Harshen Nauru

Harshen Nauru
Dorerin Naoero — dorerin Naoero
'Yan asalin magana	harshen asali: 9,300 (2013) second language (en) : 1,000 (2013)
Dangin harshen	Austronesian (en) Malayo-Polynesian (en) Nuclear Malayo-Polynesian (en) Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian (en) Eastern Malayo-Polynesian (en) Oceanic (en) Central–Eastern Oceanic (en) Micronesian (en) Harshen Nauru
Baƙaƙen rubutu	Baƙaƙen boko
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-1	na
ISO 639-2	nau
ISO 639-3	nau
Glottolog	naur1243

Mai magana da Nauruan, an yi rikodin a Taiwan .

Nauruan ko Nauru (Nauruan:) yare ne na Australiya, ana magana da shi a asali a cikin tsibirin Nauru . Ba a fahimci dangantakarta da sauran harsunan Micronesia ba.

Fassarar sauti

Consonants

Nauruan yana da wayoyin baki 16-17 . Nauruan yana yin bambance-bambancen sautin sauti tsakanin baƙaƙen baƙaƙen da baƙar magana. Velarization ba ya bayyana kafin dogon baya wasulan da kuma palatalization ba a fili a gaban marasa ƙananan wasalan gaba.

Wayoyin baki

		Bilabial		Dental	Dorsal
		palatalized	tantancewa		Palatal	post-velar	labbabi
Nasal		mʲ	mˠ	n		ŋ	(ŋʷ)
Tsaya	mara murya	pʲ	pˠ	t		k	kʷ
	murya	bʲ	bˠ	d		ɡ	ɡʷ
Ƙarfafawa					ʝ		( ɣʷ )
Kusanci					j		w
Rhotic				r rʲ

Tasha mara murya ba ta da ƙarfi kuma hanci shima ya bambanta da tsayi. Dental tsayawa /t / da /d / zama [ tʃ ] da [ dʒ ] bi da bi a gaban manyan gaban wasulan.

Matsakaicin sun zama masu jujjuyawa a cikin "lafazin jaddadawa." Nathan (1974) ya fassara su a matsayin ⟨ j ⟩ da ⟩ ⟨ amma kuma ya ce sun bambanta da wa]anda ba na silabic ba na manyan wasulan. /w / kuma ana iya jin shi azaman mai jujjuyawa [ ɣʷ ] .

Dangane da damuwa, /r / na iya zama maɗaukaki ko trill. Ba a san takamaiman yanayin sautin /rʲ / ba. Nathan (1974) ya fassara shi da ⟨ r̵ ⟩ kuma ya yi hasashen cewa yana iya yin kama da baƙaƙen baƙaƙe kuma za a keɓe shi.

Tsakanin wasali da kalma-ƙarshe /mˠ /, epenthetic [ b ] ya bayyana.

Wasula

Akwai wasulan sauti guda 12 (tsawo shida, gajeru shida). Bugu da ƙari ga allophony a cikin tebur mai zuwa daga Nathan (1974), adadin wasulan suna rage zuwa [ə]:

Phoneme	Allophones	Phoneme	Allophones
/ii/	[iː]	/uu/	[ɨː ~ uː]
/i/	[ɪ ~ ɨ]	/u/	[ɨ ~ u]
/ee/	[eː ~ ɛː]	/oo/	[oː ~ ʌ(ː) ~ ɔ(ː)]
/e/	[ɛ ~ ʌ]	/o/	[ʌ]
/aa/	[æː]	/ɑɑ/	[ɑː]
/a/	[æ ~ ɑ]	/ɑ/	[ɑ ~ ʌ]

Wasikun da ba a buɗe ba (wato, duka sai /aa/, /a/, /ɑɑ/ /ɑ/) zama mara-syllabic yayin da ake gaba da wani wasali, kamar yadda yake cikin /e-oeeoun/ → [ɛ̃õ̯ɛ̃õ̯ʊn] ('boye').

Damuwa

Damuwa yana kan madaidaicin silsilar lokacin da kalmar ƙarshe ta ƙare da wasali, akan maƙalar ƙarshe idan ta ƙare cikin baƙaƙe, kuma ta farko tare da maimaitawa.

Tsarin rubutu

A cikin rubutaccen yaren Nauru, an fara amfani da haruffa 17:

• Wasula biyar: a, e, i, o, u
• Baƙaƙe goma sha biyu: b, d, g, j, k, m, n, p, q, r, t, w

Ba a haɗa haruffan c, f, h, l, s, v, x, y da z ba. Tare da karuwar tasirin harsunan waje, musamman Jamusanci, Ingilishi, Gilbertese, da wasu tsiraru na Pama-Nyungan, an shigar da ƙarin haruffa cikin haruffan Nauruan. Bugu da ƙari, bambance-bambancen sauti na ƴan wasulan sun taso, ta yadda umlauts da sauran sautuna masu kama da juna an nuna su tare da tilde.

Ƙoƙarin sake fasalin harshe na 1938

A cikin 1938 an yi ƙoƙari na kwamitin harshen Nauruan da Timothy Detudamo don sauƙaƙe karanta harshen ga Turawa da Amurkawa. An yi niyya ne don gabatar da alamomin yare da yawa kamar yadda zai yiwu don sautunan wasali daban-daban don bayyana nau'ikan yaren Nauruan.  a rubuce. An yanke shawarar gabatar da lafazin kabari kawai a wurin tsohon tilde, domin an maye gurbin umlauts "õ" da "ũ" da "ô" da "û". An maye gurbin "ã" da "e".

Hakanan, an gabatar da "y" don bambance kalmomi da Ingilishi "j" ( puji). Don haka, kalmomi kamar ijeiji aka canza zuwa iyeyi. Bugu da ƙari, an maye gurbin "ñ" (wanda ke wakiltar hanci na velar ) da "ng", don bambanta Mutanen Espanya Ñ, "bu" da "qu" da "bw" da "kw" bi da bi, an maye gurbin "ts" tare da "j" (tunda yana wakiltar karin magana mai kama da Ingilishi "j"), kuma an cire "w" da aka rubuta a ƙarshen kalmomi.

Waɗannan gyare-gyaren an yi su ne kawai: umlauts "õ" da "ũ" har yanzu ana rubuta su da tildes. Duk da haka, haruffan "ã" da "ñ" yanzu ba safai ake amfani da su ba, ana maye gurbinsu da "e" da "ng", kamar yadda gyara ya tsara. Hakazalika, an aiwatar da rubutun baƙaƙe biyu "bw" da "kw". Ko da yake "j" ya maye gurbin "ts", wasu haruffa har yanzu suna amfani da "ts." Misali, gundumomin Baiti da Ijuw (bisa ga sake fasalin Beiji a Iyu) har yanzu ana rubuta su da tsohon salon rubutu. "y" ya zama karbuwa gabaɗaya.

A yau ana amfani da haruffan Latin guda 30 masu zuwa.

• Wasula : a, ã, e, i, o, õ, u, ũ
• Consonants : b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, ñ, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, y, z

Dangantakar wasikun da ke sama sune: a[ɑ/a], ã[ɛ], e[e/e̞/ɛ], i[i/ɪ/ɨ], o[o/ɔ], õ[ø], u[ʊ/ʉ], ũ[y], b[b], bw[b͡w], c[k/s], d[d], da[ʤi], f[f], g[g], gw[g͡w], h[ h], j[ʤ̊], k[k], kw[k͡w], nng[ŋː], l[l], m[m], n[n], n[ŋ], p[p], qu[ k͡w], r[ɾ/r], s[s], t[t], ti[ʧi], ts[ʤ̊], v [f/v], w[w/ɣ], x[k͡s], y [j/ʝ], z[z].

Yaruka

A cewar wani rahoto da aka buga a shekara ta 1937 a birnin Sydney, an sami yaruka iri-iri har sai da Nauru ta zama mulkin mallaka a Jamus a shekara ta 1888, kuma har zuwa lokacin da aka fara buga rubutun farko da aka rubuta cikin harshen Nauruan. Ire-iren sun bambanta sosai ta yadda mutanen gundumomi daban-daban sukan fuskanci matsalar fahimtar juna gaba daya. Tare da karuwar tasirin harsunan waje da haɓakar rubutun Nauruan, yarukan sun haɗu zuwa daidaitaccen harshe, wanda Alois Kayser da Philip Delaporte suka inganta ta hanyar ƙamus da fassarorinsu.

A yau akwai ƙarancin bambancin yare. A gundumar Yaren da kewaye akwai wani yare mai suna da ake magana da shi, wanda ya ɗan bambanta.

Kamus na Nauruan Delaporte

A cikin 1907, Philip Delaporte ya buga kamus na Jamus-Nauruan aljihunsa . [1] Kamus ɗin ƙarami ne (10.5 × 14 cm), tare da shafuka 65 da aka keɓe ga ƙamus da ƙarin dozin zuwa jimloli, wanda Jamusanci ya tsara ta haruffa. Kimanin kalmomin Jamusanci 1650 ana goge su a cikin Nauruan, galibi ta hanyar jumloli ko nau'ikan iri ɗaya. Akwai wasu nau'ikan Nauruan 'na musamman' 1300 a cikin masu shela, gami da duk waɗanda ke faruwa a cikin jumla, suna watsi da alamomin ƙira . Lafazin da ake amfani da su a wurin ba kowa ba ne; lafazin lafazin guda ɗaya ne kawai ( tilde ) ake amfani da shi a yau.

Misalin rubutu

Misalin rubutu na gaba daga Littafi Mai Tsarki ( Farawa, 1.1–1.8):

¹ Ñaga ã eitsiõk õrig imin, Gott õrig ianweron me eb.</link> ² Me eitsiõk erig imin ñana bain eat eb, me eko õañan, mi itũr emek animwet ijited, ma Anin Gott õmakamakur animwet ebõk.</link> ³ Me Gott ũge, Enim eaõ, me eaõen.</link> ⁴ Me Gott ãt iaõ bwo omo, me Gott õekae iaõ mi itũr.</link> ⁵ Me Gott eij eget iaõ bwa Aran, me eij eget itũr bwa Anũbũmin. Ma antsiemerin ma antsioran ar eken ũrõr adamonit ibũm. Me Gott eij eget iaõ bwa Aran, me eij eget itũr bwa Anũbũmin. Ma antsiemerin ma antsioran ar eken ũrõr adamonit ibũm.</link> ⁶ Me Gott ũge, Enim tsimine firmament inimaget ebõk, me enim ekae ebõk atsin eat ebõk.</link> ⁷ Me Gott eririñ firmament, mõ õ ekae ebõk ñea ijõñin firmament atsin eat ebõk ñea itũgain firmament, mõ ũgan.</link> ⁸ Me Gott eij egen firmament bwe Ianweron. Ma antsiemerin ma antsioran ar eken ũrõr karabũmit ibũm. Me Gott eij egen firmament bwe Ianweron. Ma antsiemerin ma antsioran ar eken ũrõr karabũmit ibũm.</link>

Wannan rubutun yana nuna kaɗan daga cikin kalmomin lamuni na Jamus (misali Gott</link> , " Allah "; da Firmament</link> , " sararin samaniya ") a ƙasar Nauruan, wanda ya samo asali ne daga tasirin tasirin Jamusawa na mishan .

Kalmomi

Nauruan	Turanci
anũbũmin	dare
aran	rana
ebagadugu	kakanni
Ekamawir omo/Ekamowir omo (more formal) Mo mo (more informal)</br> Ekamawir omo/Ekamowir omo (more formal) Mo mo (more informal)	sannu/sannu/barka da zuwa
ebõk	ruwa
Firmament	Duniya; sararin samaniya
Gott	Allah
ianweron	sama
iaõ	haske
iow	zaman lafiya
itũr	duhu
õawin	farawa
Tarawong (ka)	ban kwana
wa reit ed? / ina mamaki?	Lafiya lau?