Harshen Venda

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Harshen Venda
tshiVenḓa — Tshivenḓa
'Yan asalin magana
 1,064,000
Baƙaƙen boko
Lamban rijistar harshe
ISO 639-1 ve
ISO 639-2 ven
ISO 639-3 ven
Glottolog vend1245[1]
Venda
Mutum Mu venda
Mutane Wallahi
Harshe Tashi venda

Venḓa or Tshivenḓa is a Bantu language and an official language of South Africa and Zimbabwe. It is mainly spoken by the Venda people or Vhavenḓa in the northern part of South Africa's Limpopo province, as well as by some Lemba people in South Africa. The Tshivenda language is related to the Kalanga language which is spoken in Southern Africa. During the apartheid era of South Africa, the bantustan of Venda was set up to cover the Venda speakers of South Africa.

Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a na 2011, masu magana da Venda sun mayar da hankali a cikin yankuna masu zuwa: Makhado Local Municipality, tare da mutane 350,000; Karamar Hukumar Thulamela, tare da mutane 370,000; Karamar hukumar Musina, mai mutane 35,000; da Mutale Local Municipality, mai mutane 89,000. Adadin masu magana a gundumar Vhembe a halin yanzu ya kai 844,000. A lardin Gauteng, akwai masu magana da Venda 275,000. Kasa da 10,000 sun bazu a cikin sauran ƙasar - don jimlar yawan masu magana da Venda a Afirka ta Kudu a mutane miliyan 1.2 ko kuma kawai 2.2% na yawan jama'ar Afirka ta Kudu, wanda ya sa Venda ya zama yare mafi ƙanƙanta na biyu a Afirka ta Kudu, bayan Ndebele. harshe, wanda adadin masu magana da miliyan 1.1. Ba a fayyace kididdigar yawan al'ummar Venda a Zimbabwe ba amma a halin yanzu tana iya kaiwa kasa da rabin miliyan. Mutanen sun taru ne a Kudancin kasar amma kuma sun bazu zuwa wasu garuruwa da garuruwa. Haka kuma akwai adadi mai yawa daga cikinsu a makwabciyar kasar Afirka ta Kudu inda suke ma'aikatan bakin haure.

Tsarin rubutu[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Harshen Venda yana amfani da haruffan Latin tare da ƙarin karin haruffa biyar. Akwai baƙaƙen hakori guda huɗu tare da lafazin da'ira a ƙasan harafin ( ḓ, ḽ, ṋ, ṱ ) da kuma wuce gona da iri na velar ṅ . Ana amfani da haruffa biyar don rubuta wasula bakwai. Haruffa C, J da Q ana amfani da su ne kawai don kalmomi da sunaye na waje.

Harafin Venda
A a B b (C c) D d Ḓ ḓ E e F f G g
H h I i (J j) K ku L l Ḽ ḽ M m N n
Ṋ ṋ Ƙarfafawa O o P p (Q q) R r S s T t
Ṱ Ṱ ku ku V v W w X x Yi y Z z
letter(s) value(s) in IPA notes
a [a], [ɔ]
b [b]
bv [b̪v]
bw [bɣʷ] or [bj] Varies by dialect
d [d]
dz [d͡z]
dzh [d͡ʒ] Similar to English "j"
dzw [d͡zʷ]
ḓ [d̪]
e [ɛ], [e]
f [f]
fh [ɸ]
g [ɡ]
h [ɦ], [h] Pronounced [h] before e.
hw [ɣʷ], [hʷ]
i [i]
j [j] In the word Jerusalema
k [kʼ]
kh [kʰ]
khw [kʷʰ]
l [l]
ḽ [l̪]
m [m], [m̩] M is syllabic [m̩], when the following syllable begins with m.
n [n], [n̩] N is syllabic when the following syllable begins with n.
ng [ŋɡ]
ny [ɲ]
nz [nd͡z]
ṋ [n̪]
ṅ [ŋ]
ṅw [ŋʷ]
o [ɔ], [o]
p [pʼ]
ph [pʰ]
pf [p̪f]
pfh [p̪fʰ]
r [ɾ]
s [s]
sh [ʃ]
sw [ʂ]
t [tʼ]
th [tʰ]
ths [t͡sʰ]
thsh [t͡ʃʰ]
ts [t͡sʼ]
tsh [t͡ʃʼ]
tsw [t͡sʷ]
ty [c]
ṱ [t̪ʼ]
ṱh [t̪ʰ]
u [u]
v [v]
vh [β]
w [w]
x [x] Similar to the ch in Scottish loch.
xw [xʷ]
y [j]
z [z]
zh [ʒ]
zw [ʐ]

Unicode[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Karin haruffa suna da sunayen Unicode masu zuwa:

  • Ḓ U+1E12 LATIN BABBAN WASIQA D TARE DA CIRCUMFLEX A KASA.
  • ḓ U+1E13 LATIN KARAMAR WASIKAR D T TARE DA CIRCUMFLEX A KASA.
  • Ḽ U+1E3C LATIN BABBAN WASIKAR L TARE DA CIRCUMFLEX A KASA.
  • ḽ U+1E3D LATIN KARAMAR WASIKAR L TARE DA CIRCUMFLEX A KASA.
  • U+1E44 LATIN BABBAN WASIQA N MAI DOT A SAMA.
  • U+1E45 KARAMAR WASIKAR LATIN N MAI DOT A SAMA
  • Ṋ U+1E4A LATIN BABBAN WASIQA N TARE DA CIRCUMFLEX A KASA.
  • U+1E4B LATIN KARAMAR WASIKAR N TARE DA CIRCUMFLEX A KASA.
  • Ṱ U+1E70 LATIN BABBAN WASIQA T T DA CIRCUMFLEX A KASA.
  • U+1E71 LATIN KARAMAR WASIQA T DA CIRCUMFLEX A KASA.

Luṱhofunḓeraru lwa Mibvumo[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tsarin rubutun sintu Isibheqe Sohlamvu/ Ditema tsa Dinoko, wanda aka sani da fasaha a Venda kamar yadda Luṱhofunḓeraru lwa Mibvumo, kuma ana amfani da shi don harshen Venda.[ana buƙatar hujja]</link>[ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span> ]

Ƙaunar "saki"
[t̪ʼaːɽa]
 tala "jawo layi"
[t'aːɽa]

Fassarar sauti[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Venda ya bambanta hakori ṱ, ṱh, ḓ, ṋ, ḽ daga alveolar t, th, d, n, l da (kamar a Ewe ) labiodental f, v daga bilabial fh, vh (biyu na ƙarshe sun ɗan zagaye ). Babu dannawa. Kamar yadda a cikin wasu harsunan Afirka ta Kudu kamar Zulu, ph, ṱh, th, kh suna da sha'awar kuma "launi" yana tsayawa p, ṱ, t, da k ba su da ƙarfi .

Wasula[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Akwai sautunan wasali guda biyar:

Gaba Baya
Kusa i u
Tsakar ɛ ɔ
Bude a

Consonants[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Bilabial Labio-<br id="mwAlo"><br><br><br></br> hakori Dental Alveolar Palatal /



</br> Bayan-<br id="mwAmM"><br><br><br></br> alveolar 		Velar Glottal
a fili lab. dan uwa a fili sib. lab. dan uwa a fili lab.
Nasal m mʲ ( ɱ ) n̪ n ɲ ŋ ŋʷ
M /



</br> Haɗin kai 		m pʼ pʷʼ pʲʼ p̪fʼ t̪ʼ tʼ tsʼ tsʷʼ tʲʼ tʃʼ kʼ
m pʰ pʷʰ pʲʰ p̪fʰ t̪ʰ tʰ tsʰ tsʷʰ tʃʰ kʰ
murya b bʷ bʲ b̪v d̪ d dz dzʷ dʲ dʒ ɡ
Ƙarfafawa mara murya ɸ f s sʷ ʃ x h
murya β v z zʷ ʒ
Kusanci l̪ l j w
Rhotic murya r
kada ɺ

Labiodental hanci /ɱ/</link> sauti yana bayyana a cikin sautin baƙar fata da aka riga aka shigar. Sautunan labiovelar suna faruwa azaman madadin sautunan labiopalatal kuma ana iya kiran su /pkʰ pkʼ bɡ mŋ/</link> . [4] Ƙarfafa na /ɸ β s ʃ x h l̪ l r w/</link> yana faruwa bayan prefixes na hanci, mai yuwuwa [pʰ? b tsʰ tʃʰ kʰ? pʰ d̪ d d b]</link> . [2]

Sautuna[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Venda yana da ƙayyadadden sautin, HIGH, tare da kalmomin da ba su da alama suna da ƙaramin sautin. Sautin faɗuwar sauti yana faruwa ne kawai a cikin jeri na fiye da wasali ɗaya ko akan maɗaukakin sauti idan wasalin ya yi tsayi. Samfuran sautin sauti suna wanzuwa daban-daban daga baƙaƙe da wasulan kalma don haka sautunan kalmomi ne. Sautin Venda kuma yana bin ka'idar Meeussen : lokacin da kalmar da ta fara da babban sautin ta gabace ta da wannan babban sautin, sautin na farko ya ɓace. (Wato, ba za a iya samun manyan sautuna masu maɗaukaki biyu masu maƙwabtaka a cikin kalma ba, amma babban sautin yana yaɗuwa gabaɗaya zuwa maɗaukakin maɗaukakin maɗaukaki ("ƙananan" -tone). ) Akwai ƴan sifofi kaɗan kawai a cikin kalmomin Venda (babu sautin, sautin babban sautin guda ɗaya akan wasu harafi, manyan sautuna biyu waɗanda ba kusa da su ba), waɗanda ke aiki kamar haka:

Kalma Tsarin Bayan L Bayan H Bayanan kula
tamana ---. tam: na tama: na Sautin mara alama (ƙananan) ana ɗaga shi bayan babban sautin. Wato sautin da ya gabata yana bazuwa.
dukana -.-. H duwa:na duk: na Babban sautin da ya gabata yana bazuwa amma yana faɗuwa kafin babban sautin ƙarshe na ƙarshe.
danana -. H.- dana:na dana: na Farar ya hau kan sigar tonic, kuma babban sautin da ba na gaba ba yana haɗuwa a ciki.
phama -. H.- phapha:na pha:na
madzhie H.- má:dzíè ma: dzhì Babban sautin farko yana bazuwa. Tare da babban sautin da ya gabata nan da nan, wannan sautin na farko ya ɓace.



</br> (Sautin da ya gabata shima yana yadawa amma bai zuwa ba.)
dakalo H. -.- daka:lò daka:lò
kyau H.-.H kyau:la ku:la

Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  1. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen Venda". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
  2. ↑ Jeff Mielke, 2008. The emergence of distinctive features, p 139ff

Sources[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

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Hanyoyin haɗi na waje[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

 

Software[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

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