Crusades
 | |
| Iri |
series of wars (en)  de religious war (en) |
|---|---|
| Kwanan watan | 2030 – 2001 |
| Has part (en) | |
|
First Crusade (en) Sixth Crusade (en) Fifth Crusade (en) The Barons' Crusade (en) War of the Lombards (en) Crusade of 1101 (en) Fourth Crusade (en) Crusader battles between 1149 and 1189 (en) Third Crusade (en) Crusader battles between 1101 and 1145 (en) Second Crusade (en) Siege of Gaza (en) | |
Crusades wani jerin yaƙe-yaƙe ne na addini da aka fara, da goyan baya, kuma wani lokacin Latin church ta jagoranta a lokacin na da. Wadanda aka fi sani da wadannan Yakukuwa su ne na kasa mai tsarki (Holy Land) a tsakanin shekara ta 1095 zuwa 1291 da aka yi niyyar kwato Kudus da kewayenta daga mulkin Musulunci. Tun daga yakin Crusade na farko, wanda ya haifar da dawo da Kudus a shekara ta 1099, an yi yaƙi da ́yan Salibiyya da dama, wanda ya ba da wani muhimmin batu na tarihin Turai tsawon ƙarni.
A cikin shekarar 1095, Paparoma Urban II ya yi shelar Crusade na Farko a Majalisar Clermont. Ya ƙarfafa goyon bayan soja ga Sarkin Byzantine Alexios Na yi adawa da Turkawa Seljuk kuma na yi kira da a yi pilgrimage da makamai zuwa Urushalima. A duk faɗin yanayin zamantakewa a yammacin Turai, an sami amsa mai daɗi. 'Yan Salibiyya na farko suna da dalilai iri-iri, gami da ceton addini, gamsuwar wajibai, damar yin suna, da fa'idar tattalin arziki ko siyasa. Daga baya an gudanar da yakin neman zabe ta hanyar runduna da ta dace, wani lokaci wani sarki ne ke jagoranta. Dukansu an ba su izinin Paparoma. Nasarorin farko sun kafa jihohin Crusader guda huɗu: gundumar Edessa; Mulkin Antakiya; Mulkin Urushalima; da kuma gundumar Tripoli. Kasancewar 'yan Salibiyya sun kasance a yankin ta wani nau'i har zuwa faduwar Acre a 1291. Bayan haka, ba a sake samun wasu hare-haren ta'addancin da za a kwato kasa mai tsarki ba.
Ayyukan soja na lokaci guda a cikin Iberian Peninsula a kan Moors da kuma a arewa maso gabashin Turai a kan arna West Slav, Baltic, da Finnic al'ummomin (Arewacin Crusades) kuma an kira su 'yan Salibiyya wani lokaci a sake dawowa, dogon bayan taron ya ƙare saboda gaskiyar cewa sun kuma sami amincewa ta tsakiya daga Cocin Katolika na Roman da kuma cewa an shirya kamfen na soja daidai gwargwado, tare da maganganu iri-iri, alamomi, da banners kamar yadda aka yi amfani da su yayin yaƙin neman zaɓe a Gabas ta Tsakiya. Sauran kamfen da Ikklisiya ta amince da su da ake kira crusades an yi yaƙi da ƙungiyoyin Kirista na bidi'a (maganganun proto-Protestantism), da Daular Ottoman, da kuma dalilai na siyasa. Ikilisiya ba ta ba da izini ba, akwai kuma Shahararrun Crusades da yawa na ƴan ƙasa.
A shekarar 1123 aka shelanta gwagwarmaya tsakanin kiristoci da musulmi a yankin Iberian Peninsula daga karshe aka fi sanin su da sunan Reconquista a tarihin nahiyar turai, kuma sai a shekara ta 1492 da faduwar Masarautar musulmi ta Granada. Daga 1147, campaigns a Arewacin Turai akan ƙabilun arna ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin yaƙin yaƙi. A shekara ta 1199, Paparoma Innocent III ya fara aikin shelar yaƙi da ‘yan bidi’a na Kirista. A cikin karni na 13, an yi amfani da yakin neman zabe a Cathars a Languedoc da kuma Bosnia; wannan al'ada ta ci gaba a kan Waldeniyawa a Savoy da Husites a Bohemia a cikin karni na 15th karni kuma a Furotesta a cikin karni na 16th. Daga tsakiyar karni na 14th, amfani da lafazin ƙwazo don mayar da martani ga hawan Daular Ottoman, kuma ya ƙare a kusan 1699 tare da War of the holy league.
Kalmomi
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin historiography na zamani, kalmar "crusade" ta fara magana ne game da balaguron soji da Kiristocin Turai suka yi a rana ta 11, 12, da 13. Karnuka zuwa Holy Land An tsawaita rikice-rikicen da aka yi amfani da kalmar don haɗawa da wasu kamfen da aka ƙaddamar, tallafi da kuma wani lokacin da Cocin Roman Katolika ke jagoranta a kan arna, ’yan bidi’a ko don zargin addini. Waɗannan ya bambanta da sauran yaƙe-yaƙe na addini na Kirista domin an ɗauke su a matsayin motsa jiki na tuba, don haka sun sami gafarar mahalarta ga duk ikirari na zunubai. [1] An fahimci abin da ya zama “yan tawaye” ta hanyoyi dabam-dabam, musamman game da yakin Crusades na farko, kuma ma’anar ta kasance batun muhawara tsakanin masana tarihi na wannan zamani. [2] [3] Gabaɗaya ana kallon ma'anar "faɗaɗɗen yaƙi" ta ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyi huɗu. Masanan gargajiya suna kallon Crusades a matsayin waɗanda suke zuwa Holy Land daga 1095-1291 (kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Akwatin Bayani). Pluralists suna kallon Crusades balaguron soji ne da suka ji daɗin amincewar Paparoma, gami da waɗanda suka je Holy Land kafin da bayan 1291, zuwa Arewacin Turai da Iberia, da kuma kan Kiristoci. Shahararrun mashahuran sun fi mayar da hankali kan shahararriyar tushen sha'awar addini. Janarists suna mai da hankali kan ainihin abin da ya faru na yaƙe-yaƙe masu tsarki na Latin. Yawancin masana tarihi na Crusades na zamani sunyi la'akari da haɗuwa da jam'i da farin jini, wanda kuma shine abin da wannan labarin ya mayar da hankali. [3] [4]
A lokacin Crusade na Farko, iter,, "tafiya", da kuma peregrinatio An yi amfani da "pilgrimage" da campaign. Kalmomin 'yan Salibiyya sun kasance ba a bambanta da na aikin pilgrimage na Kirista a lokacin karni na 12th. Takamammen lokaci na dan Salibiyya a cikin nau'in crucesignatus—"wanda giciye ya sa hannu"—,duk da haka, ya fito a farkon karni na 12. [5] Wannan ya haifar da croisade na Faransa—hanyar giciye. [2] Zuwa tsakiyar karni na 13th na giciye ya zama babban mawallafin crusades tare da crux transmarina—"giciye a ketare"—ana amfani da shi don yakin cruade a gabashin Bahar Rum, da crux cismarina—"giciye wannan gefen teku"—ga waɗanda ke cikin Turai. [1] Amfani da croiserie, "Crossad" a cikin Turanci ta Tsakiya za a iya kwanan wata zuwa c.1300, amma Turanci na zamani "crusade" ya kasance a farkon 1700s. [6] [3]
Kalmar Larabci don gwagwarmaya ko takara, musamman ɗaya da yada Musulunci—jihād—an yi amfani da shi wajen yakin addini na musulmi da kafirai, kuma wasu musulmi sun yi imani da cewa Alqur'ani da Hadisi sun sanya wannan aiki. "Franks" da "Latin" al'ummar Gabas ta Tsakiya ne suka yi amfani da su a lokacin yakin crusade na yammacin Turai, wanda ya bambanta su da Kiristocin Rumawa waɗanda aka fi sani da "Greek". An yi amfani da "Saracen" ga wani Balarabe musulmi, wanda aka samo daga sunan Girkanci da na Romawa ga mutanen makiyaya na hamadar Syro-Arabiya. Majiyoyin 'yan Salibiyya sun yi amfani da kalmar "Siriyawa" don kwatanta Kiristocin da ke magana da Larabci waɗanda suke membobin Cocin Orthodox na Girka, da kuma "jacobites" ga waɗanda suke membobin Cocin Orthodox na Siriya. [7] Jihohin 'yan Salibiyya na Siriya da Falasdinu an san su da "Outremer" daga Faransa outre-mer, ko "ƙasar da ke bayan teku". [1]
Manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Tyerman 2019.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Asbridge 2012.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Tyerman 2011.
- ↑ Constable 2001.
- ↑ Maier, Christopher T.. “When Was the First History of the Crusades Written?" in The crusades: history and memory. Proceedings of the Ninth Conference of the Society for the Study of the Crusades and the Latin East, Odense, 27 June - 1 July 2016. Vol. 2 (2021), ed. T.K. Nielsen and KV Jensen, pp. 13-28
- ↑ "The Metrical Chronicle of Robert of Gloucester", ed. W. A. Wright, Rolls Series (Rerum Britannicarum Medii Aevi Scriptores) 86 (1887), line 10332
- ↑ Jotischky 2004.