Harshen Foodo

Harshen Foodo
Dangin harshen	Harsunan Nijar-Congo; Harsunan Atlantic-Congo; Harsunan Volta-Congo; Harsunan Kwa; Nyo (en) ; Harsunan Potou-Tano; Harsunan Guang; Harshen Foodo; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-3	fod
Glottolog	food1238

Foodo ( ISO 639-3 fod) yaren Guang ne da ake magana da shi a ciki da wajen garin Sèmèrè a arewacin Benin . Akwai kusan masu magana 37,000 (daukar kididdigar kwanan nan da kuma ƙara kiyasin 3.2% na ci gaban shekara ga Benin ^[2] ). Kashi mai yawa na al'ummar kasar suna rayuwa fiye da kasarsu a wasu sassan Benin, da kuma makwabtan Togo, Najeriya, da Ghana . Akwai iya zama kamar 1,000 da ke zaune a Ghana .

Harshen ya samo asali ne a Ghana . Kimanin shekaru 200 zuwa 300 da suka gabata, gungun masu magana da harshen Guang sun yi hijira daga kudancin Ghana zuwa Sèmèrè tare da tsohuwar hanyar cinikin Cola wadda ta ratsa ta Togo da Benin zuwa Najeriya . ^[3] ^[4] Asalin asalin masu magana da Foodo iri-iri har yanzu ana riƙe su cikin sunayen dangi. " ^[5]

Bayanan zamantakewa

Foodo na ɗaya daga cikin harsunan ƙasar Benin . A cikin yanayin zamantakewar al'umma ta Benin ana fassara 'harshen ƙasa' da nufin duk harsunan Afirka da ake magana da su a cikin iyakokin ƙasar.

Foodo suna da kusanci na tarihi da al'adu ta hanyar Islama zuwa Tem (wanda aka fi sani da Kotokoli ), a ciki da wajen garin Sokode a Togo . Yawancin Foodo suna jin harsuna biyu a cikin Tem a matsayin yaren ciniki .

Binciken harshe

Foodo Publications

Fassarar sauti

Consonants

Foodo yana da wayoyin baki guda 24 . Bak'ak'en bak'ak'en bak'ak'e ana samunsu ne kawai a cikin kalmomin lamuni . ^[6]

		Bilabial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Labial-velar	Glottal
Tsaya	mara murya	p p	t t		ku k	kp k͡p
Tsaya	murya	b b	d d		g g g	gb ɡ͡b
Ƙarfafawa	mara murya	f f	ku s	c t͡ʃ			h ( h</link> )
Ƙarfafawa	murya	v ( v</link> )	z ( z</link> )	j d͡ʒ
Nasal		m m	n n	ny ɲ	ŋ ŋ	ƙwanƙwasa ŋ͡m
Kusanci			l l</link> ina ( r</link> )	y j	w w

Wasula

Kamar sauran harsunan Guang, Foodo yana da wasulan sauti guda tara . Tsawon wasali ya bambanta, yana haifar da jimlar wasula 18 . ^[6]

Gajeren wasali

	Gaba		Baya
	Ba a zagaye		Zagaye
	- ATR	+ ATR	- ATR	+ ATR
Kusa	ɪ ɪ	i i	ʊ ʊ	ku u
Tsakar	e ɛ	e e	ɔ ɔ	o o o
Bude	a a

Dogayen wasali

	Gaba		Baya
	Ba a zagaye		Zagaye
	- ATR	+ ATR	- ATR	+ ATR
Kusa	ɪ:	i:	ʊ:	u:
Tsakar	ɛ:	e:	ɔ:	o:
Bude	a:

Sautuna

Foodo harshe ne na tonal, ma'ana ana amfani da bambance-bambancen sauti don bambanta kalma ɗaya daga wata. Waɗannan bambance-bambancen na iya zama ƙamus ko na nahawu .

Akwai sautuna biyu, High (H) da Low (L).

Foodo kuma yana da gangaren ƙasa ta atomatik, inda H mai bin L koyaushe ana furta shi akan ƙaramin sauti fiye da na baya H a cikin jumlar sauti iri ɗaya . Matakan tonal da yawa suna faruwa da zarar an sanya kalmomi cikin mahallin. ^[7]

Tsarin haruffa

A cikin sifofin da ke ƙasa, akwai nau'o'in haruffa guda biyar masu yiwuwa: CV, CV:, CVV, CVC, V da VC. Ban da wasu nau'ikan suna, duka V da VC suna iyakance ga affixes . Baƙaƙe ɗaya kaɗai da ke faruwa a matsayin coda su ne hanci . ^[8]

Daidaiton wasali

Foodo yana da jituwa . Duk wasulan da ke cikin tushe sun yarda dangane da ingancinsu na ATR . Prefixes da yawancin suffixes suna karɓar fasalin su na ATR daga ingancin ATR na kara . Hakanan akwai wasu jujjuyawar wasali a cikin sunaye, amma wannan ya fi takurawa kuma galibi ya bambanta tsakanin masu magana. ^[9]

Rubutun Rubutu

Rubutun na Foodo yana amfani da ingantaccen rubutun Roman, yana ƙara haruffa daban-daban don wakiltar sautunan da ba sa faruwa a cikin harsunan Turai . ^[10]

Consonants

Wasula

Sautuna

Rubutun littafin Foodo yana nuna babban lafazi akan harafin farko na kalmar idan wannan harafin ya kasance H sautin, kuma ya bar duk sauran kalmomin ba su da alama. egá é ɛ́ í ɩ́ ó ɔ́ ú ʊ́ ^[10]

Nahawu

Darasi na suna

Foodo yana da nau'o'i goma. Yawancin sunaye sun ƙunshi tushe tare da prefix na aji da kuma suffix na aji. Amma ya fi dacewa a yi magana game da rarrabuwa ta dogara ne akan tsarin yarjejeniya maimakon kawai akan nau'in guda ɗaya. Ana haɗa Sunaye a cikin saiti daban-daban waɗanda ke da alaƙa da abubuwan da suka faru a cikin kalma da kuma a kan Wakilan anaphoric a waje da kalmar kalma.

Daidaitawa

Foodo yaren SVO ne. Kalmomin magana gabaɗaya jumla ce ta ƙarshe. Tsarin morphemes a cikin kalma na magana shine: batun anaphoric clitic — alama mara kyau — TAM — fi’ili stem — shugabanci. ^[11]

Haɗin Fi'ili

Misalin rubutu

Manazarta

↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen Foodo". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
↑ Alexandratos, N. (ed.) (1995). World Agriculture Towards 2010: An FAO Study. New York: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and John Wiley and Sons.
↑ Cornevin, Robert. 1964. Contribution à l'etude des populations parlant des langues gouang au Togo et au Dahomey. Journal of African Languages 3:226-230.
↑ Bertho, J. 1951. Trois îlots linguistiques du Moyen-Dahomey: le Tshummbuli, le Bazantché, et le Basila. Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Afrique Noire, 13:872-892.
↑ Plunkett, Gray C. 2009. An overview of Foodo, a linguistic island in Benin. Journal of West African Languages, 36:1-2.107-137.
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 Plunkett, Gray C. 2009. An overview of Foodo, a linguistic island in Benin. Journal of West African Languages, 36:1-2.111.
↑ Plunkett, Gray C. (1991). The tone system of Foodo nouns: University of North Dakota. Masters thesis.
↑ Plunkett, Gray C. 2009. An overview of Foodo, a linguistic island in Benin. Journal of West African Languages, 36:1-2.114.
↑ Plunkett, Gray C. 2009. An overview of Foodo, a linguistic island in Benin. Journal of West African Languages, 36:1-2.112.
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 Zakari, Aboubakari & Gray Plunkett (1998). Guide pour lire et écrire le foodo, édition préliminaire. Sèmèrè par Djougou, Bénin: Commission Nationale de Linguistique Foodo en collaboration avec SIL.
↑ Plunkett, Gray C. 2009. An overview of Foodo, a linguistic island in Benin. Journal of West African Languages, 36:1-2.114-115.

[Glottolog-1] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen Foodo". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.

[2] Alexandratos, N. (ed.) (1995). World Agriculture Towards 2010: An FAO Study. New York: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations and John Wiley and Sons.

[3] Cornevin, Robert. 1964. Contribution à l'etude des populations parlant des langues gouang au Togo et au Dahomey. Journal of African Languages 3:226-230.

[4] Bertho, J. 1951. Trois îlots linguistiques du Moyen-Dahomey: le Tshummbuli, le Bazantché, et le Basila. Bulletin de l'Institut Français d'Afrique Noire, 13:872-892.

[5] Plunkett, Gray C. 2009. An overview of Foodo, a linguistic island in Benin. Journal of West African Languages, 36:1-2.107-137.

[autogenerated1-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Plunkett, Gray C. 2009. An overview of Foodo, a linguistic island in Benin. Journal of West African Languages, 36:1-2.111.

[7] Plunkett, Gray C. (1991). The tone system of Foodo nouns: University of North Dakota. Masters thesis.

[8] Plunkett, Gray C. 2009. An overview of Foodo, a linguistic island in Benin. Journal of West African Languages, 36:1-2.114.

[9] Plunkett, Gray C. 2009. An overview of Foodo, a linguistic island in Benin. Journal of West African Languages, 36:1-2.112.

[autogenerated1998-10] 10.0 ^10.1 Zakari, Aboubakari & Gray Plunkett (1998). Guide pour lire et écrire le foodo, édition préliminaire. Sèmèrè par Djougou, Bénin: Commission Nationale de Linguistique Foodo en collaboration avec SIL.

[11] Plunkett, Gray C. 2009. An overview of Foodo, a linguistic island in Benin. Journal of West African Languages, 36:1-2.114-115.

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