H. V. Meyerowitz
 H. V. Meyerowitz | |
|---|---|
| Rayuwa | |
| Haihuwa | 1900 |
| ƙasa | Afirka ta kudu |
| Mutuwa | 1945 |
| Karatu | |
| Harsuna | Turanci |
| Sana'a | |
Herbert Vladimir Meyerowitz (1900 a St. Petersburg - 1945 a London) ya kasance mai zane-zane, malami kuma mai kula da mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya a Afirka ta Kudu da Lesotho, sannan daga baya a mulkin mallaka ya Burtaniya.
Rayuwa ta farko
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Mahaifin Meyerowitz wani attajiri ne na Jamus kuma mahaifiyarsa 'yar wasan piano ce ta Rasha wacce ta yi karatu tare da Arthur Rubinstein .
A lokacin Juyin Juya Halin 1905, iyalin suka ƙaura daga Rasha zuwa Switzerland, inda Meyerowitz ya yi karatu a makarantar Pestalozzi. An kammala karatunsa a Ingila, tare da hutu a Rasha. Iyalin sun kasance a Rasha lokacin da yaƙi ya ɓarke a shekara ta 1914 kuma, saboda asalin ƙasarsu ta Jamus, an tsare su a Ekaterinburg. Sun koma Berlin a 1916 a matsayin wani ɓangare na musayar fursunoni tsakanin Rasha da Jamus. A cikin 1918, Meyerowitz ya yi aiki a takaice a cikin sojojin Jamus.
Bayan yakin, ya koma Berlin don nazarin fasaha. Tare da matarsa ta gaba, Eva Lewin-Richter, ya haɓaka ƙwazo ga fasahar Afirka ta Yamma. Meyerowitz ya ci gaba da karatun zane-zane a Berlin Kunstgewerbeschule . [1] Ya zama mai sha'awar ka'idodin ilimi na Franz Cižek .
Aiki a Afirka ta Kudu da Lesotho
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Bayan kammala karatunsa na fasaha, Meyerowitz ya koma Afirka ta Kudu tare da matarsa Eva, inda ya kafa suna a matsayin mai zane-zane na katako. Ya koyar da shekaru biyar a Jami'ar Cape Town kuma ya bude makarantar fasaha.
A cikin 1935, ya yi nazarin sana'o'i a Lesotho (sa'an nan Basutoland), wanda ya rubuta a cikin Rahoton kan Hanyar Ci gaban Ayyukan ƙauye a Basutolland (Morija Printing Works, 1936). Ya shirya baje kolin Fasaha da Ayyuka na Afirka a matsayin wani ɓangare na Taron Ilimi na Duniya a Salisbury, Rhodesia . Ya ce a cikin jawabin cewa fasahar gargajiya ta Afirka a kan wasan kwaikwayon "mai kyau ne, saboda har yanzu ya cika manufarsa", amma aikin da aka kawo daga makarantu da cibiyoyin "sharar gida ne ... wanda mu, a cikin sunan ilimi, muka yi wa mutanen Afirka. " [2]
Ka ƙaura zuwa Ghana
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Rev. H.M.Grace, Shugaban Kwalejin Achimota a Gold Coast (Ghana), ya ba Meyerowitz aikin mai kula da zane-zane da sana'o'i. An kafa Kwalejin Achimota a 1927 a matsayin makarantar kwana ta zaɓaɓɓu don horar da ƙwararrun Afirka. Ya haɗu da hanyoyin ilimi na Yamma tare da nazarin al'adun gida, harsuna, ilmin halitta da yanayin ƙasa.
Meyerowitz da Eva sun yi bincike game da sana'o'in 'yan asalin Gold Coast, wanda suka gano yana raguwa. A Achimota, ya maye gurbin darussan fasaha na Yammacin da suka danganci zane-zane na ilimi tare da zane-zane da sana'o'i bisa ga ƙwarewar gida da al'adu.
Cibiyar Fasaha ta Yammacin Afirka
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Daga 1937, Meyerowitz ya fara haɓaka makirci don Cibiyar Fasaha, Masana'antu da Kimiyya ta Yammacin Afirka, wanda zai zama "auren ƙwarewar kyawawan abubuwa da iko ga fasahar zamani".[3] Zai bincika zane-zane da sana'o'i na gida, ya koyar da wasu sana'o-kayan asali a cikin hasken kwarewar Turai kuma ya kirkiro masana'antun sana'o" na gida. Hakanan zai bincika tarihin yankin, rayuwar kabilanci, al'adu, addini da yanayin tattalin arziki. Wannan makircin ya sami amincewar taron gwamnonin Afirka ta Yamma a Legas a 1939 da kuma kwamitin ba da shawara kan ilimi a 1940. Kafin yaƙi, yankunan Afirka sun dogara da fitar da kayayyaki, wanda ya zama kusan ba zai yiwu ba ta hanyar jigilar abokan gaba. Ofishin mulkin mallaka ya karɓi manufofin haɓaka masana'antu na asali kuma daga ƙarshe ya yarda da ra'ayin Meyerowitz. A shekara ta 1943, an kafa cibiyar a karkashin jagorancin Rev. Robert Stopford . Abokin aikin Meyerowitz Michael Cardew ya rubuta cewa kawai ikon Meyerowitz na "magnetic eloquence (wanda matsin yaƙin ya goyi bayan) zai iya shawo kan Ofishin mulkin mallaka don tallafawa aikin da Baitulmalin don sakin kudaden da suka dace. "[2]
Meyerowitz ya tsara cibiyar bisa ga sassan samarwa waɗanda za su haɗa zane-zane tare da masana'antu. "Idan za a kafa masana'antu don bukatun Afirka ta Yamma, "ya yi jayayya, "kawai madadin fararen babban birnin da ma'aikata masu launi shine ci gaban kai tsaye na irin wannan da aka gabatar yanzu; kuma mutane gaba ɗaya suna amfana da yawa daga rukunin samar da gida a kan hadin gwiwa fiye da daga cibiyoyin masana'antu masu maida hankali". [3]
A cikin 1936, bisa ga shawarar mai yin tukwane na Ingila Michael Cardew, Meyerowitz ya nada Harry Davis don koyar da tukwane a Achimota da faɗaɗa sashen tukwane don ƙera tubali, tiles, masu sanyaya ruwa da kayan gilashi. Kwalejin ta kuma samar da masana'antu. Davis ya yi murabus a shekarar 1942, kuma Cardew ya maye gurbinsa, wanda ya gudanar da babban fadada tukwane a wani shafin a Alajo, tare da manufar ƙirƙirar kasuwanci mai fa'ida wanda zai biya dukkan bukatun tukwane na Afirka ta Yamma, gami da na Sojojin Burtaniya. Ginin ya ci gaba da asarar kuma 'yan Afirka masu ilimi waɗanda suka yi aiki a matsayin masu koyo sun sami ƙarancin sha'awa a cikin tsarin tukwane na Cardew.
Grace ta yi ritaya daga kwalejin a 1940, ta hana Meyerowitz abokin tarayya mai amfani. Stopford ya koma Ingila a shekarar 1945. Rashin kudi a Cibiyar ya kawo makomarta cikin tambaya.
Mutuwa
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Yayinda yake Landan a 1945, Meyerowitz ya gano cewa mahaifiyarsa, wacce ta kasance a Rasha, ta mutu a Siege na Leningrad . Ya kashe kansa a wannan shekarar, [2] ya mutu a gida, 12 Girdless Road, London W14 . [4]
Binciken ya rubuta cewa ya sha wahala daga "mace depressive cyclothymia".[2] Ba da daɗewa ba bayan mutuwarsa, an rufe Cibiyar Fasaha ta Yammacin Afirka.
Bayanan da aka ambata
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ Harrod, Tanya, "'The Breath of Reality': Michael Cardew and the development of studio pottery in the 1930s and 1940s", Journal of Design History, Vol.2., Nos. 2 and 3, 1989, The Design History Society
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Cardew, Michael, "A Pioneer Potter", London, Collins, 1989, p.125
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 "The Institute of West African Arts, Industries, and Social Sciences", in Man, Vol.43, Sept–Oct 1943, pp.112–114, published by the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland.
- ↑ "MEYEROWITZ Herbert Vladimir of 12 Girdless-road London W.14" in Wills and Administrations 1947 (England and Wales) (1948), p. 729
Haɗin waje
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Hotuna na Meyerowitz a cikin tarin Wellcome