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Gudun kifi

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Gudun kifi
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na Tafiya tafiyan dabbobi
Yawancin nau'in salmon suna da ban tsoro kuma suna iya yin ƙaura mai nisa har zuwa koguna don hayayyafa
Yarda da kifaye da sauran dabbobin ƙaura don yin tafiya cikin koguna na iya taimakawa wajen kula da yawan kifin lafiya

Hijirar kifin, shine ƙaurawar kifaye da yawa daga wani yanki ko jikin ruwa zuwa wani bangaran ruwan. Yawancin nau'ikan kifaye suna yin ƙaura akai-akai, akan ma'auni na lokaci daga yau da kullun zuwa shekara ko tsayi, da kuma tazarar da ke tsakanin 'yan mita zuwa dubban kilomita. Irin wannan ƙaura yawanci ana yin su ne don ingantaccen ciyarwa ko kuma haifuwa, amma a wasu lokuta ba a san dalilan kauran kifin ba.

Hijiran kifi ya ƙunshi motsi na makarantun kifin akan ma'auni da tsawon lokaci fiye da waɗanda ke tasowa yayin ayyukan yau da kullun. [1] Wasu nau'ikan ƙaura suna da ban tsoro, waɗanda manyan kifi ke rayuwa a cikin teku kuma suna ƙaura zuwa ruwa mai daɗi don hayayyafa ; da kuma catadromous, wanda manya kifi ke rayuwa a cikin ruwa mai dadi kuma suna ƙaura zuwa ruwan gishiri don haifuwa. [2]

Kifayen kiwo na ruwa yakan yi ƙaura mai girma tsakanin zuriyarsu, ciyarwa da wuraren gandun daji. Motsi yana da alaƙa da magudanar ruwa da kuma samun abinci a wurare daban-daban a lokuta daban-daban na shekara. Ƙauran ƙaura na iya kasancewa da alaƙa da gaskiyar cewa kifayen ba za su iya tantance zuriyarsu ba kuma motsi ta wannan hanyar yana hana cin naman mutane . Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan ka'idar teku ta bayyana wasu nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan ƙaura. Waɗannan manyan kifaye ne waɗanda ke shiga da fita daga yankunan tattalin arzikin ƙasashe daban-daban, kuma waɗannan an rufe su daban a cikin yarjejeniyar da sauran kifaye.

Salmon da ratsan bass sanannu ne kifaye masu anadromous, kuma ruwan ruwa mai laushi kifaye ne masu bala'in balaguro masu yin ƙaura. Shark na bijimin wani nau'in euryhaline ne wanda ke motsawa da son rai daga sabo zuwa ruwan gishiri, kuma yawancin kifin teku suna yin ƙaura a tsaye, suna tashi zuwa saman don ciyar da dare kuma suna nutsewa zuwa ƙananan yadudduka na teku da rana. Wasu kifaye irin su tuna suna ƙaura zuwa arewa da kudu a lokuta daban-daban na shekara bayan yanayin zafi. Hanyoyin ƙaura suna da sha'awa sosai ga masana'antar kamun kifi. Har ila yau, motsin kifi a cikin ruwa mai dadi yana faruwa; sau da yawa kifayen suna ninkawa kogin don hayayyafa, kuma waɗannan motsi na al'ada suna ƙara samun cikas saboda gina madatsun ruwa.

Rabewa

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Hijira na teku na salmon Atlantic daga Kogin Connecticut

Kamar sauran fannonin rayuwar kifin daban-daban, masanan dabbobi sun ɓullo da rarrabuwar kawuna don ƙaurawar kifi. [3] Sharuɗɗan farko guda biyu masu biyo baya sun kasance cikin amfani da yawa na dogon lokaci yayin da wasu kuma na kwanan nan ne.

  • Anadromous - kifin da ke yin ƙaura daga teku zuwa sama (Girkanci: ἀνά aná, "up" da δρόμος drómos, "course") zuwa cikin ruwa mai dadi don yayyafawa, irin su salmon, bass bass, da fitilar teku [4]
  • Catadromous - kifi da ke yin ƙaura daga ruwa mai daɗi zuwa ƙasa (Girkanci: κατά kata, "sauka" da δρόμος dromos, "course") zuwa cikin teku don hayayyafa, irin su eels [5]

George S. Myers ya tsara waɗannan kalmomi a cikin labarin jarida na 1949.

  • Diadromous - duk kifayen da ke ƙaura tsakanin teku da ruwa mai daɗi. Kamar waɗannan biyun da aka ambata, sanannun kalmomin, diaromous an samo su ne daga Girkanci na gargajiya ([ dia ], "ta"; da [ dromous ], "gudu").
  • Amphidromous - kifin da ke ƙaura daga ruwa mai daɗi zuwa teku, ko akasin haka, amma ba don manufar kiwo ba. A maimakon haka sai su shiga ruwan gishiri ko ruwa a matsayin tsutsa, inda za su yi girma kafin su koma mazaunin da suka fito su zauna a can har tsawon rayuwarsu, suna girma zuwa manyan balagagge. [6]
  • Potamodromous - kifi wanda ƙaura ya faru gaba ɗaya a cikin ruwa mai dadi
  • Oceanodromous - kifin da ke rayuwa da ƙaura gaba ɗaya a cikin teku [3] [7]

Ko da yake waɗannan rarrabuwa an samo su ne don kifaye, a bisa ka'ida, sun dace da kowane kwayoyin halitta na ruwa.

Jerin umarni da iyalai masu banƙyama, da adadin sanannun jinsuna: [6] [8]

Kifin abinci

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Hijira na Icelandic capelin

Kifayen kiwo galibi suna yin ƙaura mai girma tsakanin tsiron su, ciyarwa da wuraren gandun daji. Makarantu na wani haja yawanci suna tafiya a cikin alwatika tsakanin waɗannan filaye. Alal misali, ɗaya daga cikin naman daji suna da filin haifuwarsu a kudancin Norway, wurin ciyar da su a Iceland da wurin gandun daji a arewacin Norway. Faɗin tafiye-tafiye masu girman uku irin waɗannan na iya zama mahimmanci saboda kifayen abinci, lokacin ciyarwa, ba za su iya bambanta zuriyarsu ba.

Capelin kifi ne na kayan abinci na dangin da ake samu a cikin Tekun Atlantika da Arctic . A lokacin rani, suna kiwo a kan ɗimbin ɗimbin ɗimbin plankton a gefen rumbun kankara. Manyan capelin kuma suna cin krill da sauran crustaceans . Kapelin yana motsawa zuwa cikin manyan makarantu don hayayyafa da ƙaura a cikin bazara da bazara don ciyarwa a yankuna masu wadatar plankton tsakanin Iceland, Greenland da Jan Mayen . Tashin ruwa yana shafar ƙaura . A kusa da Iceland balagagge capelin yana yin ƙaura mai girma na ciyar da arewa a cikin bazara da bazara. Hijira na dawowa yana faruwa a watan Satumba zuwa Nuwamba. Hijira ta haihu tana farawa arewacin Iceland a watan Disamba ko Janairu. [9]

Jadawalin da ke hannun dama yana nuna manyan wuraren haifuwa da hanyoyin tsutsa tsutsa . Capelin a kan hanyar zuwa wurin ciyarwa launin kore ne, capelin a hanyar dawowa shuɗi ne, kuma wuraren kiwo ja ne.

A cikin wata takarda da aka buga a cikin 2009, masu bincike daga Iceland sun ba da rahoton aikace-aikacen su na samfurin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ma'amala zuwa samfurin capelin a kusa da Iceland, sun sami nasarar tsinkayar hanyar ƙaura na spawning don 2008. [10]

Nau'in ƙaura sosai

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Tekuna masu tsayi, waɗanda aka yi wa alama a cikin shuɗi, sune tekuna waɗanda ke waje da 200 nautical miles (370 km) yankunan tattalin arziki na musamman

Kalmar jinsunan ƙaura (HMS) ta samo asali ne a cikin Mataki na 64 na Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Dokar Teku (UNCLOS). Yarjejeniyar ba ta ba da ma'anar aiki na kalmar ba, amma a cikin kari (UNCLOS Annex 1) ya jera nau'ikan da ɓangarorin taron ke ɗaukan ƙaura sosai. [11] Jerin ya hada da: tuna da nau'in tuna ( albacore, bluefin, bigeye tuna, skipjack, yellowfin, blackfin, small tunny, kudancin bluefin da harsashi ), wahoo, pomfret, marlin, sailfish, swordfish, saury and oceangoing sharks, dolphins and sauran cetaceans .

Wadannan babban tasirin sashin teku na teku suna yin ƙaura na mahimman abubuwa masu mahimmanci amma m Distances a cikin ciyawar kifi, ko haifuwa na forage, kuma suna da rarraba yanki. Don haka, ana samun waɗannan nau'o'in duka a cikin yankuna na tattalin arziki na musamman na 200 nautical miles (370 km) da kuma a cikin manyan tekuna a wajen waɗannan yankuna. Waɗannan nau'ikan nau'ikan ɓarke ne, wanda ke nufin galibi suna rayuwa ne a cikin buɗaɗɗen teku kuma ba sa rayuwa a kusa da benen teku, kodayake suna iya yin wani ɓangare na yanayin rayuwarsu a cikin ruwa na kusa da teku . [12]

Za a iya kwatanta nau'in ƙaura da yawa tare da jarin jari da hajojin da ke kan iyaka . Matsakaicin kewayon hannun jari duka a cikin EEZ da kuma cikin manyan tekuna . Matsakaicin hannun jari a cikin EEZ na aƙalla ƙasashe biyu. Hannun jari na iya zama duka mai wuce iyaka da kuma karkata. [13]

Yana iya zama ƙalubale don tantance tsarin yawan jama'a na nau'ikan ƙaura ta amfani da alamar tambarin jiki. Alamun kwayoyin halitta na al'ada irin su samfuran PCR na gajeren zango, microsatellites da SNP-arrays sun yi ƙoƙari don gano tsarin yawan jama'a da kuma bambanta hannun jarin kifaye daga raƙuman ruwa daban-daban. Duk da haka, binciken kwayoyin halittar yawan jama'a ta hanyar yin amfani da jerin RAD a cikin tuna tuna yellowfin, [14] [15] albacore, [16] [17] da wahoo [18] sun sami damar bambance yawan jama'a daga kogin teku daban-daban da kuma bayyana tsarin yawan jama'a. Makamantan hanyoyin ilimin genomics na yawan jama'a kuma sun ba da ingantacciyar fahimta game da tsarin yawan jama'a a cikin marlin . [19]

Wasu misalai

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Wasu daga cikin sanannun kifin anadromous sune nau'in kifi na Pacific, irin su Chinook (sarki), coho (azurfa), chum (kare), ruwan hoda (humpback) da kuma sockeye (ja) salmon. Waɗannan salmon suna ƙyanƙyashe a cikin ƙananan rafukan ruwa mai daɗi. Daga nan ne suke ƙaura zuwa teku don girma, suna zaune a can har tsawon shekaru biyu zuwa shida. Lokacin da ya girma, salmon ya koma koguna guda ɗaya inda aka ƙyanƙyashe su don haifuwa. Salmon yana da ikon tafiya ta ɗarurruwan kilomita kogin, kuma dole ne mutane su sanya matakan kifi a cikin madatsun ruwa don baiwa salmon damar wucewa. Sauran misalan kifin anadromous sune kifin teku, sandal mai kaifi uku, fitilar teku da [4] shad .

An gabatar da salmon na Pacific da yawa (Chinook, coho da Steelhead) a cikin Manyan Tekun Amurka, kuma sun zama potamodromous, suna ƙaura tsakanin ruwansu na haihuwa zuwa wuraren ciyarwa gaba ɗaya cikin ruwa mai daɗi.

Zagayowar rayuwa na kifin anadromous. Daga ƙasidar gwamnatin Amurka. (Danna hoto don ƙara girma.)

Mummunan ƙaura masu ban sha'awa suna yin ƙaura ta hanyar ruwa mai daɗi. Misalai su ne ƙwanƙolin Amurka da kuma ƙawancen Turai waɗanda ke yin ƙaura mai nisa daga kogunan ruwa mai daɗi don haifuwa a cikin Tekun Sargasso, waɗanda tsutsa ta biyo baya za su iya shawagi a cikin igiyoyin ruwa na tsawon watanni har ma da shekaru kafin su dawo zuwa kogunansu na asali da ƙoramu a matsayin gilashin gilashi ko elvers.

Misalin nau'in euryhaline shine bijimin shark, wanda ke zaune a tafkin Nicaragua na Amurka ta tsakiya da kogin Zambezi na Afirka. Duk waɗannan wuraren zama ruwa ne, duk da haka sharks kuma za su yi ƙaura zuwa kuma daga teku. Musamman, sharks na tafkin Nicaragua suna ƙaura zuwa Tekun Atlantika kuma sharks na Zambezi suna ƙaura zuwa Tekun Indiya.

Diel a tsaye ƙaura hali ne na kowa; yawancin nau'in ruwa suna motsawa sama da dare don ciyarwa, sannan su koma cikin zurfin da rana.

Yawancin manyan kifayen ruwa, irin su tuna, suna ƙaura zuwa arewa da kudu kowace shekara, sakamakon bambancin yanayin zafi a cikin teku. Waɗannan suna da matuƙar mahimmanci ga kamun kifi .

Ƙauran kifayen ruwan ruwa (potamodromous) yawanci sun fi guntu, yawanci daga tafkin zuwa rafi ko akasin haka, don dalilai na haifuwa. Koyaya, ƙaura na potamodromous na Colorado pikeminnow na tsarin kogin Colorado na iya yin yawa. Hijira zuwa filayen haifuwa na iya zama 100 cikin sauƙi km, tare da mafi girman nisa na 300 km da aka ruwaito daga nazarin alamar rediyo. Ƙauran pikeminnow na Colorado kuma yana nuna babban matakin homing kuma kifayen na iya yin ƙaura zuwa sama ko ƙasa don isa takamaiman wuraren da za a iya haɗewa a cikin ruwan farin ruwa.

Wasu lokuta tsuntsayen da ke cin kwai kifi na iya tarwatsa su. Suna ɗaukar ƙwai a cikin hanyoyin narkewar abinci sannan su ajiye su a cikin najasarsu a wani sabon wuri. Adadin tsira ga ƙwan kifin da suka wuce ta hanyar narkewar tsuntsaye ya yi ƙasa. [20]

Amfani da tarihi

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Tun kafin tarihi mutane sun yi amfani da wasu kifaye masu banƙyama a lokacin ƙaura zuwa kogunan ruwa mai daɗi, lokacin da suka fi saurin kama su. Ƙungiyoyin da ke da alaƙa da Millingstone Horizon an san su waɗanda suka yi amfani da kamun kifi na Morro Creek [21] da sauran yankunan gabar tekun Pacific . A Nevada kabilar Paiute sun girbe ƙauran Lahontan da ke ƙaura tare da kogin Truckee tun zamanin da. Wannan aikin kamun kifi yana ci gaba har zuwa zamani na yanzu, kuma Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka ta goyi bayan bincike don tabbatar da ingancin ruwa a cikin Motar na iya tallafawa al'ummomin da suka dace na Lahontan cutthroat trout.

Myxovirus kwayoyin

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Saboda salmonids suna rayuwa ne mai ban sha'awa, suna cin karo da nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta da yawa daga yanayin ruwan ruwa da na ruwa. Proteins na Myxovirus Resistance (Mx) wani ɓangare ne na dangin GTP-ase waɗanda ke taimakawa ga rigakafin ƙwayoyin cuta, kuma a baya, an nuna bakan gizo-gizo ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) yana da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan Mx guda uku don taimakawa kariya ta hoto a cikin mahalli biyu. Adadin kwayoyin halittar Mx na iya bambanta tsakanin nau'in kifaye, tare da lambobi daga 1 zuwa 9 da kuma wasu masu fice kamar Gadiformes wadanda suka rasa kwata-kwata kwayoyin halittarsu na Mx. Wang et al. (2019) [22] don gano ƙarin yuwuwar ƙwayoyin halittar Mx waɗanda ke zaune a cikin bakan gizo. An gano ƙarin ƙwayoyin Mx guda shida a cikin wannan binciken, yanzu mai suna Mx4-9. Sun kuma ƙaddamar da cewa kwayoyin halittar Mx na trout "an bayyana su daban-daban a cikin kyallen takarda" kuma wannan magana yana ƙaruwa yayin haɓakawa. An bayyana dangin Mx a cikin matakan jini da hanji yayin haɓakawa, yana nuna cewa su mabuɗin kariya ne ga kifin da ke girma. Tunanin cewa waɗannan kwayoyin halitta suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɓakawa da ƙwayoyin cuta yana nuna cewa suna da mahimmanci a cikin nasarar kifin kifi a cikin salon rayuwa mara kyau.

duba wani karin bayanin koma

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  • Animal navigation – Ability of many animals to find their way accurately without maps or instruments
  • Hydrological transport model
  • Semelparity and iteroparity – Classes of possible reproductive strategies
  • Ocean Tracking Network
  • Pacific Ocean Shelf Tracking Project – Field project of the Census of Marine Life
  • Tagging of Pacific Predators – Field project by Census of Marine Life
  • The Blue Planet – 2001 British nature documentary television series

Bayanan kula

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  1. ↑ Dingle, Hugh and Drake, V. Alistair (2007) "What Is Migration?". BioScience, 57(2):113–121. doi:10.1641/B570206
  2. ↑ Gross, Mart R.; Coleman, Ronald M.; McDowall, Robert M. (1988-03-11). "Aquatic Productivity and the Evolution of Diadromous Fish Migration". Science. 239 (4845): 1291–1293. Bibcode:1988Sci...239.1291G. doi:10.1126/science.239.4845.1291. PMID 17833216. S2CID 241447.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Secor, David H; Kerr L A (2009). "Lexicon of life cycle diversity in diadromous and other fishes". Am. Fish. Soc. Symp. (69): 537–556. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Secor 2009" defined multiple times with different content
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Silva, S., Araújo, M. J., Bao, M., Mucientes, G., & Cobo, F. (2014). "The haematophagous feeding stage of anadromous populations of sea lamprey Petromyzon marinus: low host selectivity and wide range of habitats". Hydrobiologia, 734(1), 187–199.
  5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Moyle, P.B 2004
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Investigating Diadromy in Fishes and Its Loss in an -Omics Era
  7. ↑ Myers, George S. (1949). "Usage of Anadromous, Catadromous and allied terms for migratory fishes". Copeia. 1949 (2): 89–97. doi:10.2307/1438482. JSTOR 1438482.
  8. ↑ Supplemental Information
  9. ↑ Vilhjálmsson, H (October 2002). "Capelin (Mallotus villosus) in the Iceland–East Greenland–Jan Mayen ecosystem". ICES Journal of Marine Science. 59 (5): 870–883. doi:10.1006/jmsc.2002.1233.
  10. ↑ Barbaro1 A, Einarsson B, Birnir1 B, Sigurðsson S, Valdimarsson S, Pálsson ÓK, Sveinbjörnsson S and Sigurðsson P (2009) "Modelling and simulations of the migration of pelagic fish" Journal of Marine Science, 66(5):826-838.
  11. ↑ United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea: Text
  12. ↑ Pacific Fishery Management Council: Background: Highly Migratory Species
  13. ↑ FAO (2007) Report of the FAO workshop on vulnerable ecosystems and destructive fishing in deep sea fisheries, Rome, Fisheries Report No. 829. HTML
  14. ↑ Grewe, P.M.; Feutry, P.; Hill, P.L.; Gunasekera, R.M.; Schaefer, K.M.; Itano, D.G.; Fuller, D.W.; Foster, S.D.; Davies, C.R. (2015). "Evidence of discrete yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) populations demands rethink of management for this globally important resource". Scientific Reports. 5: 16916. Bibcode:2015NatSR...516916G. doi:10.1038/srep16916. PMC 4655351. PMID 26593698.
  15. ↑ Pecoraro, Carlo; Babbucci, Massimiliano; Franch, Rafaella; Rico, Ciro; Papetti, Chiara; Chassot, Emmanuel; Bodin, Nathalie; Cariani, Alessia; Bargelloni, Luca; Tinti, Fausto (2018). "The population genomics of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) at global geographic scale challenges current stock delineation". Scientific Reports. 8 (1): 13890. Bibcode:2018NatSR...813890P. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-32331-3. PMC 6141456. PMID 30224658.
  16. ↑ Anderson, Giulia; Hampton, John; Smith, Neville; Rico, Ciro (2019). "Indications of strong adaptive population genetic structure in albacore tuna (Thunnus alalunga) in the southwest and central Pacific Ocean". Ecology and Evolution. 9 (18): 10354–10364. doi:10.1002/ece3.5554. PMC 6787800. PMID 31624554.
  17. ↑ Vaux, Felix; Bohn, Sandra; Hyde, John R.; O'Malley, Kathleen G. (2021). "Adaptive markers distinguish North and South Pacific Albacore amid low population differentiation". Evolutionary Applications. 14 (5): 1343–1364. doi:10.1111/eva.13202. PMC 8127716 Check |pmc= value (help). PMID 34025772 Check |pmid= value (help).
  18. ↑ Haro-Bilbao, Isabel; Riginos, Cynthia; Baldwin, John D.; Zischke, Mitchell; Tibbetts, Ian R.; Thia, Joshua A. (2021). "Global connections with some genomic differentiation occur between Indo-Pacific and Atlantic Ocean wahoo, a large circumtropical pelagic fish". Journal of Biogeography. 48 (8): 2053–2067. doi:10.1111/jbi.14135. ISSN 0305-0270. S2CID 236381627 Check |s2cid= value (help). |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  19. ↑ Mamoozadeh, Nadya R.; Graves, John E.; McDowell, Jan R. (2020). "Genome-wide SNPs resolve spatiotemporal patterns of connectivity within striped marlin (Kajikia audax), a broadly distributed and highly migratory pelagic species". Evolutionary Applications. 13 (4): 677–698. doi:10.1111/eva.12892. PMC 7086058. PMID 32211060.
  20. ↑ "Experiment shows it is possible for fish to migrate via ingestion by birds". phys.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2020-06-23.
  21. ↑ C.M. Hogan, 2008
  22. ↑ Wang, T. (2019). "Lineage/species-specific expansion of the Mx gene family in teleosts: Differential expression and modulation of nine Mx genes in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss". Fish and Shellfish Immunology. 90: 413–430. doi:10.1016/j.fsi.2019.04.303. PMID 31063803. S2CID 147706565. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)

manazarta

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Kara karantawa

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Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

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Media related to Fish migration at Wikimedia Commons

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