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Fyaden Ma'aurata a Amurka

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Fyaden Ma'aurata a Amurka
aspect in a geographic region (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙasa Tarayyar Amurka
Wuri
Map
 39°49′41″N 98°34′46″W / 39.828175°N 98.5795°W / 39.828175; -98.5795

Cin zarafin aure (wani nau'i na fyade na abokin tarayya, na tashin hankali na gida, da cin zarafin jima'i da abokin aure ya yi) ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a duk Jihohin Amurka 50, kodayake cikakkun bayanai game da laifin sun bambanta da jihohi.

Kafin shekarun 1970s, fyade na aure ya kasance doka a kowace jiha ta Amurka. An haramta shi a Michigan da Delaware a shekara ta 1974, sannan aka haramta shi gaba daya a Dakota ta Kudu da Nebraska a shekara ta 1975. [1] Shari'ar kotu ta Oregon v. Rideout a 1978 ita ce ta farko da wani ya tsaya a gaban shari'a saboda fyade matarsa yayin da suke zaune tare. A shekara ta 1993, fyade na aure ya zama laifi a duk fadin kasar.[2] Duk da haka, a cikin shekarun 1990s, yawancin jihohi sun ci gaba da rarrabe tsakanin yadda ake kallon fyade na aure da fyade ba tare da aure ba. Dokokin sun ci gaba da canzawa da canzawa, tare da yawancin jihohin da ke sake fasalin dokokinsu a karni na 21. Koyaya, har yanzu akwai jihohi inda ake bi da fyade na aure da fyade ba tare da aure ba daban-daban a ƙarƙashin doka.

Tarihi

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Tarihi

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Ra'ayoyin da suka ba da gudummawa ga dokokin fyade da ba su dace da aure ba za a iya gano su, aƙalla a wani ɓangare, zuwa dokar Ingila ta ƙarni na 17, wanda aka shigo da shi zuwa yankunan Burtaniya na Amurka. Mai shari'a na Ingila na ƙarni na 17, Sir Matthew Hale (1609-1676), ya bayyana matsayin doka ta kowa a cikin Tarihin Karatu na Crown (bayan mutuwarsa, 1736) cewa "miji ba zai iya zama da laifi na fyade da ya yi wa matarsa ta doka ba, saboda ta hanyar yardar auren juna da kwangilar matar ta ba da kanta a cikin wannan nau'in ga mijinta wanda ba za ta iya janyewa ba". Hukuncin, kodayake babu wani rikodin shari'a da aka samu a baya fiye da Hale, mai yiwuwa ya dogara da ka'idojin da suka gabata. A cikin wani lamari na Lord Audley (1488-1544), alal misali, ya ambaci lauya Bracton (c. 1210 - c. 1268) don tallafawa wannan doka, wanda aka ce ya samo asali ne daga dokokin Sarki Æthelstan (r. 927-939) inda a kan doka ta riƙe cewa har ma "sun kasance jam'iyyar da ba ta da rai mai tsabta, amma karuwa, duk da haka akwai yiwuwar halaka: amma yana da kyau a ce ta kasance ƙwaraƙwaransa. "[3] Wannan zai ci gaba da karɓa a matsayin sanarwa na doka a Ingila da Wales har sai House of Lords ta soke shi a cikin shari'ar R da R a cikin 1991, inda aka bayyana shi a matsayin fiction na shari'a mai banƙyama. [4][5]

1970s: canji ya fara

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A Amurka, kafin tsakiyar shekarun 1970s an cire fyade daga dokokin fyade na yau da kullun. An kuma sami cirewa a cikin Dokar Shari'a ta 1962, wanda ya bayyana cewa "Mutumin da ke da jima'i da mace ba matarsa ba shi da laifin fyade idan: ...".[6]

Michigan da Delaware sun rage haƙurin shari'arsu game da fyade a shekara ta 1974 amma ba su kawar da bambancin aure gaba ɗaya ba a cikin dokokin fyade. Michigan ta aikata laifin fyade a aure ne kawai lokacin da ma'aurata suka nemi saki kuma suna zaune daban. Delaware ta aikata laifin fyade ga "aboki na son rai," wanda zai iya haɗawa da mace; wannan laifin an bi da shi ba tare da tsanani ba fiye da sauran nau'ikan fyade.[1]

Dakota ta Kudu ta haramta fyade a aure daga 1975 zuwa 1977. Wani lissafin da Sanata Grace Mickelson ya gabatar a hankali ya kori auren aure daga dokar jihar. An sake dawo da banbanci ba da daɗewa ba.[1] A cewar New York Times Dakota ta Kudu ita ce jiha ta farko da ta haramta fyade a aure.

Nebraska kuma ta kawar da izinin aure a 1975. Jiha ta sabunta dokar ta don amfani da kalmar "harin jima'i" maimakon "rashin lafiya", da kuma kasancewa tsaka-tsaki na jinsi, maimakon ɗaukar mai aikata namiji da mace. Canjin a cikin doka ya kasance sakamakon bayar da shawarwari ta ƙungiyoyin Mata na biyu da kungiyoyin bayar da shawarwarin da aka azabtar a Nebraska, kuma Sanata Wally Barnett ne ya gabatar da shi ga majalisa.

Wasu dokoki na shekarun 1970 sun buƙaci miji da matar kada su zauna tare don a kawo tuhumar fyade ta aure.[7] Shari'ar da ta fara kalubalantar wannan sashi na haɗin kai ita ce Oregon v. Rideout a shekarar 1978. A cikin lamarin, an zargi mijin da yi wa matarsa fyade, mutum na farko a Amurka da aka tuhume shi da fyade matarsa yayin da suke zaune tare. Shari'ar ita ce ta farko a Oregon da ta shafi fyade na aure tun lokacin da jihar ta sake fasalin dokar fyade a 1977 don kawar da rigakafin fyade na auren.[7] Kodayake an wanke mijin daga fyade matarsa, hakan ya haifar da yunkurin zuwa ga sake fasalin; jihohin Amurka da yawa sun fara ba da izinin gurfanar da su don fyade a aure da kuma zama tare.[8]

Dokoki sun canza a duk jihohi ta 1993

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A wasu jihohi, kotuna sun soke izinin aure a matsayin wanda bai dace da kundin tsarin mulki ba. A cikin shari'ar Kotun daukaka kara ta New York ta 1984 na People v. Liberta, Alkalin Sol Wachtler ya bayyana cewa "kada a kalli lasisin aure a matsayin lasisi ga miji ya yi wa matarsa fyade da karfi ba tare da hukuntawa ba. Mace mai aure tana da wannan damar sarrafa jikinta kamar yadda mace marar aure ta yi".[9] Hakazalika, a Alabama, an sami izinin aure daga dokar sodomy (Williams v. State (1986) ) da kuma dokar fyade (Merton v. State (1986), sun kasance ba bisa ka'ida ba.[10][11]

A shekara ta 1993, duk jihohin sun janye izinin fyade na aure, jihohin karshe da suka yi haka sune Oklahoma da North Carolina (duka biyu a cikin 1993) ko kuma an ayyana izinin ta hanyar shari'a don rashin bin doka.[2]

Kodayake dokoki sun canza a kowace jiha a shekara ta 1993, a cikin jihohi 17 kawai an yi wa fyade a matsayin fyade ba tare da aure ba. A cikin sauran jihohin, an ci gaba da samun manyan bambance-bambance a yadda aka bi da fyade na aure da fyade ba tare da aure ba, kamar ƙananan azabtarwa, ko cire yanayin da ba a yi amfani da tashin hankali ba, ko gajeren lokacin bayar da rahoto.[12][13][14]

Zuwa ga maganin tufafi

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A cikin shekarun 1990s jihohi da yawa sun bambanta tsakanin nau'o'i uku na wadanda abin ya shafa:[14][15]

  • Mutanen da ba su yi aure ba, waɗanda ke da cikakkiyar kariya ta dokokin laifukan jima'i,
  • Mutanen da suka yi aure waɗanda ke cikin aure mara kyau (misali sun rabu, abokin aure ɗaya ya nemi saki da dai sauransu), waɗanda galibi ana bi da su a hanyar tsakiya, kodayake jihohi da yawa suna bi da su ko dai a matsayin marasa aure ko kuma a matsayin masu aure, da kuma
  • Mutanen da suka yi aure da ke zaune tare (maza da ke zaune a cikin yanayi na yau da kullun), dokokin jihohi da yawa sun kasance da ƙuntatawa sosai, suna aikata laifuka ne kawai ga "mafi munin" nau'ikan tashin hankali na jima'i na gida (misali yana buƙatar tashin hankali, mafi girman barazana, rauni da sauransu; kuma sau da yawa suna hukunta laifin da ba su da tsanani).

A cikin shekarun 1990s da baya, 'yan mata, mata da sauran kungiyoyi sun ci gaba da yin kira ga gyare-gyaren dokokin fyade na aure don tabbatar da cewa ana ɗaukar fyade na auren kuma ana bi da shi kamar kowane fyade, kodayake dokokin fyade a Amurka ba daidai ba ne, kuma dokokin sun canza sau da yawa, amma bambance-bambance sun kasance a wasu jihohi.

Kudancin Carolina, alal misali, ya kasance kawai jihar inda karfi ko tashin hankali da aka yi amfani da shi ko barazanar dole ne ya kasance mafi girma (ƙarfi ko tashin hankali dole ne ya zama "babban yanayi" - duba sashi a ƙasa da dokokin Jihar yanzu).

Irin wannan doka ta kasance a Tennessee har zuwa 2005, lokacin da aka soke ta. Dokar ta bayyana cewa mutum na iya zama da laifin fyade ga matarsa a lokacin da suke zaune tare kawai idan wannan mutumin "ya kasance dauke da makami ko wani labarin da aka yi amfani da shi ko kuma an tsara shi ta hanyar da za ta jagoranci wanda ake zargi da ya yi imani da shi makami ne" ko kuma "ya haifar da mummunan rauni ga wanda ake zarge shi". Wannan yana nufin cewa, a aikace, ba za a iya gurfanar da yawancin fyade na aure ba, tunda 'yan fyade kaɗan ne suka shafi irin wannan matsanancin yanayi. A ƙarshe an soke dokar a shekara ta 2005, yana ba da izinin yin fyade a aure kamar kowane nau'in fyade.[16][17][18] An gabatar da lissafin soke tsohuwar doka fiye da sau goma kafin ta yi nasara.  

Har zuwa shekara ta 2013, Washington tana da izinin hana matar daga gurfanar da ita da fyade na uku a kan ɗayan matar.[19] Washington ta cire cire izinin ta don fyade na farko da fyade na biyu a 1983, amma an cire izinin fyade na uku bayan shekaru 30.[20][21]

Har zuwa watan Yulin 2019, a Minnesota tashin hankali na jima'i da ke faruwa tsakanin ma'aurata a lokacin da suke zaune tare ko tsakanin abokan da ba su yi aure ba za a iya gurfanar da su ne kawai idan akwai karfi ko barazanar hakan, saboda keɓancewar da Mataki na 609.349 'Dangantaka ta son rai' ya haifar wanda ya nuna cewa wasu laifuka na jima'a ba su shafi ma'auraka ba (sai dai an raba su), kuma ba su shafi mazauna da ba su da aure.[22] Wadannan laifuka ne da ke magance yanayin da rashin yarda ya faru ne saboda rashin yarda da wanda aka azabtar, gami da inda wanda ya aikata laifin ya ba da miyagun ƙwayoyi. Wadannan yanayi, wadanda aka cire daga gurfanarwar, sune inda wanda aka azabtar ya kasance "mai rauni a hankali, mai rauni a hankali), ko kuma ba shi da taimako a jiki". An bayyana kalmar "marasa iyawa" a matsayin mutumin da "a ƙarƙashin tasirin barasa, narcotic, anesthetic, ko wani abu, wanda aka ba wa wannan mutumin ba tare da yarjejeniyar mutumin ba, ba shi da hukunci don ba da izini mai ma'ana ga hulɗar jima'i ko shiga jima'i" (duba Mataki na 609.341 don ma'anoni).[23] A cikin 2019, an soke waɗannan keɓancewa.[24][25]

Wani binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2003 ya gano cewa "jihohi ashirin da hudu da Gundumar Columbia sun soke rigakafin aure don laifukan jima'i ... jihohi ashirin na shida suna riƙe da rigakafin auren a cikin wani nau'i ko wani".[15]Tun daga shekara ta 2003, jihohi da yawa sun sake fasalin dokokinsu (duba sama).

Matsayi na yanzu

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Wasu jihohi suna ci gaba da bi da fyade na aure da wadanda ba na aure ba daban:

California

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A California, an amince da fyade a matsayin laifi ta hanyar Sashe na 262 na Dokar Shari'a ta California a shekara ta 1979.[26] Koyaya, akwai laifuka daban-daban na fyade ba tare da aure ba (Sashe na 261) da kuma fyade na aure (Sashe ya 262); an bi da ƙarshen a matsayin laifi mara tsanani har sai an aiwatar da Dokar Majalisar California ta 2021 1171 .[27][26] Kafin aiwatar da wannan lissafin, jima'i da matarsa ba tare da yardarsu ba a gane shi a matsayin laifi ba.[26] Sashe na 262 ya buƙaci cewa, idan ma'aurata A ba sa son yin jima'i, suna buƙatar tsayayya da yunkurin jima'i na ma'auratan B, sai dai idan A "an hana shi tsayayya ta kowane abu mai sarrafawa", ko kuma "ba zai iya tsayayya" saboda A ba shi da sani ko barci, ba tare da sanin aikin jima'i da ke faruwa ba, ko kuma yaudare shi da "yautar mai aikata laifin a zahiri", a wannan yanayin aikin jima'a zai kai ga fyade.[27]

Yin jima'i da wani ba tare da matarsa ba an gane shi a matsayin laifi daban. Koyaya, Sashe na 261 ya nuna cewa wannan ya shafi ne kawai idan wanda aka azabtar "ba zai iya [ba da izinin doka] ba saboda rikicewar hankali ko nakasa ta jiki". In ba haka ba, ana buƙatar wanda aka azabtar ya tsayayya da yunkurin jima'i na mai aikata laifin, sai dai idan an "hana wa wanda aka azabta daga tsayayya ta kowane abu mai sarrafawa", ko kuma "ba zai iya tsayayya ba" saboda A ba shi da hankali ko barci, ba tare da sanin aikin jima'i da ke faruwa ba, ko kuma yaudare shi da "yautar mai aikata laicin cewa shiga jima'i ya yi amfani da manufa ta sana'i ba, a lokuta cewa fyade ba zai kai ga fyade ba.[27]

Tun daga ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2019, Dokar Shari'a Sashe na 261.6 ya bayyana "yanci" a matsayin "haɗin kai mai kyau a cikin aiki ko hali bisa ga yin amfani da 'yancin zaɓe. Mutum dole ne ya yi aiki da yardar rai kuma ya sami ilimin yanayin aikin ko ma'amala da ke ciki". Sashe na 261.6 da 261.7 sun tsara cewa, duk inda "yanci yake cikin matsala", "a halin yanzu ko baya soyayya ko dangantaka ta aure ba za ta isa ta zama yarda ba", kuma "shaida ce cewa wanda aka azabtar ya ba da shawarar, ya nemi, ko kuma ya sanar da wanda ake tuhuma cewa wanda ake tuhumar ta yi amfani da kwaroron roba ko wani na'urar hana haihuwa".[27]

7 ga Oktoba, 2021, Gwamna Gavin Newsom ya sanya hannu kan Dokar Majalisar Dokoki ta 2021 1171 a cikin doka, ya kawar da sashi na 262 na Dokar Shari'ar California. AB-1171 ta soke tanadin da suka shafi fyade na aure kuma ta yi canje-canje masu dacewa, don haka yin jima'i da aka yi da matar da za a hukunta shi a matsayin fyade idan aikin ya cika ma'anar fyade, sai dai cewa jima'i tare da mutumin da "ba zai iya ba da izini ba saboda rikicewar hankali ko ci gaba ko nakasa jiki" ba fyade ba ne idan mutane 2 sun yi aure.[28]

Connecticut

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Dokar Shari'a ta Connecticut Sec. 53a-70b tana ma'amala da jima'i da matar aure. Wannan ba ya shafi ma'aurata kawai har ma da mazauna da ba su yi aure ba. Dokar ta fi taushi fiye da sauran dokokin jima'i kuma tana da gajeren hukunci. Ya karanta: [29]

No spouse or cohabitor shall compel the other spouse or cohabitor to engage in sexual intercourse by the use of force against such other spouse or cohabitor, or by the threat of the use of force against such other spouse or cohabitor which reasonably causes such other spouse or cohabitor to fear physical injury.

Dokar fyade ta Connecticut tana nuni da tilastawa da aka yi amfani da ita ko barazanar a kan "wani abokin aure ko abokin zama" yayin da dokar cin zarafin jima'i ta 'al'ada' ta shafi tilastawa aka yi amfani ko barazanarwa a kan "wannan mutum ko a kan mutum na uku".[29]

Idaho

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Dokar Idaho ta 18-6101 ta bayyana fyade mai laifi, ba tare da cire fyade na aure ba, kamar yadda baki, farji, ko hanci ya shiga ta azzakari kuma ko dai rashin iyawar wanda aka azabtar ya ba da izinin shari'a, wanda aka azabta yana tsayayya amma ana shawo kansa da karfi ko tashin hankali, wanda aka zalunta yana da rashin sani, ko kuma lokacin da wanda aka azabtur ya miƙa wuya a ƙarƙashin wasu ƙarya.[30]

Maryland

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A baya, dokar Maryland ta bayyana a cikin Sashe na 3-318 cewa, idan ma'aurata suna zaune tare, za a iya gurfanar da shi ne kawai idan wanda ake tuhuma "ya yi amfani da karfi ko barazanar karfi kuma aikin ba tare da yardar matar ba".[31] Wannan ya canza tare da wucewar Dokar Majalisar Dattijai 129 a cikin 2023, wanda ya cire "tsaron aure" wanda aka bayyana a cikin Sashe na 3-318 gaba ɗaya. [32][33]

Michigan

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A Michigan, Sashe na 750.520l ya cire yanayin da aikata laifuka ya zo ne kawai saboda matar ta kasance"marasa iyawa, ko rashin iyawa".[34] Sashe na 750.520a Ma'anar ya karanta: "'Mentally incapacitated" yana nufin cewa mutum ya zama na ɗan lokaci ba zai iya tantancewa ko sarrafa halinsa ba saboda tasirin narcotic, anesthetic, ko wani abu da aka ba wa wannan mutumin ba tare da yardarsa baba tare da yardarsa ba aikin da aka yi wa wannan mutumin kuma ba tare da izininsa ba. "[35]

Mississippi

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A Mississippi, ana iya yanke wa mutum hukunci game da cin zarafin jima'i na matarsa lokacin da suke zaune tare kawai idan ya shiga cikin "tsinkaye-tsinkaye da aka tilasta ba tare da nufin wanda aka azabtar ba". Wannan ya cire, a tsakanin sauran, yanayin da wanda aka azabtar ya "sa ba zai iya sanin ko sarrafa halinsa ba, ko kuma ba zai iya tsayayya da wani aiki ba saboda tasirin kowane magani, narcotic, anesthetic, ko wani abu da aka ba wa wannan mutumin ba tare da yardarsa ba".

Nevada

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Nevada doka tana bukatar karfi ko barazanar karfi. Mataki na ashirin da 200.373   ya bayyana cewa: "Ba wani tsaro ba ne ga tuhumar cin zarafi cewa wanda ya aikata laifin, a lokacin da aka kai harin, ya auri wanda aka azabtar, idan an kai harin da karfi ko kuma ta hanyar barazanar karfi."[36] Wannan da alama yana nufin Samfuri:Oshin bincike inline cewa idan ba a yi amfani da karfi ko barazanarsa ba, aure zai iya zama kariya. Gabaɗaya ma’anar cin zarafi ta yi amfani da kalmar “saɓanin son wanda aka azabtar” ko “a ƙarƙashin yanayin da mai laifin ya sani ko kuma ya kamata ya san cewa wanda aka azabtar ba shi da ikon yin tsayayya ko fahimtar yanayin halinsa.[36]

Ohio

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A Ohio, fyade da ke faruwa a cikin aure lokacin da ma'aurata ke zaune tare za a iya tuhumar shi ne kawai a ƙarƙashin sashi na A (2) na 2907.02 Rape, wanda ya bayyana cewa: "Babu mutum da zai shiga cikin jima'i da wani lokacin da mai laifi ya tilasta wa ɗayan ya miƙa wuya da karfi ko barazanar tilasta. " Sabanin haka, mutumin da bai auri wanda ake tuhuma ba amma yana zaune daban kuma zai iya dogaro da dokoki da yawa waɗanda ke hulɗa da nau'ikan tilasta wa mutane daban-daban na tilasta. Ya zama sananne cewa sashi na A (1) (a) na 2907.02 Rape wanda ke hulɗa da shan miyagun ƙwayoyi ga wani "da gangan ko ta hanyar tilasta, barazanar tilastawa, ko yaudara" don tilasta musu cikin jima'i ba ya aiki a cikin aure (sai dai idan akwai rabuwa). Dukan labarin 2907.03 Batir na jima'i, wanda ke hulɗa da nau'o'i daban-daban na tilasta (alal misali ya bayyana a cikin sashi a cikin A (1) cewa "Mai laifi [ya aikata laifi lokacin da ya] da gangan ya tilasta wa ɗayan ya miƙa wuya ta kowace hanya da za ta hana juriya daga mutum na talakawa") ba ya aiki kwata-kwata ga mutanen da suka yi aure.[37][38] A cikin 2015, an gabatar da lissafin don cire waɗannan keɓancewa.[39][40]

Oklahoma

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A Oklahoma, fyade da matar ta yi za a iya tuhuma ne kawai a karkashin sashi (B) na Sashe na 1111 - Rape Defined wanda ya ce:[41]

B. Rape is an act of sexual intercourse accomplished with a male or female who is the spouse of the perpetrator if force or violence is used or threatened, accompanied by apparent power of execution to the victim or to another person.

Misali, mutum a Oklahoma ba zai iya cajin mijinta ba don fyade idan an tilasta masa ya miƙa wuya saboda kwayoyi "wanda ko tare da sirrin wanda ake tuhuma ke yi amfani da shi a matsayin hanyar tilasta wa wanda aka azabtar ya miƙa kansa", ko kuma lokacin da ta / shi ba tare da sanin komai ba, kamar yadda ake aiwatar da waɗannan yanayi a ƙarƙashin sashi (A) na Sashe na 1111 wanda ke bayyana fyade a matsayin jima'i "tare da namiji ko mace wanda ba matar mai aikata laifin ba".

Tsibirin Rhode

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A cikin Rhode Island, Mataki na 11-37-2 "Rashin cin zarafin jima'i na farko", yana da sassan huɗu; yayin da sassan 2, 3 da 4 suka shafi ma'aurata, sashi na 1 ba haka ba; ya karanta: "Mai tuhuma, ba matar ba, ya san ko yana da dalilin sanin cewa wanda aka azabtar ba shi da hankali, na hankali, ko kuma ba shi da taimako. " Wannan yana da sakamakon cirewa daga gurfanar da shi, a tsakanin sauran yanayi, abubuwan da suka faru inda wanda aka azabtur ya yi masa miyagun ƙwayoyi.[42] ("Mentally incapacitated" an bayyana shi ta hanyar doka a matsayin: "mutumin da aka sanya shi na ɗan lokaci ba zai iya tantancewa ko sarrafa halinsa ba saboda tasirin narcotic, anesthetic, ko wani abu da aka ba wa mutumin ba tare da yardarsa ba, ko kuma wanda ba zai iya sadarwa da rashin son shiga cikin aikin ba".[43] )

Kudancin Carolina

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Dokar Kudancin Carolina game da "Halin Jima'i da Laifuka na Laifi" (Title 16, Babi na 3, Mataki na 7 na Dokokin SC) ya ba da ma'anoni daban-daban da azabtarwa tsakanin fyade da matar da wasu bangarorin. Cin zarafin jima'i na farko da na biyu yana ɗauke da matsakaicin hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku na shekaru 30 da 20, bi da bi, yayin da shekaru 10 shine matsakaicin hukunci don fyade na aure. [44][45][46] Don gurfanar da shi, dole ne wanda aka yi wa aure ya ba da rahoton fyade a cikin kwanaki 30, koda kuwa suna zaune daban daga matansu.

Kudancin Carolina Code 16-3-615, mai taken Matar jima'i, ya karanta:

Sexual battery, as defined in Section 16-3-651(h), when accomplished through use of aggravated force, defined as the use or the threat of use of a weapon or the use or threat of use of physical force or physical violence of a high and aggravated nature, by one spouse against the other spouse if they are living together, constitutes the felony of spousal sexual battery and, upon conviction, a person must be imprisoned not more than ten years.[47]

Wannan ma'anar ba ta haɗa da duk nau'ikan karfi a ƙarƙashin ma'anar cin zarafin jima'i na farko ba, kamar fyade tare da ayyukan laifi - kamar tsare-tsare, satar mutane, fataucin mutane, ko cin hanci da rashawa - ko shari'o'in da mai fyade ya yi wa wanda aka yi wa aure miyagun ƙwayoyi.

A cikin yanayin aikata laifuka na jima'i lokacin da wanda aka azabtar da mai aikata laifukan suka yi aure amma ba sa zama tare a matsayin ma'aurata, nau'ikan cin zarafin jima'i na farko da na biyu an haɗa su a cikin ma'anar fyade, amma ba nau'ikan digiri na uku ba.[48] Don haka, alal misali, shan miyagun ƙwayoyi da fyade ga matar da aka raba ku da ita ya saɓa da doka, amma idan ba su iya ba da izini ba saboda abubuwan da suka ɗauki kansu ko kuma wani ɓangare na uku ya ba su, yin jima'i da su ba a bayyana su a matsayin fyade ba.[49]

Virginia

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A Virginia, babban bambanci ya kasance a cikin hukunci. A wasu yanayi, idan wanda aka azabtar da lauyan Commonwealth sun yarda, mai aikata laifin zai iya yin shirin magani, wanda idan an kammala shi cikin nasara, ya maye gurbin kowane hukunci. Wannan na iya faruwa idan "kotun ta sami irin wannan mataki zai inganta kula da sashin iyali kuma ya kasance mafi kyawun shaidar da ke gunaguni".[50]

Shekarar aure da shekarun yarda

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Yaro da auren tilasta a Amurka sun zo ga karuwar bincike a cikin 'yan shekarun nan.[51] Kodayake shekarun aure gabaɗaya 18 ne a mafi yawan Amurka, jihohi 40 suna ba da izinin aure a ƙarƙashin shekaru 18 tare da yardar iyaye da / ko kotu. Irin waɗannan banbanci na iya haifar da rikice-rikice tsakanin dokokin shekarun yarda da shekarun aure, tare da yawancin dokokin fyade na doka da ke haifar da banbanci ga yara da ke cikin jima'i da matansu na doka - kodayake irin waɗannan yara ba za su iya yarda da jima'i ba. Delaware, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Minnesota, Rhode Island, da New York sun kafa doka don hana duk auren yara a ƙarƙashin shekaru 18, ba tare da banbanci ba.

A cikin Iowa, alal misali, sashi na (2) na labarin 709.4 Cin zarafin jima'i a mataki na uku, ya cire ayyukan jima'i da manya suka aikata tare da yara tun suna da shekaru 12, idan dai bangarorin suna "suna zaune tare a matsayin miji da matarsu". Wannan ba kawai yana nufin auren doka ba, amma yana iya amfani da auren doka na yau da kullun. Iowa kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin jihohi 10, da kuma Gundumar Columbia, wanda ya amince da auren doka ta al'ada, kodayake yana buƙatar, "shaida mai mahimmanci na niyyar yanzu da yarjejeniya don yin aure, ci gaba da zama tare, da kuma sanarwar jama'a cewa bangarorin miji ne da mata".[52]

A shekara ta 2012, wani mutum wanda ya sami budurwarsa mai shekaru 13 da ke zaune a ciki ya yi ƙoƙari ya dogara da wannan doka. Mutumin, wanda ya fito ne daga Mexico, ya yi jayayya cewa bisa ga ka'idojin kamar yadda suke a cikin al'adunsa, dangantakarsu "kamar auren gwaji ne". Kotun ta ki amincewa da wannan gardamar, ta yanke hukuncin cewa za a iya amfani da wannan izinin ne kawai idan ma'auratan "sun kasance tare a matsayin miji da matar, ko doka ta kowa ko kuma a'a, ba idan kawai sun yi imani da hakan ba.[53]

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Johnson, Mollie. "The Gradual Fall of the Marital Rape Exemption: The Curious Case of South Dakota" (PDF). Veteran Feminists of America.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "SPOUSAL RAPE LAWS: 20 YEARS LATER" (PDF). Ncdsv.org. Retrieved 2020-08-16.[permanent dead link]
  3. ↑ Geis, Gilbert (1978), "Rape in Marriage: Law and Law Reform in England, the United States, and Sweden", Adelaide Law Review, 6(2):285.
  4. ↑ R v R [1992] 1 AC 599.
  5. ↑ "Valley paper criticized over pastor's column on spousal rape". Anchorage Daily News. July 22, 2011. Archived from the original on 2013-10-29.
  6. ↑ Denno, Deborah W. (Fall 2009). "Selected Model Penal Code Provisions" (PDF). Fordham University School of Law. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-29 – via Prentice Hall.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Ledbetter, Les (28 December 1978). "Oregon Man Found Not Guilty On a Charge of Raping His Wife". The New York Times. Retrieved 28 February 2019.
  8. ↑ Woodworth, Whitney (13 August 2016). "Rape and Marriage: A look back at the Rideout case". Statesman Journal. Retrieved 14 January 2018.
  9. ↑ "People v. Liberta 64 N.Y.2d 152, 474 N.E.2d 567, 485 N.Y.S.2d 207(1984)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-08-07. Retrieved 2013-09-03.
  10. ↑ "Williams v. State 494 So. 2d 819 (Ala. Crim. App. 1986)". Fall 2002. Archived from the original on 2013-10-29.
  11. ↑ Merton v. State 500 So.2d 1301 (1986)
  12. ↑ Russell, Diana E. H., Rape in Marriage, Macmillan, 1990.
  13. ↑ Hasday, Jill Elaine (October 2000). "Contest and Consent: A Legal History of Marital Rape". California Law Review. 88 (5): 1373–1505. doi:10.2307/3481263. JSTOR 3481263. Retrieved May 3, 2022.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Bergen, Raquel Kennedy (March 1999). "Marital Rape" (PDF). Applied Research Forum, National Electronic Network on Violence Against Women. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-07-24 – via University of Hawaii.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Anderson, Michelle J. "Marital Immunity, Intimate Relationships, and Improper Inferences: A New Law on Sexual Offenses by Intimates". Hastings Law Journal. 54. Archived from the original on 2013-10-29.
  16. ↑ Walden, Rachel (November 5, 2008). "Why Reproductive Rights Advocates Need to Start Paying Attention to Tennessee". Women's Health News. Archived from the original on 2021-01-08.
  17. ↑ "SB 0556 (HB 1116)". Tennessee General Assembly. Archived from the original on 2022-04-06. Retrieved May 3, 2022.
  18. ↑ "Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-503". LexisNexis. Retrieved May 3, 2022.
  19. ↑ Minard, Anna (May 2, 2013). "Washington Closes Troubling Marital Rape Loophole, to the Relief of Wives". The Stranger. Retrieved May 3, 2022.
  20. ↑ "Eliminate Marital Exemptions for Rape in the Third Degree and Indecent Liberties" (PDF). Washington Coalition of Sexual Assault Programs. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2015-10-17. Retrieved 2015-06-09.
  21. ↑ "HB 1108 – 2013–14 – Modifying the definition of rape in the third degree and indecent liberties". Washington State Legislature. Retrieved May 3, 2022.
  22. ↑ "609.349 MS 2018". Office of the Revisor of Statutes. Retrieved May 3, 2022.
  23. ↑ "609.341 2021". Office of the Revisor of Statutes. Retrieved May 3, 2022.
  24. ↑ Vera, Amir (2019-05-03). "Marital rape is no longer legal in Minnesota with new law". CNN. Retrieved 2019-05-20.
  25. ↑ Ferguson, Dana (2 May 2019). "Walz signs repeal of marital rape exemption in Minnesota". Twin Cities. Retrieved 2019-05-20.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 Francis, Leslie (2010). Date Rape: Feminism, Philosophy, and the Law. University Park, Pennsylvania: Penn State Press. pp. 53–55. ISBN 9780271038162. Retrieved 29 January 2021.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 "CA Codes (pen:261-269)". Archived from the original on 8 January 2016. Retrieved 22 August 2015.
  28. ↑ "Bill Text - AB-1171 Rape of a spouse". leginfo.legislature.ca.gov. Retrieved 2022-05-06.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 "Chapter 952 - Penal Code: Offenses". www.cga.ct.gov.
  30. ↑ "Section 18-6101 – Idaho State Legislature" (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-06-30.
  31. ↑ "Code of Maryland, Criminal Law, Sec. 3–318". General Assembly of Maryland. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
  32. ↑ "Maryland Senate Bill 129". General Assembly of Maryland. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
  33. ↑ "Maryland Repeals Spousal Defense for Rape". Tahirih Justice Center.
  34. ↑ Legislature.mi.gov
  35. ↑ Legislature.mi.gov
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Leg.state.nv.us
  37. ↑ Codes.ohio.gov
  38. ↑ Codes.ohio.gov
  39. ↑ "Ohio HB234 – 2015-2016 – 131st General Assembly".
  40. ↑ "Ohio legislators propose removing statute of limitations on rape convictions". Aurora Advocate.
  41. ↑ Oscn.net
  42. ↑ Webserver.rilin.state.ri.us
  43. ↑ Webserver.rilin.state.ri.us
  44. ↑ "South Carolina Code 16-3-652. Criminal sexual conduct in the first degree". LawServer.com. Retrieved 18 July 2019.
  45. ↑ "South Carolina Code 16-3-653. Criminal sexual conduct in the second degree". LawServer.com. Retrieved 18 July 2019.
  46. ↑ "South Carolina Code 16-3-615. Spousal sexual battery". LawServer.com. Retrieved 18 July 2019.
  47. ↑ "South Carolina Code 16-3-615. Spousal sexual battery". LawServer.
  48. ↑ "South Carolina Code 16-3-654. Criminal sexual conduct in the third degree". LawServer.com. Retrieved 18 July 2019.
  49. ↑ "South Carolina Code 16-3-658. Criminal sexual conduct; when victim is spouse". LawServer.com. Retrieved 18 July 2019.
  50. ↑ Leg1.state.va.us
  51. ↑ "Child Marriage in America: Current Laws Are Failing to Protect Vulnerable Children and Teens « Tahirih Justice Center". www.tahirih.org.
  52. ↑ Tidgren, Kristine (6 September 2016). "Iowa Court of Appeals Says Common-Law Marriage Established". The AG Docket: Perspective on Current Agricultural Law Issues. Iowa State University Center for Agricultural Law and Taxation. Retrieved 22 June 2019.
  53. ↑ Statecasefiles.justia.com

Haɗin waje

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