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Hana shan sigari

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Hana shan sigari
activity policy on smoking (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na prohibition (en) Fassara da policy (en) Fassara
Facet of (en) Fassara smoking (en) Fassara
Hannun riga da smoking allowed (en) Fassara
Alamar da aka sani a duniya "babu shan sigari"
Alamar baƙar fata da aka sani a duniya "hasara don shan sigari"

Hana shan sigari, ko Dokokin da ba su da hayaki, manufofin jama'a ne, gami da dokokin aikata laifuka da ka'idojin tsaro da kiwon lafiya na sana'a, waɗanda ke hana shan sigari a wasu wurare. Yankunan da aka fi shafa ta hanyar haramta shan sigari sune wuraren aiki na cikin gida da gine-gine da ke buɗewa ga jama'a kamar Gidajen cin abinci, mashaya, gine-ginen ofisoshi, makarantu, shagunan sayar da kayayyaki, asibitoci, ɗakunan karatu, wuraren sufuri, da gine-ginan gwamnati, ban da motocin sufuri na jama'a irin su jirgin sama, bas, jiragen ruwa, da jiragen kasa. Koyaya, dokoki na iya hana shan sigari a wuraren waje kamar wuraren shakatawa, rairayin bakin teku, wuraren tafiya, kwaleji da asibitoci, kuma a cikin wani nesa daga ƙofar gini, kuma a wasu lokuta, motoci masu zaman kansu da gidaje masu yawa.

Dalilin da aka fi nunawa don ƙuntatawa kan shan sigari shine mummunan tasirin kiwon lafiya da ke da alaƙa da hayaki na biyu (SHS), ko kuma shan sigari ta mutanen da ba sa shan sigari. Wadannan sun hada da cututtuka kamar cututtukan zuciya, ciwon daji, da cututtukatattun cututtukani na huhu. Adadin haramta shan sigari a duniya ya karu sosai a ƙarshen karni na 20 da farkon karni na 21 saboda karuwar ilimi game da waɗannan haɗarin kiwon lafiya. Yawancin ƙuntatawa na farko na shan sigari kawai suna buƙatar sanya wuraren da ba a shan sigari a cikin gine-gine, amma manufofi na wannan nau'in sun zama marasa amfani bayan shaidar cewa ba su kawar da damuwa game da kiwon lafiya da ke da alaƙa da SHS ba.

Ra'ayoyi game da haramta shan sigari sun bambanta. Mutane da yawa da kungiyoyi kamar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) suna tallafawa haramtacciyar shan sigari bisa ga cewa suna inganta sakamakon kiwon lafiya ta hanyar rage yawan mutanen da ke shan sigari, yayin da wasu ke adawa da haramtacciya shan sigari kuma suna tabbatar da cewa sun keta haƙƙin mutum da dukiya kuma suna haifar da wahalar tattalin arziki, da sauran batutuwa.

Dalilin da ya sa aka yi amfani da shi

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Wani lokaci ana hana shan sigari saboda dalilai na aminci da suka shafi gawayi masu cin wuta da aka samar. Ana tara sharar mai bayan zubar da man Exxon Valdez kusa da karamin alamar No Smoking.

Ana yawan aiwatar da haramtacciyar shan sigari a cikin ƙoƙari na kare wadanda ba masu shan sigari ba daga tasirin hayaki na biyu, wanda ya haɗa da karuwar haɗarin Cutar zuciya, ciwon daji, cututtukan huhu na yau da kullun, da sauran cututtukani. Dokokin aiwatar da haramtacciyar shan sigari a cikin gida an gabatar da su ta kasashe da yawa da sauran hukunce-hukunce yayin da ilimin jama'a game da waɗannan haɗarin kiwon lafiya ya karu.[1][2][3]

Ƙarin ra'ayoyi don ƙuntatawa na shan sigari sun haɗa da rage haɗarin wuta a yankunan da ke da haɗarin fashewa; tsabta a wuraren da ake samar da abinci, magunguna, semiconductors, ko kayan aiki da kayan aiki masu kyau; rage nauyin doka; yiwuwar rage amfani da makamashi ta hanyar rage buƙatun iska; rage yawan datti; da kewa mafi lafiya; da kuma ba masu shan sigari damar barin.[2]

Tabbacin shaida

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Shan taba a cikin mashaya na Irish kafin haramtacciyar shan taba ta fara aiki a ranar 29 ga Maris, 2004

Bincike ya samar da shaidar cewa hayaki na biyu yana haifar da matsaloli iri ɗaya kamar shan sigari kai tsaye, gami da ciwon huhu, cututtukan zuciya, da cututtuken huhu kamar emphysema, bronchitis, da asma.[4] Musamman, meta-analyses ya nuna cewa wadanda ba masu shan sigari ba tare da abokan hulɗa da ke shan sigari a gida suna da haɗarin 20-30% mafi girma na ciwon huhu fiye da wadanda ba masu sigari ba waɗanda ke zaune tare da wadanda ba su shan sigari. Wadanda ba masu shan sigari ba ne da ke fuskantar hayaki a wurin aiki suna da karuwar haɗarin ciwon huhu na 16-19%.[5] Wani rahoto na yaduwar cututtuka daga Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya (IOM), wanda Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Rigakafin Cututtuka na Amurka (CDC) suka shirya, ya ce haɗarin cutar zuciya ya karu da kusan 25-30% lokacin da mutum ya fallasa hayaki na biyu. Bayanan sun nuna cewa ko da a ƙananan matakan fallasawa, akwai haɗari kuma haɗarin yana ƙaruwa tare da ƙarin fallasawa.

Kungiyoyin kimiyya da ke tabbatar da tasirin hayaki na biyu sun hada da Cibiyar Kula da Ciwon daji ta Amurka, Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Rigakafin Cututtuka na Amurka, [6] Cibiyar Kulawa ta Lafiya ta Amurka, [7] Babban Likita na Amurka, [8] da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya. [9]

Ingancin iska a cikin mashaya da gidajen cin abinci

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Ƙuntatawa kan shan sigari a mashaya da gidajen cin abinci na iya inganta ingancin iska a cikin irin waɗannan cibiyoyin. Misali, wani binciken da aka jera a shafin yanar gizon CDC ya bayyana cewa dokar jihar New York don kawar da shan sigari a wuraren aiki da aka rufe da wuraren jama'a ya rage matakan RSP (ƙwayoyin da aka dakatar da su) a wuraren karɓar baƙi na yammacin New York. An rage matakan RSP a kowane wurin da ya ba da izinin shan sigari kafin a aiwatar da dokar, gami da wuraren da aka lura da hayaki kawai daga ɗakin da ke kusa a asali. CDC ta kammala cewa sakamakon su yayi kama da sauran binciken da suka nuna ingancin iska na cikin gida bayan an kafa haramcin shan sigari.[10]

Binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2004 ya nuna cewa mashaya da gidajen cin abinci na New Jersey suna da fiye da sau tara na matakan gurɓataccen iska na cikin gida na makwabta New York City, wanda ya riga ya kafa haramcin shan sigari.[11]

Binciken Shari'ar Lafiya ta Jama'a

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A cikin shekara ta 2009, Shirin Binciken Shari'ar Lafiya ta Jama'a, ofishin shirin kasa na Gidauniyar Robert Wood Johnson ta Amurka, ya buga taƙaitaccen shaida da ke taƙaita binciken da ke kimanta tasirin takamaiman doka ko manufofi akan lafiyar jama'a. Sun bayyana cewa "Akwai shaidar da ke goyan bayan haramtacciyar shan sigari da ƙuntatawa a matsayin ingantaccen shigar kiwon lafiyar jama'a da nufin rage bayyanar hayaki na biyu".

Tarihi

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1973 da 2007 ABC labarai rahotanni game da farko, sannan kuma cikakkiyar haramtacciyar shan sigari a cikin gida a Victoria, Australia.

Ginin farko a duniya da ya hana shan sigari shine Wellington" Tsohon Ginin Gwamnati a Wellington, New Zealand a 1876. Harin ya shafi damuwa game da barazanar wuta, saboda shine gini na biyu mafi girma a duniya.

Yunkurin farko na zamani na hana shan sigari ya ga Nazi Jamus ta haramta shan sigari a kowane jami'a, ofishin gidan waya, asibitin soja, da ofishin Jam'iyyar Nazi, a karkashin jagorancin Cibiyar Nazarin Hadarin Taba sigari ta Karl Astel, wacce aka kafa a 1941 a karkashin umarnin Adolf Hitler.[12] Nazis sun gudanar da manyan kamfen na yaki da taba har zuwa mutuwar mulkin su a shekarar 1945.[13]

A ƙarshen karni na 20, yayin da bincike kan haɗarin hayaki na sigari ya zama na jama'a, Masana'antar taba ta kaddamar da kamfen ɗin "sanarwa na ladabi". Tsoron rage tallace-tallace, masana'antar ta fara shirin watsa labarai da na majalisa wanda ya mayar da hankali kan "haɗin kai". An karfafa haƙuri da ladabi a matsayin hanyar sauƙaƙe tashin hankali tsakanin masu shan sigari da waɗanda ke kewaye da su, yayin da suke guje wa haramtacciyar shan sigari. A Amurka, an ƙarfafa jihohi su zartar da dokoki da ke ba da sassan shan sigari daban-daban.[14]

A shekara ta 1975 jihar Minnesota ta Amurka ta kafa Dokar Tsabtace Wutar Cikin Gida ta Minnesota, ta sa ta zama jiha ta farko da ta hana shan sigari a yawancin wuraren jama'a. Da farko ana buƙatar gidajen cin abinci su sami sassan "Babu Shan Sigari", kuma an cire mashaya daga Dokar.[15] Ya zuwa 1 ga Oktoba 2007 Minnesota ta kafa haramtacciyar shan sigari a duk gidajen cin abinci da mashaya a duk fadin jihar, wanda ake kira Dokar 'Yanci don numfashi ta 2007.

Garin shakatawa na Aspen, Colorado, ya zama birni na farko a Amurka don hana shan sigari a gidajen cin abinci, a cikin 1985, kodayake ya ba da izinin shan sigari.

A ranar 3 ga Afrilu 1987 birnin Beverly Hills, California, ya fara doka don hana shan sigari a yawancin gidajen cin abinci, a cikin shagunan sayar da kayayyaki da kuma tarurrukan jama'a. Ya cire gidajen cin abinci a otal-otal - membobin Majalisar Birnin sun yi tunanin cewa gidajen cin abincin otal suna ba da abinci ga yawan baƙi daga ƙasashen waje, inda shan sigari ya fi karɓa fiye da Amurka.

A cikin 1990 birnin San Luis Obispo, California, ya zama birni na farko a duniya don hana shan sigari a cikin gida a mashaya da kuma gidajen cin abinci.[16] Harin bai haɗa da wuraren aiki ba, amma ya rufe duk sauran wuraren jama'a na cikin gida kuma tilasta shi yana da iyaka.

A Amurka, haramcin shan sigari na California na 1998 ya karfafa wasu jihohi kamar New York don aiwatar da irin waɗannan ƙa'idodi. Harin California ya haɗa da ƙuntatawa mai rikitarwa game da shan sigari a cikin mashaya, yana tsawaita haramcin da aka kafa a cikin jihar a 1994. Ya zuwa watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2009, akwai jihohi 37 tare da wasu nau'ikan haramta shan sigari.[17] Wasu yankuna a California sun fara haramta shan sigari a duk birane, gami da kowane wuri sai dai gidajen zama. Fiye da birane 20 a California sun kafa takunkumin shan sigari da kuma rairayin bakin teku.  [ana buƙatar hujja]A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2011, Birnin New York ya fadada haramcin shan sigari da aka aiwatar a baya ta hanyar hana shan sigari a wuraren shakatawa, rairayin bakin teku da kuma tituna, filin golf na jama'a da sauran wuraren da Ma'aikatar Parks ta Birnin Nework ke sarrafawa.[18] A cikin 'yan shekarun nan Birnin New York ya zartar da lambobin gudanarwa §17-502 da §17-508 da ke tilasta masu mallakar gine-gine masu zaman kansu, hadin gwiwa, da condominiums su karɓi manufofin shan sigari a cikin duk hayar. Wadannan lambobin suna tilasta masu gida su kafa tanadi suna gaya wa masu haya ainihin wuraren da za su iya ko ba za su iya shan sigari ba.[19][20] A watan Janairun 2010, magajin garin Boston, Massachusetts, Thomas Menino, ya ba da shawarar ƙuntatawa kan shan sigari a cikin gidajen jama'a a ƙarƙashin ikon Hukumar Kula da Gidajen Boston.

Daga Disamba 1993, a Peru, ya zama ba bisa ka'ida ba a shan taba a kowane wuri mai rufe jama'a da kowane abin hawa na jama'a (bisa ga Dokar 25357 da aka bayar a ranar 27 ga Nuwamba 1991 da ƙa'idodinta da aka bayar akan 25 ga Nuwamba 1993 ta hanyar doka D.S.983-93-PCM). Har ila yau akwai dokokin da ke hana tallace-tallace, kuma ba bisa ka'ida ba ne (Dokar 26957 21 ga Mayu 1998) don sayar da taba ga yara ko kai tsaye don tallata taba a cikin 500m na makarantu (Dokar 24849 9 Yuli 1997).

A ranar 11 ga Nuwamba 1975 Italiya ta haramta shan sigari a kan motocin sufuri na jama'a (sai dai motocin jirgin kasa na masu shan sigari) da kuma wasu gine-ginen jama'a.[21] Bayan yunkurin da bai yi nasara ba a 1986, a ranar 16 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2003 majalisar dokokin Italiya ta zartar da Legge Sirchia, wanda zai hana shan sigari a duk wuraren jama'a na cikin gida, gami da mashaya, gidajen cin abinci, gidajen rawa da ofisoshi daga 10 ga watan Janairu shekara ta 2005.[22][23]

A ranar 3 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2003, New Zealand ta zartar da doka don ci gaba da aiwatar da haramcin shan sigari a makarantu, filayen makaranta, da wuraren aiki a watan Disamba shekara ta 2004. [24]

A ranar 29 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2004, Jamhuriyar Ireland ta aiwatar da haramtacciyar haramtacciya a duk wuraren aiki. A Norway, irin wannan doka ta fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Yuni a wannan shekarar.[25]

A Scotland, Andy Kerr, Ministan Lafiya da Kula da Al'umma, ya gabatar da haramtacciyar shan sigari a wuraren jama'a a ranar 26 ga Maris 2006. An haramta shan taba a duk wuraren jama'a a duk faɗin Burtaniya a cikin 2007, lokacin da Ingila ta zama yankin karshe da dokar ta fara aiki (ƙayyadadden shekarun sayen taba ya karu daga 16 zuwa 18 a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 2007).

A ranar 12 ga Yuli, 1999 wani Sashen Bench na Babban Kotun Kerala a Indiya ya hana shan taba a wuraren jama'a ta hanyar ayyana "shan taba a matsayin haramtacciyar karo na farko a tarihin duniya baki daya, wanda ya saba wa kundin tsarin mulki kuma ya saba wa Mataki na 21 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki". Bench, karkashin jagorancin Dokta Justice K. Narayana Kurup, ta gudanar da cewa "shan taba" a wuraren jama'a (ta hanyar sigari, sigari, kudan zuma ko wani abu) "ya fada cikin ɓarna na tanadin hukunci da ya shafi cutar da jama'a kamar yadda ya kunsa. a cikin ka'idar Penal Code na Indiya da ma ma'anar gurɓataccen iska kamar yadda yake kunshe a cikin dokokin da suka shafi karewa da kiyaye muhalli, musamman, iska (Rigakafin da Kula da Gurɓatawa), Dokar 1981.

A shekara ta 2003 Indiya ta gabatar da dokar da ta haramta shan sigari a wuraren jama'a kamar gidajen cin abinci, sufuri na jama'a ko makarantu. Wannan dokar ta kuma sanya shi ba bisa ka'ida ba don tallata sigari ko wasu kayayyakin taba.[26]

  1. ↑ "Smokefree legislation consultation response, The Institute of Public Health in Ireland". Archived from the original on 8 October 2007. Retrieved 5 September 2006.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "New health bill will ban smoking in majority of workplaces". www.direct.gov.uk. 28 October 2005. Archived from the original on 9 May 2007. (UK Health Secretary: The smoking ban "is a huge step forward for public health and will help reduce deaths from cancer, heart disease and other smoking related diseases")
  3. ↑ WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control; First international treaty on public health, adopted by 192 countries and signed by 168. See in particular Article 8 Protection from exposure to tobacco smoke.
  4. ↑ Boyle, P (2003). "European Code Against Cancer and scientific justification: Third version (2003)". Annals of Oncology. 14 (7): 973–1005. doi:10.1093/annonc/mdg305. PMID 12853336.
  5. ↑ Sasco AJ, Secretan MB, Straif K (August 2004). "Tobacco smoking and cancer: a brief review of recent epidemiological evidence". Lung Cancer. 45 (Suppl 2): S3–9. doi:10.1016/j.lungcan.2004.07.998. PMID 15552776.
  6. ↑ Secondhand Smoke Fact Sheet, from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 6 August 2007.
  7. ↑ Environmental Tobacco Smoke. From the 11th Report on Carcinogens of the National Institutes of Health. Retrieved 6 August 2007. Archive
  8. ↑ The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General. Dated 27 June 2006. Retrieved 6 August 2007.
  9. ↑ Tobacco Smoke and Involuntary Smoking: A monograph of the International Agency for Research on Cancer of the World Health Organization. Retrieved 6 August 2007.
  10. ↑ Centers for Disease Control Prevention (CDC) (12 November 2004). "Indoor Air Quality in Hospitality Venues Before and After Implementation of a Clean Indoor Air Law --- Western New York, 2003". Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 53 (44): 1038–1041. PMID 15538318.
  11. ↑ "Study Finds That New Jersey Bars and Restaurants Have Nine Times More Air Pollution than Those in Smoke-Free New York". Archived from the original on 23 February 2006.
  12. ↑ Proctor RN (2001). "Commentary: Schairer and Schöniger's forgotten tobacco epidemiology and the Nazi quest for racial purity". International Journal of Epidemiology. 30 (1): 31–34. doi:10.1093/ije/30.1.31. PMID 11171846.
  13. ↑ Clough JD, Lewis EJ, Lachin JM (1996). "Treatment protocols of the lupus nephritis collaborative study of plasmapheresis in severe lupus nephritis. The Lupus Nephritis Collaborative Study Group". Progress in Clinical and Biological Research. 337 (7070): 301–7. doi:10.1136/bmj.313.7070.1450. PMC 2352989. PMID 8973234.
  14. ↑ "Preemption/Accommodation presentation". Legacy Tobacco Documents Library. University of California at San Francisco. 30 June 1994. Archived from the original on 16 October 2007. Retrieved 23 November 2006.
  15. ↑ "Minnesota Clean Indoor Air Act – Freedom to Breathe". Minnesota Department of Health. Archived from the original on 2018-12-22. Retrieved 2024-07-13.
  16. ↑ David E. Garth (29 January 2001). "Letter to Nebraska Senators from San Luis Obispo Chamber of Commerce in favor of Smokefree Legislation". Tobacco.org. Archived from the original on 15 March 2012. Retrieved 7 April 2007.
  17. ↑ "How many Smokefree Laws?" (PDF). American Nonsmokers' Rights Foundation. 6 October 2006. Retrieved 23 November 2006.
  18. ↑ "Tobacco Free Ireland" (PDF). Department of Health. 7 June 2013.
  19. ↑ "2006 New York Laws: New York City Administrative Code(NEW) : (17-501 - 17-514) Smoke-free Air Act".
  20. ↑ "The Newest New York City Real Estate Laws That Property Owners and Occupants Must Know in 2018". 16 January 2018.
  21. ↑ "*** NORMATTIVA ***". www.normattiva.it. Retrieved 2020-01-10.
  22. ↑ "L. 3/2003". www.camera.it. Retrieved 2020-01-10.
  23. ↑ That was part of a wider law. Smoke provisions are contained in art. 51
  24. ↑ Ministry of Health (15 September 2005). "Smokefree Law in New Zealand". moh.govt.nz. Retrieved 24 March 2011.
  25. ↑ "Smoking restrictions in Norway". Innovation Norway. 7 August 2008. IS-1275 E. Retrieved 23 December 2009.
  26. ↑ "[ Explained ] The Cigarettes And Other Tobacco Products (Prohibition Of Advertisement And Regulation Of Trade And Commerce, Production, Supply And Distribution) Act, 2003". Nyaaya.in. Archived from the original on 13 January 2017. Retrieved 2017-01-10.
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