Harshen Dyula
| Dyula | |
|---|---|
| Ya yi amfani da shiSanya | |
| 'Yan asalin ƙasar | Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Mali |
| Ƙabilar | Dyula |
Masu magana da asali
|
L2L1: miliyan 2.2 (2009-2018) [1]: miliyan 10 (2012-2013) [1] |
Nijar-Congo?
| |
| N'Ko, Latin, Ajami | |
| Lambobin harshe | |
| ISO 639-2 | dyu
|
| ISO 639-3 | dyu
|
| Glottolog | dyul1238
|
Dyula (ko Jula, Dioula, Julakanci) yare ne na dangin yaren Mande wanda ake magana da shi galibi a Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast da Mali, da kuma wasu ƙasashe, gami da Ghana, Guinea da Guinea-Bissau . Yana ɗaya daga cikin yarukan Manding kuma yana da alaƙa da Bambara, kasancewar yana da fahimtar juna tare da Bambara da Malinke. Harshen kasuwanci ne a Yammacin Afirka kuma miliyoyin mutane ne ke magana da shi, ko dai a matsayin yare na farko ko na biyu. Kamar sauran yarukan Mande, yana amfani da sautuna. Ana iya rubuta shi a cikin rubutun Latin, Larabci ko N'Ko.
Tarihi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A tarihi, Dyula ("jula" a cikin harshe) ba ethonym ba ne, amma lakabin Harshen Manding ne a zahiri ma'anar 'mai ciniki'. Kalmar da aka yi amfani da ita don rarrabe 'yan kasuwa Musulmi daga mutanen da ba Musulmi ba da ke zaune a wannan yanki, galibi manoma Senufo. Daga nan sai [2] zama sunan waje ga 'yan kasuwa masu magana da Manding kamar su Bambara ko Mandinka da yarensu. [3][4][5] lokaci guda, duk da haka, wani tsari na ethnogenesis a fadin ƙarni ya haifar da wasu al'ummomi a garuruwan zamani kamar Bobo-Dioulasso, Odienné da Kong suna karɓar lakabin a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin asalin kabilansu. [6][7] 'ummomin suna magana da nau'ikan Dyula tare da halaye na yau da kullun waɗanda suka bambanta shi daga nau'in harshen Jula wanda mutum ke ji a kasuwanni a duk faɗin Burkina Faso da Côte d'Ivoire.
Daga baya, an kuma yi amfani da kalmar don sauƙaƙe fasalin Bambara, wanda ya fito daga Mali, gauraye da abubuwa na Maninka. zama harshen da ake amfani da shi sosai. Masu magana da harshen Manding a cikin Ivory Coast suna amfani da kalmar 'Tagbusikan' don komawa ga wannan yaren da aka sauƙaƙe, yayin da suke kiran yarensu 'Konyakakan', 'Odiennekakan' ko 'Mawan'. Hawan miliyoyin ma'aikatan ƙaura daga Sahel ya kara haɓaka amfani da Dyula a Ivory Coast saboda buƙatar harshen magana. Mutane da yawa na Burkinabe sun koyi Dyula yayin da suke zaune a Ivory Coast kuma sun ci gaba da yada shi a gida. [2] yau, ana amfani da Dyula aƙalla zuwa wani ɓangare ta 61% na yawan jama'ar Ivory Coast da kuma kusan 35% na Burkinabe (musamman waɗanda ke zaune a kudanci ko yammacin ƙasar). [1]
Fasahar sauti[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Sautin da aka yi amfani da shi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
| Labari | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Gishiri | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hanci | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||
| Plosive | ba tare da murya ba | p | t | c | k | |
| murya | b | d | ɟ | ɡ | ||
| Fricative | ba tare da murya ba | f | s | h | ||
| murya | v | z | ||||
| Rhotic | r | |||||
| Kusanci | l | j | w | |||
Sautin sautin[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
| A gaba | Tsakiya | Komawa | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kusa | i | u | |
| Tsakanin Tsakiya | da kuma | o | |
| Bude-tsakiya | ɛ | Owu | |
| Bude | a |
Sautu wasali bakwai na iya zama ko dai tsawo /iː eː ɛː aː ɔː oː uː/ ko nasalized /ĩ ẽ ɛ̃ ã ɔ̃ õ ũ/ .
Tsarin rubuce-rubuce[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Harshen N'Ko[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Rubutun N'Ko tsarin rubuce-rubuce ne na asali don ci gaba da harshe Manding, wanda Solomana Kanté, malamin Guinea ya kirkira a 1949. A yau, an tsara rubutun a matsayin wani ɓangare na Unicode, wanda ke ba da damar amfani da shi cikin sauƙi a kan layi, amma rashin kuɗi da matsayin hukuma na Faransanci yana nufin cewa amfani da wannan haruffa ya fi faruwa a waje da ilimi na al'ada kuma ba a amfani dashi a kan alamun titi, da sauransu.
Harshen Latin da rubutun kalmomi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ana tsara rubutun Dioula a Burkina Faso ta hanyar Kwamitin Dioula na Hukumar Harsuna ta Kasa. A ranar 15 ga watan Yulin 1971, an kirkiro Kwamitin Kasa na Dioula [8] kuma a ranar 16 ga watan Yunin 1971, ya fara karatu don saita haruffa na Dioule. [9] buga haruffa a ranar 27 ga Yuli 1973 kuma ya sami matsayi na hukuma a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu 1979. [1] [10] kara wasu haruffa daga baya, kuma an maye gurbin wasu da wasu.
| Dioula Alphabet | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A | B | C | D | E | Ɛ | F | G | H | Na | J | K | L | M | N | Ya kuma yi amfani da shi | Ŋ | O | O | P | R | S | T | U | V | W | Y | Z |
| a | b | c | d | da kuma | ɛ | f | g | h | i | j | k | l | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | o | Owu | p | r | s | t | u | v | w | da kuma | z |
| Darajar sauti | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| a | b | c | d | da kuma | ɛ | f | g | h | i | ɟ | k | l | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | o | Owu | p | r | s | t | u | v | w | j | z |
A Burkina Faso, haruffa na Dioula ya ƙunshi haruffa 28 kowannensu yana wakiltar sautin guda ɗaya. A cikin rubutun, ana wakiltar dogon wasula ta hanyar haruffa biyu; don haka, an rubuta /e/ da /eː/. Ana rubuta nasalisation na wasali sannan n ya biyo baya; alal misali, /ẽ/ an rubuta shi.
An ba da shawarar ƙididdigar sautuna a cikin 1973, amma a aikace ba a rubuta su ba. Jagoran rubutun da aka buga a shekara ta 2003 bai sake maimaita wannan shawarar ba. Ana lura da sautuna ne kawai a cikin ayyukan ƙamus. Koyaya, don kauce wa rashin tabbas, alamar sautin wajibi ne a wasu lokuta.
Misali:
- Sunan mutum na uku
- Sukai mutum na biyu da yawa
Amfani a cikin kafofin watsa labarai[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ana iya jin Dioula a cikin fim din 2004 Night of Truth, wanda Fanta Régina Nacro, darakta mace ta farko ta Burkina Faso ta jagoranta.
Dubi kuma[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- Mutanen Dyula
Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- ↑ Dyula at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Empty citation (help)
- ↑ Wilks, Ivor. 2000. “The Juula and the Expansion of Islam into the Forest.” In The History of Islam in Africa, edited by Nehema Levtzion and Randell Pouwels, 93–115. Athens, OH: Ohio University Press.
- ↑ Wilks, Ivor. 1968. “The Transmission of Islamic Learning in the Western Sudan.” In Literacy in Traditional Societies, edited by Jack Goody, 162–97. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- ↑ Sanogo, Mamadou Lamine. 2003. “L’ethnisme jula: origines et évolution d’un groupe ethnolinguistique dans la boucle du Niger.” In Burkina Faso, Cents Ans d’Histoire, 1895-1995, edited by Yénouyaba Georges Madiéga, 369–79. Paris, France: Karthala.
- ↑ Braconnier, C. 1999. Dictionnaire du dioula d’Odienné: parler de Samatiguila. Paris: Documents de Linguistique Africaine.
- ↑ Sangaré, Aby. 1984. “Dioula de Kong : Côte d’Ivoire.” Doctoral Dissertation, Grenoble: Université de Grenoble.
- ↑ Republic of Burkina Faso, Ministerial Decree no 54/ENC/CNU.
- ↑ Republic of Burkina Faso, Ministerial Decree no 367/ENC/CNU.
- ↑ Empty citation (help)
Haɗin waje[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- An Ka taa: shafin yanar gizo tare da ƙamus, albarkatu da kafofin watsa labarai a ciki da game da Jula da Manding gabaɗaya.
- Bayanan bayanan rikodin sauti a Jula (Dioula) - addu'o'in Katolika na asali[permanent dead link]
Bayanan littattafai[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- Hukumar Harsunan Kasa ta Burkina Faso - Ƙungiyar Dioula, Jagoran fassarar Dioula.
- Hukumar Harsunan Kasa ta Burkina Faso - Ƙananan Kwamitin Kasa na Dioula, Dokokin orthographic na Dioule, Ouagadougou, Haɗin gwiwar Switzerland, 1999, 69
- Moussa Coulibaly da Haraguchi Takehiko, Lexicon du Dioula, Cibiyar Ci Gaban Tattalin Arziki, 1993 (karanta kan layi [archive])
- Maurice Delafosse, Vocabulaires comparatifs na fiye da 60 harsuna ko yaruka da ake magana a Côte d'Ivoire da yankunan da ke kusa, Paris, E. Leroux, 1904, 284
- Maurice Delafosse, Rubuce-rubuce na aikin hannu na harshen Mandé ko Mandingue. Rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rubi na harshen Mandé ko Mandingue. Nazarin ilimin harshe na yaren Dyoula. Kalmomin Faransanci da Dyoula. Tarihin Samori a cikin umarni. Nazarin kwatankwacin manyan yarukan Mandé, Paris, Littattafan INALCO, 1904, 304
- Mohamadou Diallo, o 37, 2001, 9-31
- Mamadou Lamine Sanogo (mashahurin rubutun, wanda Bakary Coulibaly ke kula da shi), Les syntagmes nominaux du jula véhiculaire, Jami'ar Ouagadougou, 1991, 81
- Mamadou Lamine Sanogo (DEA thesis, wanda Bakary Coulibaly ke kula da shi), Hanyar da ta dace da motar, Jami'ar Ouagadougou, 1992, 79
- Mamadou Lamine Sanogo, Tons, sassan da ka'idojin canji a jula, Mandenkan, Paris, o 30, 1995, 41-54
- Mamadou Lamine Sanogo (Jami'ar Rouen thesis, karkashin kulawar Claude Caitucoli (URA-CNRS 1164)), Harsunan ƙasa, harsunan motoci, harshen hukuma da kuma siyasa a Burkina Faso, 1996, 832
- Mamadou Lamine Sanogo, ̆ Tushen kimiyya na ka'idar rubuce-rubuce: maimaita sautin ƙarshe na ƙayyadaddun a cikin jula ̆, Cahiers du CERLESHS, Jami'ar Ouagadougou, o 16, 1999, 127-144
- Za a iya samun ƙarin bayani a wannan talifin a dandalin www.jw.org/ha.
- Mamadou Lamine Sanogo, a cikin Y. G. Madiéga da O. Nao, 1, 2003, 370-379
- Mamadou Lamine Sanogo, game da gine-ginen cikakkiyar magana a cikin dioula, Cahiers du CERLESHS, Jami'ar Ouagadougou, o 20, 2003, 179-211
- Mamadou Lamine Sanogo, zuwa ga hanyar zamantakewa da harshe na derivatives a cikin mota, Cahiers du CERLESHS, Jami'ar Ouagadougou, o 1* er lamba ta musamman, Yuni 2003, 221-223
- Mamadou Lamine Sanogo, Binciken kalmomi a cikin yaren da aka rufe: batun dioula, Paris, Edition na tarihin zamani, 2006, 631-639
- Y. Person, Samori: Une révolution dyula, 1, Dakar, IFAN, Memoirs of the Fundamental Institute of Black Africa, 1968
- Y. Person, Samori: Une révolution dyula, 2, Dakar, IFAN, Memoirs of the Fundamental Institute of Black Africa, 1970
- Y. Person, Samori: Une révolution dyula, 3, Dakar, IFAN, Memories of the Fundamental Institute of Black Africa, 1975