, kuma allurar "hannu-zuwa-hannu" na gaba sun yi amfani da ƙa'ida ɗaya. Yayin da wannan canjin ruwan ɗan adam ya zo da nasa rikice-rikice, hanya mafi aminci ta samar da rigakafin an fara gabatar da ita a Italiya. Sabuwar hanyar ta yi amfani da shanu wajen kera maganin ta hanyar yin amfani da tsarin da ake kira "retrovaccination", inda aka yiwa wata karsana da kwayar cutar saniyar saniyar ware, kuma an bi ta daga maraƙi zuwa maraƙi don samar da adadi mai yawa cikin inganci da aminci. Wannan sai ya kai ga shiga cikin jiki na gaba, "alurar rigakafin dabba ta gaskiya", wacce ta yi amfani da wannan tsari amma ta fara da kwayar cutar sankara wacce ke faruwa ta dabi'a, ba nau'in mutum ba.[ana buƙatar hujja]

Wannan hanyar samar da ita ta kasance mai fa'ida kuma 'yan kasuwa da yawa sun yi amfani da ita don buƙatar 'yan maruƙa da ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta daga saniya mai cutar don kera ɗanyen nau'in rigakafin. WF Elgin na Cibiyar Kula da Alurar riga kafi ta ƙasa ya gabatar da ingantaccen dabararsa ga Taron Jiha da Hukumomin Lafiya na Larduna na Arewacin Amurka. Maraƙin da ba shi da tarin fuka, wanda aka aske ciki, za a ɗaure shi a kan tebur ɗin aiki, inda za a yi masa yanka a kasan jikinsa. Glycerinated Lymph daga maraƙi da aka riga an yi masa allura ya bazu tare da yanke. Bayan 'yan kwanaki, yankewar za ta bushe ko ta bushe. An yi laushi da ɓawon burodi da ruwa mai haifuwa kuma an haɗe shi da glycerin, wanda ya lalata shi, sannan a adana shi ta hanyar hermetically a cikin bututun capillary don amfani daga baya.[ana buƙatar hujja]

A wani lokaci, kwayar cutar da ake amfani da ita ba ta zama saniya ba, amma alurar riga kafi. Masana kimiyya ba su tantance daidai lokacin da canji ko maye gurbi ya faru ba, amma illar alurar riga kafi da ƙwayar cuta ta saniya a matsayin allurar kusan iri ɗaya ne.[9]

Ana samun kwayar cutar a Turai, kuma galibi a Burtaniya . Laifukan ɗan adam a yau suna da wuya sosai kuma galibi ana yin kwangila daga kuliyoyi na gida. Ba a yawan samun kwayar cutar a cikin shanu ; rundunonin tafki don kamuwa da kwayar cutar rodents ne na daji, musamman voles . Daga waɗannan rodents, kuliyoyi na gida suna yin kwangila kuma suna watsa kwayar cutar ga mutane. [10] Alamomin kuliyoyi sun haɗa da raunuka a fuska, wuya, gaba da ƙafafu da tafin hannu, da cututtukan da ba a saba gani ba.[11] Alamomin kamuwa da cutar sankarau a cikin mutane suna cikin gida, raunukan da ake samu gabaɗaya a hannaye kuma iyakance ga wurin gabatarwa. [12] Lokacin shiryawa shine kwanaki 9 zuwa 10.[ana buƙatar hujja]Kwayar a ƙarshen lokacin rani da kaka.[ana buƙatar hujja]

Asalin

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Cowpox (variola vaccina) pustules a kan nono saniya

Ganowa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin shekaru daga 1770 zuwa 1790, aƙalla mutane shida da suka yi hulɗa da saniya sun gwada yiwuwar yin amfani da maganin saniya a matsayin rigakafi ga ɗan adam. Daga cikinsu akwai Baturen manomi Benjamin Jesty, a Dorset a 1774 da kuma malamin Jamus Peter Plett a 1791. [13] Jesty ya yiwa matarsa da ’ya’yansa maza guda biyu maganin saniya, a kokarin da ya yi na yi musu rigakafin cutar sankarau, wadda ta bulla a garinsu. Marassa lafiyarsa waɗanda suka kamu da cutar kuma suka warke daga irin wannan cutar sankarar mama (mafi yawan masu shayarwa), sun kasance kamar ba su da rigakafi ba kawai ga ƙarin cututtukan saniya ba, har ma da ƙanƙara. Ta hanyar zazzage ruwan daga raunukan sankarau zuwa fatar mutane masu lafiya, ya sami damar yi wa mutanen rigakafin cutar sankarau. [14]

An ba da rahoton cewa, manoma da mutanen da ke aiki akai-akai da shanu da dawakai sun kasance suna tsira a lokacin barkewar cutar sankarau. Binciken da sojojin Burtaniya suka yi a shekara ta 1790 ya nuna cewa sojojin da ke hawan doki ba su da cutar sankarau fiye da na jarirai, saboda yiwuwar kamuwa da kwayar cutar doki mai kama da ita ( Variola equina ). A farkon karni na 19, an yiwa mutane sama da 100,000 a Biritaniya allurar rigakafi. Hakanan an yi amfani da hanyar hannu-da-hannu na canja wurin allurar saniya don rarraba maganin Jenner a cikin Daular Spain. ‘Yar Sarkin Spain Charles IV ta kamu da cutar sankarau a shekara ta 1798, kuma bayan ta warke, sai ya shirya a yi wa sauran danginsa allurar rigakafi. [15]

A cikin 1803, sarki, wanda ya gamsu da fa'idodin rigakafin, ya umarci likitan kansa Francis Xavier de Balmis, da ya kai shi ga mamayar Spain a Arewa da Kudancin Amurka. Don kula da rigakafin a cikin yanayin da ake da shi a lokacin tafiyar, likitan ya dauki yara maza 22 da ba su taba samun saniya ko ƙananan yara ba, masu shekaru uku zuwa tara, daga gidajen marayu na Spain. A lokacin balaguron balaguron ƙetaren Atlantika, de Balmis ya yi wa marayun allurar rigakafi a cikin sarkar rayuwa. An yi wa yara biyu allurar nan da nan kafin a tashi, kuma lokacin da pustules na saniya ya bayyana a hannunsu, an yi amfani da kayan daga waɗannan raunukan don yi wa wasu yara biyu allurar.[16]

A shekara ta 1796, wani likitan likitancin Ingila Edward Jenner ya gwada ka'idar cewa saniya na iya kare mutum daga kamuwa da cutar sankarau. An dade ana ta cece-kuce game da asalin maganin alurar riga kafi na Jenner, har sai bayanan jerin DNA sun nuna kamanceceniya tsakanin ƙwayoyin cuta na horsepox da cowpx. Jenner ya lura cewa farriers wani lokacin nonon shanu da kuma cewa abu daga equine cuta iya haifar da vesicular cuta a cikin saniya wanda aka samu variolae vaccine. Lissafi na yau da kullun suna ba da goyan baya ga hasashen Jenner cewa mai yiwuwa rigakafin ya samo asali ne a matsayin cutar equine da ake kira "maiko". [17] Ko da yake saniya ta samo asali ne daga nono na shanu, Jenner ya ɗauki samfurinsa daga wata mai shayarwa, Sarah Nelmes.[ana buƙatar hujja]

Jenner ya fitar da mugunyar daya daga cikin raunukan da cowpox ya haifar a kan Nelmes zuwa James Phipps, wani yaro dan shekara takwas wanda bai taba samun kananan yara ba. Daga karshe ya sami scab da zazzabi wanda za'a iya magance shi. Kusan makonni shida bayan haka, Jenner ya gabatar da wani samfurin ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta a cikin Phipps don gwada ka'idar. Bayan an lura da shi na tsawon lokaci, an rubuta cewa Phipps bai sami amsa daga gare ta ba. Ko da yake Jenner ba shine mutum na farko da ya fara tunanin kare saniya daga kwayar cutar sankara ba, gwajinsa ya tabbatar da ka'idar.

A cikin shekarun baya, Jenner ya yada gwajin, inda ya kira shi maganin alurar riga kafi daga Latin don saniya, vacca . Yawan allurar rigakafi a tsakanin mutanen zamanin ya karu sosai. An yi la'akari da shi a matsayin hanya mafi aminci idan aka kwatanta da na yau da kullun . Ko da yake Jenner ya saurara cikin tabo daga shaharar rigakafin, ya fi mai da hankali kan kimiyyar da ya sa cutar sankara ta ƙyale mutane su kamu da cutar sankarau. Girmama ga gano maganin alurar riga kafi sau da yawa ana danganta shi ga Benjamin Jesty, amma shi ba masanin kimiyya ba ne kuma bai sake maimaita ko buga bincikensa ba. Ana ganin shi ne na farko da ya fara amfani da cutar sankarau a matsayin maganin rigakafi, kodayake kalmar rigakafin ba a ƙirƙira ba tukuna.[ana buƙatar hujja]

Yayin da ake tsakiyar barkewar cutar sankarau, Jesty ya tura guntun nonon saniya da ya san sun kamu da cutar sankarau zuwa cikin fatar danginsa da fatan kare su. Jesty bai bayyana sakamakon bincikensa ba, kuma Jenner, wanda ya yi allurar rigakafinsa na farko shekaru 22 bayan haka kuma ya ba da sanarwar bincikensa, ya ɗauki daraja. An ce Jenner ya yi wannan binciken ne da kansa, watakila ba tare da sanin bayanan da suka gabata shekaru 20 da suka shige ba. Ko da yake Jesty na iya zama farkon wanda ya fara gano shi, Jenner ya ba da damar yin allurar rigakafi don haka an ba da lamuni don ƙirƙira ta.[18]

Zagayowar rayuwa

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Kwayoyin halittar CPXV sun wuce 220kbp. Wannan ya sa ya zama mafi girma a cikin kwayoyin halitta a cikin nau'in Orthopoxviral. Ana iya raba shi zuwa yankuna uku daban-daban. Akwai yankuna biyu na ƙarshe da ake kira R1 da R2 da babban yanki na tsakiya wanda ke kusan rabin girman kwayar halitta. Har ila yau, akwai jujjuyawar tashoshi masu maimaitawa waɗanda ke a wuraren da ke kusa da genome kuma suna auna kusan 10kbp. Wadannan jujjuyawar tasha za a iya raba su zuwa wasu fitattun yankuna biyu. Sashi na farko yana kusa da 7.5kbp tsayi kuma ya haɗa da yankin coding. Sauran ɓangaren ya haɗa da yanki mai iyaka wanda za a iya maimaita shi har sau talatin kuma ya ƙunshi 50 nucleotides. [19] Kwayoyin halittar jini na CPXV ya ƙunshi kawai 30-40% na samfuran waɗanda ke da hannu a cikin cututtukan ƙwayoyin cuta. [20] Kwayoyin halittar CPXV suna da mafi cikakken tsarin kwayoyin halitta daga dukkan ƙwayoyin cuta na orthopox. Wannan siffa ta musamman ta CPXV ta sa ya dace a sami damar canzawa zuwa nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta daban-daban. [21] Kwayar DNA ce mai ɗaure biyu. Kwayar cutar tana da ambulan da ke kewaye da virion. [22] Kwayoyin halittar saniya na ba da damar ƙwayar cuta ta ɓoye na'urorin rubutun nata tare da na'urar kwafi na DNA. Sa'an nan kuma maimaitawa yana faruwa a cikin cytoplasm bayan kwayar cutar ta kasance a cikin tantanin halitta kuma ba a rufe virion ba. Sa'an nan kuma an tattara virion kuma a sake shi daga tantanin halitta. [23]

An tsara kwayoyin halitta ta yadda duka biyun iyakar sun ƙunshi kwayoyin halittar da ke da alhakin gujewa kariya daga tsarin rigakafi na rundunar wanda kawai ake kunna shi a cikin ɓangaren extracellular. Ana iya dakatar da waɗannan masu karɓa ta hanyar cytokine da ɓoyewar chemokine ta hanyar toshe cytokine da chemokine da aka samu a waje. Wannan shine tsarin da ke da alhakin haɗawa da shigar da virion a cikin tantanin halitta. [24] Saboda girman nau'in kwayar halitta, yana sa kwayar cutar ta fi dacewa kuma tana iya yin yaki da garkuwar garkuwar jiki. Daga cikin dukan poxviruses, CPXV yana da mafi yawan martanin cytokine wanda ke yaki da tsarin rigakafi. Yana ɓoye masu karɓar cytokine kamar TNF, CrmB, CrmC, CrmD, da kuma sunadaran CrmE. Wani saitin masu karɓa waɗanda CPXV ke da su sune lymphotoxins kamar IL-1ß, IFN-y, IFN 1, β-chemokines, da IL-18. Duk da haka, ba duk masu karɓa na CPXV ba har yanzu ba a san su ba. CPXV kuma ya ƙunshi abubuwan da ke haifar da necrosis guda huɗu (TNF) da lymphotoxin waɗanda sune babban rukuni na masu karɓar homologous don ƙwayar cuta. Waɗannan masu karɓa suna taka muhimmiyar rawa waɗanda ke da alaƙa da tsarin rigakafi. [25]

CPXV yana da nau'ikan jikin haɗawa iri biyu daban-daban. Dukkan poxviruses suna da basophilic inclusions wanda ake kira jikin hada nau'in B. Jikunan hada nau'in B sun ƙunshi masana'anta inda ƙwayoyin cuta ke samar da abubuwan da suka dace don haɓakawa da girma na virion. CPXV yana da wani jiki mai haɗawa wanda ya keɓanta ga wasu ƙwayoyin cuta na chordopox kawai da ake kira jikin haɗakar da acidophilic wanda ake kira Jikin Inclusion A-type (ATIs). ATIs ana sanya su ne ta hanyar kwayar halittar cpxv158 sannan an sanya su sunadarin ATIP wanda shine marigayi protein. Duk da haka, mahimmancin waɗannan ATIs a cikin tsarin rayuwa har yanzu ba a san ko fahimtar su ba kuma ana ci gaba da bincike don fahimtar su. An san cewa kwafi na iya ci gaba ba tare da kwayar halittar cpxv158 ba, kuma sake zagayowar ta nuna babu bambanci tsakanin cikakkiyar ɓoyayyiyar virion da virion wanda ya share gene cwpx158. Koyaya, tare da binciken da aka yi akan berayen, raunukan da CPXV-BR△ati suka haifar sun sami damar warkewa da sauri saboda ƙarancin nama wanda ya ɓace fiye da raunin CPXV-BR wanda ya ɗauki tsawon lokaci don warkewa kuma ya rasa ƙarin nama. Wannan yana nuna cewa wannan kwayar halitta tana taimakawa wajen goyan bayan ra'ayin cewa ATIs suna da hannu a cikin yadda mai watsa shiri ke amsa kamuwa da cutar. [26]

Wata hanyar da kwayar cutar ke iya sarrafawa da cutar da mai gida ita ce ta tsara hanyoyin siginar salula. Yayin kamuwa da cuta, an san CPXV don amfani da MEK/ERK/1/2/Egr-1, JNK1/2, da PI3K/Akt hanyoyin. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan hanyoyin ba su keɓanta ga CPXV kawai ba, amma yadda suke aiki don mayar da martani ga mai watsa shiri ya keɓanta da wannan ƙwayar cuta. [27]

Ɗayan sanannen furotin a cikin CCPXV shine furotin p28. Ya ƙunshi amino acid 242 kuma ya ƙunshi yankuna biyu, da N tasha KilA-N da yankin C-terminal RING. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗancan wuraren, yankin N-terminal KilA-N, yana ba da damar DNA don ɗaure shi. Yankin KilA-N yana sauƙaƙe wannan furotin na p28 wanda aka fassara da wuri a cikin sake maimaitawa a cikin cytoplasm sannan kuma yana cikin cytoplasm na sauran yanayin rayuwar kwayar cutar. Akwai bincike na yanzu da ake yi don sanin ko furotin p28 zai iya zama lada don wani muhimmin macrophage factor wanda ake buƙata don kwafin DNA. [28]

Adawa ga allurar rigakafi

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Mafi yawan jama'a a lokacin sun yarda da allurar rigakafi mai zuwa. Duk da haka, har yanzu akwai adawa daga daidaikun mutane waɗanda ba su son canzawa daga allurar. Bugu da kari, an sami karuwar damuwa daga bangarorin da suka damu game da illolin da ba a san su ba na kamuwa da cutar dabbobi. Hanya ɗaya da mutane ke nuna rashin jin daɗinsu ita ce zana wasan ban dariya waɗanda wasu lokuta ke nuna ƙananan shanu suna girma daga wuraren da ake yin rigakafin. Wasu kuma sun ba da shawarar a ci gaba da yin alluran a bainar jama'a; duk da haka, wannan ba saboda rashin gamsuwarsu ga allurar ba. Wasu rashin son nasu na da nasaba da fargabar canji. Sun saba da tsari, sakamako, sakamako mai kyau, da munanan alluran wanda ba sa so su yi mamakin sakamako ko illar allurar. Jenner ba da daɗewa ba ya kwantar da hankalinsu bayan gwaji mai yawa. Duk da haka, wasu sun ba da shawarar hana alluran rigakafi saboda dalilai daban-daban. Saboda tsadar allurar rigakafi, Jenner ya sami 'yan kaɗan na gama gari waɗanda ba sa son karɓar maganin. Saboda wannan, Jenner ya sami batutuwa da yawa don gwaje-gwajensa. Ya sami damar buga sakamakonsa a cikin ƙasida a cikin 1798: Bincike kan Dalilai da Tasirin Vaccinae Vaccinae, Cuta, An Gano a wasu Lardunan Yammacin Ingila musamman Gloucestershire, kuma an san shi da Sunan Cow Pox.[29][30]

Amfanin tarihi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A cikin Cow-Pock-ko-Kyawawan Tasirin Sabbin Inoculation! (1802), James Gillray ya ja hankalin masu karɓar maganin alurar riga kafi waɗanda ke haɓaka abubuwan haɗin gwiwa kamar saniya.

Bayan yin allurar rigakafi, yin amfani da kwayar cutar sankarau ya zama babban abin kariya daga cutar sankarau. Bayan kamuwa da cutar sankarau, jiki (yawanci) yana samun ikon gane irin wannan ƙwayar cuta ta ƙanƙara daga antigens kuma yana iya yaƙar cutar sankara da kyau sosai.[ana buƙatar hujja]

Kwayar cutar sankara ta ƙunshi nau'i-nau'i na DNA dubu 222, wanda ya ƙunshi bayanan kusan 203-204. Wannan ya sa saniya ta zama ɗaya daga cikin ƙwayoyin cuta mafi rikitarwa. Wani adadi mai yawa na waɗannan kwayoyin halitta suna ba da umarni ga mahimman sassan tsarin garkuwar jikin ɗan adam, suna ba da ma'anar dalilin da yasa ƙananan ƙwayar cuta ke da alaƙa da mutuwa.[31] Kwayar cutar alurar riga kafi da ake amfani da ita a yanzu don rigakafin cutar sankarau ta sha bamban da kwayar cutar sankara da ake samu a cikin daji domin a dauke ta a matsayin kwayar cuta daban. [32]

Majalisar Burtaniya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Yayin da shaharar allurar ta karu sosai, haka ma darajar kudinta ta karu. Majalisar dokokin Biritaniya ta cimma hakan, wacce ta biya Jenner fam 10,000 na allurar. Bugu da kari, daga baya sun biya Jenner karin fam 20,000. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, Jenner ya ci gaba da ba da shawarwari game da allurar rigakafin da har yanzu ya fi shahara. Daga ƙarshe, a cikin 1840, an hana yin allurar a Ingila kuma an maye gurbinsa da maganin alurar riga kafi a matsayin babban maganin likita don yaƙar ƙwayar cuta. Alurar riga kafi na saniya ya ceci Sojojin Burtaniya dubban sojoji, ta hanyar ba su kariya daga cutar sankarau a yaƙe-yaƙe masu zuwa. Cutar sankara ta kuma ceci Burtaniya dubban fam. [33]

Kinepox

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kinepox shine madadin maganin alurar riga kafi da aka yi amfani da shi a farkon karni na 19 na Amurka. Jenner wanda Jenner ya shahara a ƙarshen 1790s, kinepox wata hanya ce mafi aminci don inoculating mutane a kan ƙanƙara fiye da hanyar da ta gabata, bambance bambancen, wanda ke da adadin 3% na mutuwa.[ana buƙatar hujja]

A cikin wata sanannen wasiƙa zuwa Meriwether Lewis a 1803, Thomas Jefferson ya umurci Lewis da Clark Expedition don "dauke muku wani al'amari na kine-pox. ; & ƙarfafa su a cikin amfani da shi..." [34] Jefferson ya ci gaba da sha'awar kare Indiyawan Amurka daga cutar sankarau, saboda yana sane da annoba a gefen kogin Missouri a cikin karni na baya. Shekara guda kafin umarninsa na musamman ga Lewis, Jefferson ya rinjayi tawagar masu ziyara na shugabannin Indiyawan Arewacin Amirka don a yi musu rigakafin kinepox a lokacin hunturu na 1801-1802. Abin takaici, Lewis bai taba samun damar yin amfani da kinepox ba a lokacin balaguron biyu, saboda ya zama ba da gangan ba - abin da ya faru na yau da kullum a cikin lokaci kafin a tabbatar da maganin alurar rigakafi tare da masu kiyayewa irin su glycerol ko kuma a ajiye su a yanayin sanyi.[ana buƙatar hujja]

Rigakafi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A yau, ana samun kwayar cutar a Turai, galibi a Burtaniya. Abubuwan da ke faruwa na ɗan adam ba su da yawa (ko da yake a cikin 2010 wani ma'aikacin dakin gwaje-gwaje ya kamu da cutar sankarau [35] ) kuma galibi ana kamuwa da shi daga kuliyoyi na gida . Cututtukan ɗan adam yawanci suna zama a cikin gida kuma suna iyakance kansu, amma suna iya zama mai mutuwa a cikin marasa lafiya da aka hana rigakafi . Ba a yawan samun kwayar cutar a cikin shanu; rundunonin tafki don kamuwa da kwayar cutar rodents ne na daji, musamman voles. [36] Kurayen gida suna kamuwa da cutar daga waɗannan rodents. Alamomin kuliyoyi sun haɗa da raunuka a fuska, wuya, gaba da ƙafafu, da tafin hannu, kuma, ba kasafai ba, cututtuka na numfashi na sama. Alamomin kamuwa da cutar sankarau a cikin mutane suna cikin gida, raunukan da ake samu gabaɗaya a hannaye kuma iyakance ga wurin gabatarwa. Lokacin shiryawa shine kwana tara zuwa goma. Kwayar cutar ta fi yaduwa a ƙarshen bazara da kaka.

Ana samun rigakafin cutar sankara lokacin da aka yi allurar rigakafin cutar sankarau. Ko da yake allurar a yanzu tana amfani da kwayar cutar vaccinia, poxviruses sun yi kama da yadda jiki ke samun rigakafi daga saniya- da ƙananan yara.

Gabaɗaya kafofin

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  •  Peck DR (2002). Or Perish in the Attempt: Wilderness Medicine in the Lewis & Clark Expedition. Farcountry Press. ISBN 978-1-56037-226-4.

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Carroll DS, Emerson GL, Li Y, Sammons S, Olson V, Frace M, et al. (2011). "Chasing Jenner's vaccine: revisiting cowpox virus classification". PLOS ONE. 6 (8): e23086. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...623086C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0023086. PMC 3152555. PMID 21858000.
  2. ↑ Barlow G, Irving WL, Moss PJ (2020). "20. Infectious disease". In Feather A, Randall D, Waterhouse M (eds.). Kumar and Clark's Clinical Medicine (in Turanci) (10th ed.). Elsevier. p. 517. ISBN 978-0-7020-7870-5.
  3. ↑ Petersen BW, Damon IK (2020). "348. Smallpox, monkeypox and other poxvirus infections". In Goldman L, Schafer AI (eds.). Goldman-Cecil Medicine (in Turanci). 2 (26th ed.). Elsevier. pp. 2180–2183. ISBN 978-0-323-53266-2.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Vanessa Ngan, "Viral and Skin Infections", 2009
  5. ↑ "What's The Real Story About The Milkmaid And The Smallpox Vaccine?". NPR.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2018-02-02.
  6. ↑ Thomas Cooper Library, University of South Carolina: "Edward Jenner and the Discovery of Vaccination", exhibition, 1996
  7. ↑ "Cowpox and paravaccinia". British Medical Journal. 4 (5575): 308–309. November 1967. doi:10.1136/bmj.4.5575.308. PMC 1748782. PMID 4293285.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Abbas AK (2003). Cellular and Molecular Immunology (Fifth ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders. ISBN 978-0-7216-0008-6.
  9. ↑ Willrich M (2011). Pox. New York: Penguin Books.
  10. ↑ Chomel BB (July 2014). "Emerging and Re-Emerging Zoonoses of Dogs and Cats". Animals. 4 (3): 434–445. doi:10.3390/ani4030434. PMC 4494318. PMID 26480316.
  11. ↑ Mansell JK, Rees CA (2005). "Cutaneous manifestations of viral disease". In August, John R. (ed.). Consultations in Feline Internal Medicine. 5. Elsevier Saunders. ISBN 978-0-7216-0423-7.
  12. ↑ "Cowpox Virus - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics". www.sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 2022-09-16.
  13. ↑ Plett PC (2006). "[Peter Plett and other discoverers of cowpox vaccination before Edward Jenner]". Sudhoffs Archiv (in Jamusanci). 90 (2): 219–232. PMID 17338405.
  14. ↑ Williams N (March 2007). "Pox precursors". Current Biology (in English). 17 (5): R150–R151. Bibcode:2007CBio...17.R150W. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.02.024. PMID 17387780. S2CID 23106996.CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  15. ↑ "Balmis Expedition - How Orphans Took The Smallpox Vaccine Around The World". Amusing Planet. 2020-12-09. Retrieved 2021-08-11.
  16. ↑ Tucker JB (2001). Scourge: The Once and Future Threat of Smallpox. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press. p. 31. ISBN 978-0-87113-830-9.
  17. ↑ Noyce RS, Lederman S, Evans DH (2018-01-19). "Construction of an infectious horsepox virus vaccine from chemically synthesized DNA fragments". PLOS ONE. 13 (1): e0188453. Bibcode:2018PLoSO..1388453N. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0188453. PMC 5774680. PMID 29351298.
  18. ↑ Bynum WF (1994). Science and the Practice of Medicine in the Nineteenth Century. Cambridge [England]: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-27205-6.
  19. ↑ Pickup DJ, Ink BS, Parsons BL, Hu W, Joklik WK (November 1984). "Spontaneous deletions and duplications of sequences in the genome of cowpox virus". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 81 (21): 6817–6821. Bibcode:1984PNAS...81.6817P. doi:10.1073/pnas.81.21.6817. PMC 392023. PMID 6093123.
  20. ↑ Carroll DS, Emerson GL, Li Y, Sammons S, Olson V, Frace M, et al. (2011-08-08). "Chasing Jenner's vaccine: revisiting cowpox virus classification". PLOS ONE. 6 (8): e23086. Bibcode:2011PLoSO...623086C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0023086. PMC 3152555. PMID 21858000.
  21. ↑ Xu Z, Zikos D, Osterrieder N, Tischer BK (January 2014). "Generation of a complete single-gene knockout bacterial artificial chromosome library of cowpox virus and identification of its essential genes". Journal of Virology. 88 (1): 490–502. doi:10.1128/JVI.02385-13. PMC 3911729. PMID 24155400.
  22. ↑ Payne LG (1986-03-01). "The existence of an envelope on extracellular cowpox virus and its antigenic relationship to the vaccinia envelope". Archives of Virology. 90 (1–2): 125–133. doi:10.1007/BF01314150. PMID 3729722. S2CID 37657395.
  23. ↑ Alzhanova D, Früh K (November 2010). "Modulation of the host immune response by cowpox virus". Microbes and Infection. 12 (12–13): 900–909. doi:10.1016/j.micinf.2010.07.007. PMC 3500136. PMID 20673807.
  24. ↑ Soares JA, Leite FG, Andrade LG, Torres AA, De Sousa LP, Barcelos LS, et al. (July 2009). "Activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway early during vaccinia and cowpox virus infections is required for both host survival and viral replication". Journal of Virology. 83 (13): 6883–6899. doi:10.1128/JVI.00245-09. PMC 2698574. PMID 19386722.
  25. ↑ Panus JF, Smith CA, Ray CA, Smith TD, Patel DD, Pickup DJ (June 2002). "Cowpox virus encodes a fifth member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family: a soluble, secreted CD30 homologue". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 99 (12): 8348–8353. doi:10.1073/pnas.122238599. PMC 123070. PMID 12034885.
  26. ↑ Leite JA, da Fonseca FG, de Souza Trindade G, Abrahão JS, Arantes RM, de Almeida-Leite CM, et al. (April 2011). "A-type inclusion bodies: a factor influencing cowpox virus lesion pathogenesis". Archives of Virology. 156 (4): 617–628. doi:10.1007/s00705-010-0900-0. PMID 21212997. S2CID 33135261.
  27. ↑ Salgado AP, Soares-Martins JA, Andrade LG, Albarnaz JD, Ferreira PC, Kroon EG, Bonjardim CA (August 2013). "Study of vaccinia and cowpox viruses' replication in Rac1-N17 dominant-negative cells". Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. 108 (5): 554–562. doi:10.1590/s0074-02762013000500004. PMC 3970603. PMID 23903969.
  28. ↑ Bourquain D, Schrick L, Tischer BK, Osterrieder K, Schaade L, Nitsche A (August 2021). "Replication of cowpox virus in macrophages is dependent on the host range factor p28/N1R". Virology Journal. 18 (1): 173. doi:10.1186/s12985-021-01640-x. PMC 8381512 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 34425838 Check |pmid= value (help).
  29. ↑ Lindemann M. Medicine and Society in Early Modern Europe.
  30. ↑ Jenner E. An inquiry into the causes and effects of the variolae vaccinae: a disease discovered in some of the western counties of England, particularly Gloucestershire, and known by the name of the cow pox.
  31. ↑ Moore P (2001). Killer Germs: Rogue Diseases of the Twenty-First Century. London: Carlton. ISBN 978-1-84222-150-1.
  32. ↑ "The Small Pox Story". Human Biology, Class of 1998. Stanford University. 17 February 1999.
  33. ↑ Riedel S (January 2005). "Edward Jenner and the history of smallpox and vaccination". Proceedings. 18 (1): 21–25. doi:10.1080/08998280.2005.11928028. PMC 1200696. PMID 16200144.
  34. ↑ "Jefferson's Instructions to Lewis and Clark (1803)". Archived from the original on 2007-08-07. Retrieved 2007-08-10.
  35. ↑ "Cowpox infection in US lab worker called a first".
  36. ↑ Kurth A, Wibbelt G, Gerber HP, Petschaelis A, Pauli G, Nitsche A (April 2008). "Rat-to-elephant-to-human transmission of cowpox virus". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 14 (4): 670–671. doi:10.3201/eid1404.070817. PMC 2570944. PMID 18394293.
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