Harsunan Afirka ta Kudu

  

Harsunan Afirka ta Kudu
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	languages of a geographic region (en)

Alamar ginin gwamnati na harsuna uku a cikin Afirkaans, Turanci, da Xhosa

Mutum mai magana da Afirka

Languages of South Africa (2017)

Akalla harsuna talatin da biyar na Afirka ta Kudu ana magana da su a cikin Jamhuriyar, goma sha biyu daga cikinsu harsunan Afirka ta Kudu ne: Ndebele, Pedi, Sotho, Harshen Alamun Afirka ta Kudu, Swazi, Tsonga, Tswana, Venda, Xhosa, Zulu, Afrikaans da Ingilishi, wanda shine harshen farko da ake amfani da shi a cikin jawabin majalisa da na jihohi, kodayake duk harsunan hukuma suna daidai da matsayin doka. Bugu da ƙari, Harshen Alamun Afirka ta Kudu an amince da shi a matsayin harshen hukuma na goma sha biyu na Afirka ta Kudu ta Majalisar Dokoki ta ƙasa a ranar 3 ga Mayu 2023. Harsunan da ba na hukuma ba suna da kariya a ƙarƙashin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Afirka ta Kudu, kodayake kaɗan ne aka ambata da kowane suna.

Harsunan da ba na hukuma ba sun haɗa da waɗanda ake la'akari da wasu na Kudancin Afirka </link> harsuna: Khoekhoegowab, ! Orakobab, Xirikobab, N|uuki, ǃXunthali, and Khwedam ; da sauran harsunan Afirka, irin su SiPhuthi, IsiHlubi, SiBhaca, SiLala, SiNhlangwini (IsiZansi), SiNrebele (SiSumayela), IsiMpondo /IsiMpondro, IsiMpondomise/IsiMpromse/Isimpomse, KheLobedu ts, Paiwana, SePulana, SePulana, SePulana, SePulana, SePulana, SePulana, SeKuwa, SePulana, SePala ga, SiLaNgomane, SheKgalagari, XiRhonga, SeKopa (Sekgaga), da sauransu. Yawancin 'yan Afirka ta Kudu na iya yin magana fiye da harshe ɗaya, kuma sau da yawa akwai diglossia tsakanin nau'ikan harshe na hukuma da na hukuma don masu magana da na karshen.

Alkaluman harshe

    Yaren da aka fi amfani da shi a matsayin yaren farko da ’yan Afirka ta Kudu ke yi shi ne Zulu (kashi 23), sai Xhosa (kashi 16), sai Afrikaans (kashi 14). Turanci shi ne harshe na hudu da aka fi amfani da shi a kasar (9.6%), amma ana fahimtar da shi a mafi yawan garuruwa kuma shi ne yaren da ya mamaye gwamnati da kafafen yada labarai.

Alamar harshe uku a cikin Roodepoort, cikin Turanci, Afrikaans da Tswana

Yawancin 'yan Afirka ta Kudu suna magana da harshe daga ɗaya daga cikin manyan rassa biyu na harsunan Bantu waɗanda ke wakilta a Afirka ta Kudu: reshen Sotho-Tswana (wanda ya haɗa da Kudancin Sotho, Arewacin Sotho da Tswana harsuna a hukumance), ko reshen Nguni ( wanda ya haɗa da harsunan Zulu, Xhosa, Swati da Ndebele bisa hukuma). Ga kowane ɗayan ƙungiyoyin biyu, harsunan da ke cikin wannan rukunin galibi suna iya fahimtar masu magana da kowane harshe na kowane harshe a cikin rukunin.

Harsunan ƴan asalin Afirka na Afirka ta Kudu waɗanda na hukuma ne, sabili da haka suke da rinjaye, za a iya raba su zuwa yankuna biyu na yanki, inda harsunan Nguni suka fi yawa a kudu maso gabas na uku na ƙasar (babban tekun Indiya) da kuma harsunan Sotho-Tswana da suka fi yawa a cikin kashi na uku na arewacin kasar yana cikin ƙasa, kamar yadda kuma a cikin Botswana da Lesotho . Gauteng ita ce lardin da ya fi yawan harsuna dabam-dabam, yana da kusan daidai da lambobi na Nguni, Sotho-Tswana da masu magana da harshen Indo-Turai, tare da tasirin Khoekhoe. Wannan ya haifar da yaduwar argot na birni, Tsotsitaal ko S'Camtho/Ringas, a cikin manyan garuruwan lardin, wanda ya yadu a duk faɗin ƙasar.

Tsotsitaal a matsayinsa na asali kamar "Flaaitaal" ya dogara ne akan Afrikaans, harshen da aka samo daga Yaren mutanen Holland, wanda shine yaren da aka fi magana da shi a yammacin rabin kasar ( Western da Northern Cape ). Ana magana da Afrikaans a matsayin yaren farko da kusan kashi 61 cikin ɗari na fararen fata da kashi 76 cikin ɗari na masu launi . Wannan kalmar kabilanci ana ɗaukarsa da ma'anar " kabila mai gauraya ", domin tana wakiltar wasu ƙabila masu yawa waɗanda yawancinsu zuriyar yawan bayi ne da Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie (VOC) ta shigo da su daga wuraren bauta a Yammaci da Gabashin Afirka, kuma daga yankunanta na hanyar cinikin Tekun Indiya .

Haka kuma an kawo ƴan gudun hijirar siyasa daga yankin VOC na Batavia zuwa Cape, kuma waɗannan sun yi tasiri sosai wajen samuwar Afrikaans, musamman a cikin tasirinsa na Malay, da kuma farkon adabin Jawi . Na farko shine wanda ya kafa Musulunci a Cape, Sheikh Abadin Tadia Tjoessoep (wanda aka sani da Sheikh Yusuf). Hajji Yusuf wani basarake ne dan asalin kasar Indonesiya, kasancewar kane ne ga Sultan Alauddin na Gowa, a yau Makassar, Nusantara . Yusuf, tare da mabiya 49 da suka hada da mata biyu, ƙwaraƙwarai biyu da yara goma sha biyu, gwamna Simon van der Stel ya karɓi tarba a Cape a ranar 2 ga Afrilu 1694. An ajiye su a gonakin Zandvliet, mai nisa a wajen Cape Town, a wani yunƙuri na rage tasirinsa a kan bayin VOC. Sai dai shirin ya gaza; Matsugunin Yusuf (wanda ake kira Macassar ) ba da daɗewa ba ya zama mafaka ga bayi kuma a nan ne aka kafa al'ummar Musulunci na farko a Afirka ta Kudu . Daga nan ne aka isar da sakon Musulunci ga al'ummar bayi na Cape Town, kuma wannan al'umma ta kasance ginshiki wajen samar da Afrikaans. Wani abin lura shi ne yadda musulmin Cape musulmi suka fara aikin adabin Afrikaans na farko, wanda aka rubuta da harshen Larabci, wanda ya kasance an daidaita rubutun Jawi, ta yin amfani da haruffan Larabci don wakiltar Afrikaans don dalilai na addini da na quotidian. Har ila yau, ya zama yaren ƙasa na Griqua (Xiri ko Griekwa), wanda ya kasance rukuni mai gauraye.

Har ila yau, ana magana da Afrikaans a ko'ina cikin tsakiya da arewacin ƙasar, a matsayin harshe na biyu (ko na uku ko ma na huɗu) na Baƙar fata Afirka ta Kudu (wanda, a Afirka ta Kudu, wanda aka fi sani da SiNtu ) da ke zaune a yankunan noma.

Ƙididdigar 2011 ta ƙididdige rarrabawar masu magana da harshen farko kamar haka:

Alkaluma

Harshe	L1 masu magana		L2 masu magana		Jimillar masu magana
	Kidaya	Na yawan jama'a	Kidaya	Na yawan jama'a	Kidaya	Na yawan jama'a
Zulu	11,587,374	22.7%	15,700,000		27,300,000	46%
Hosa	8,154,258	16.0%	11,000,000		19,150,000	33%
Afrikaans	6,855,082	13.5%	10,300,000		17,160,000	29%
Turanci	4,892,623	9.6%	14,000,000		19,640,000	33%
Pedi	4,618,576	9.1%	9,100,000		13,720,000	23%
Tswana	4,067,248	8.0%	7,700,000		11,770,000	20%
Sotho	3,849,563	7.6%	7,900,000		11,750,000	20%
Tsonga	2,277,148	4.5%	3,400,000		5,680,000	10%
Swati	1,297,046	2.5%	2,400,000		3,700,000	6%
Venda	1,209,388	2.4%	1,700,000		2,910,000	5%
Ndebele	1,090,223	2.1%	1,400,000		2,490,000	4%
SA Harshen Alama	234,655	0.5%	500,000
Sauran harsuna	828,258	1.6%
Jimlar	50,961,443	100.0%

Harshe	2022	2011	2001	Canji 2011-2022 ( pp )
Zulu	24.4%	22.7%	23.8%	1.3%
Hosa	16.3%	16.0%	17.6%	0.3%
Afrikaans	10.6%	13.5%	13.4%	-2.9%
Sepedi	10.0%	9.0%	9.4%	1.0%
Turanci	8.7%	9.7%	8.3%	-1.0%
Tswana	8.3%	8.0%	8.2%	0.3%
Sesotho	7.8%	7.6%	7.9%	0.2%
Tsonga	4.7%	4.5%	4.4%	0.2%
Swati	2.8%	2.5%	2.7%	0.3%
Venda	2.5%	2.4%	2.3%	0.1%
Ndebele	1.7%	2.1%	1.6%	-0.4%
SA Harshen Alama	0.02%	0.5%		-0.4%
Sauran harsuna	2.1	1.6%	0.5%	0.5%
Jimlar	100.0%	100.0%	100.0%

Wasu muhimman harsuna a Afirka ta Kudu

Sauran harsunan da ake magana a Afirka ta Kudu ba a ambata a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki ba, sun haɗa da yawancin waɗanda aka riga aka ambata a sama, irin su KheLobedu, SiNrebele, SiPhuthi, da kuma harsunan da suka haɗa da Fanakalo ( harshen pidgin da aka yi amfani da shi azaman harshe a cikin masana'antar hakar ma'adinai), da Tsotsitaal ko S'Camtho, wani argot wanda ya sami fa'ida mai fa'ida a matsayin rajista na yau da kullun.

Yawancin harsunan da ba na hukuma ba an yi iƙirari iri-iri su zama yarukan yarukan hukuma, waɗanda galibi suna bin tsarin wariyar launin fata na Bantustans, inda wasu tsiraru suka kasance cikin ƙabilun Bantustan ko "Ƙasar Gida".

Mahimman adadi na baƙi daga Turai, wasu wurare a Afirka, Sin, da kuma yankin Indiya (mafi yawa sakamakon tsarin indenture na Birtaniya) yana nufin cewa ana iya samun nau'o'in wasu harsuna iri-iri a sassan Afirka ta Kudu. A cikin tsofaffin al'ummomin baƙi akwai: Girkanci, Gujarati, Hindi, Portuguese, Tamil, Telugu, Bhojpuri, Awadhi, Urdu, Yiddish, Italiyanci da ƙananan lambobi na Dutch, Faransanci da Jamusanci . Tsofaffin Sinawa suna jin Cantonese ko Hokkien, amma baƙi na baya-bayan nan galibi suna jin Sinanci na Mandarin .

Ana iya amfani da waɗannan yarukan da ba na hukuma ba a cikin ƙayyadaddun amfani na hukuma inda aka ƙaddara cewa waɗannan harsunan sun yaɗu. Mafi mahimmanci, waɗannan harsuna suna da mahimman ayyuka na gida a cikin ƙayyadaddun al'ummomi waɗanda asalinsu ke daure a kewayen harshe da al'adu waɗanda waɗannan harsunan SA ba na hukuma suka yi alama ba.

Yare mafi girma wanda ba na hukuma ba shine Portuguese - waɗanda baƙi daga Portugal suka fara magana, musamman Madeira kuma daga baya baƙi da baƙi baƙi da 'yan gudun hijira daga Angola da Mozambik bayan sun sami 'yancin kai daga Portugal kuma yanzu 'yan baƙi na baya-bayan nan daga Portugal. waɗancan ƙasashen kuma - da kuma Faransanci, waɗanda baƙi da 'yan gudun hijira daga Afirka ta Tsakiya ke magana.

Kwanan nan, masu magana da harsunan Arewa, Tsakiya da Yammacin Afirka sun isa Afirka ta Kudu, galibi a manyan biranen, musamman a Johannesburg da Pretoria, amma kuma Cape Town da Durban .

Angloromani ' yan tsiraru ne na Afirka ta Kudu ke magana.

tanade-tanaden tsarin mulki

Babi na 1 (Sharuɗɗan Kafa), Sashe na 6 (harsuna) na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Afirka ta Kudu shine tushen manufofin harshen gwamnati.

Rubutun Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Ingilishi wanda shugaba Nelson Mandela ya sanya wa hannu a ranar 16 ga Disamba 1996 yana amfani da (mafi yawa) sunayen harsunan da aka bayyana a cikin waɗannan harsunan da kansu. Sesotho yana nufin Kudancin Sotho, kuma isiNdebele yana nufin Kudancin Ndebele. Kundin tsarin mulki na wucin gadi na 1993 ya yi magana game da Sesotho sa Leboa, yayin da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1996 ya yi amfani da "Sepedi" don taken harshen Sotho na Arewa .

Kundin tsarin mulki ya ambaci “harshen kurame” a ma’ana guda maimakon Harshen kurame na Afirka ta Kudu musamman.

:# The official languages of the Republic are Sepedi, Sesotho, Setswana, siSwati, Tshivenda, Xitsonga, Afrikaans, English, isiNdebele, isiXhosa and isiZulu.

1. Recognising the historically diminished use and status of the indigenous languages of our people, the state must take practical and positive measures to elevate the status and advance the use of these languages.
2. (a) The national government and provincial governments may use any particular official languages for the purposes of government, taking into account usage, practicality, expense, regional circumstances and the balance of the needs and preferences of the population as a whole or in the province concerned; but the national government and each provincial government must use at least two official languages.
   (b) Municipalities must take into account the language usage and preferences of their residents.
3. The national government and provincial governments, by legislative and other measures, must regulate and monitor their use of official languages. Without detracting from the provisions of subsection (2), all official languages must enjoy parity of esteem and must be treated equitably.
4. A Pan South African Language Board established by national legislation must
   (a) promote, and create conditions for, the development and use of -
     (i) all official languages;
     (ii) the Khoi, Nama and San languages; and
     (iii) sign language; and
   (b) promote and ensure respect for -
     (i) all languages commonly used by communities in South Africa, including German, Greek, Gujarati, Hindi, Portuguese, Telugu, Tamil and Urdu; and
     (ii) Arabic, Hebrew, Sanskrit and other languages used for religious purposes in South Africa.
   — Constitution of the Republic of South Africa

Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Afirka Ta Kudu A Harsuna Daban-daban

Mai zuwa yana daga gabatarwar kundin tsarin mulkin Afirka ta Kudu :

Turanci	Afirka	isNdebele	IsiXhosa	isiZulu	siSwati	Sepdi	Sesotho	Setswana	Tshivenda	Tsari
Preamble	Aanhef	Isendlalelo	Intshayelelo	Isendlalelo	Sendlalelo	Ketapele	Ketapele	Pulamadibogo	Mvulatswinga	Manghenelo
Mu mutanen Afirka ta Kudu,	To, mutu mese van Suid-Afrika,	Thina, abantu beSewula Afrika,	Thina, bantu baseMzantsi-Afrika,	Thina, bantu baseNingizimu Afrika,	Tsine, bantfu baseNingizimu Afrika,	Rena, batho ba Afrika Borwa,	Rona, batho ba Afrika Borwa,	Rona, batho ba Aforika Borwa,	Har ila yau, Afirka Tshipembe,	Hina, vanhu da Afrika Dzonga,
Ku gane zaluncin da aka yi mana a baya;	Ci gaba da ciwon daji;	Siyakwazi ukungakaphatheki kwethu ngokomthetho kwesikhathi sakade;	Siyaziqonda iintswela-bulungisa zexesha elidlulileyo;	Siyazamukela izenzo ezingalungile zesikhathi esadlula;	Siyakubona kungabi khona kwebulungiswa esikhatsini lesengcile;	Re lemoga ditlhokatoka tša rena tša b tsayilo;	Re elellwa ho ba le leeme ha rona nakong e fetileng;	Re itse ditshiamololo tsa rona tse di fetileng;	Ri dzhiela nṱha u shaea ha vhulamukanyi kha tsifhinga tsho fhelaho;	Hi lemuka ku pfumaleka ka vululami ka nkarhi lowu nga hundza;
Ka girmama waɗanda suka sha wahala don neman adalci da ’yanci a ƙasarmu;	Huldig diegene wat vir geregtigheid da vryheid a cikin ƙasa gely het;	Sihlonipha labo abatlhoriswako ngerhuluphelo lokobana kube khona ubulungiswa netjhaphuluko enarheni yekhethu;	Sibothulel' umnqwazi abo baye bev' ubunzima ukuze kubekho ubulungisa nenkululeko elizweni lethu;	Siphakamisa labo abahluphekela ubulungiswa nenkululeko emhlabeni wethu;	Setfulela sigcoko labo labahlushwa kuze sitfole bulungiswa nenkhululeko eveni lakitsi;	Re tlotla bao ba ilego ba hlokofaletšwa toka le tokologo nageng ya gaborena;	Re tlotla ba hlokofaditsweng ka lebaka la toka le tokoloho naheng ya rona;	Re tlotla ba ba bogileng ka ntlha ya tshiamo le kgololosego mo lefatsheng la rona;	Ri ṱhonifha havho vha vha tambulela vhulamukanyi na mbofholowo kha shango ḽashu;	Hi xixima lava xanisekeke hikwalaho ko hisekela vululami na ntshunxeko etikweni ra hina;
Mu girmama wadanda suka yi aikin gina kasarmu da bunkasa; kuma	Respekteer diegene wat hul beywer het om ons land op te bou en te ontwikkel; en	Sihlonipha labo abasebenzileko ekwakhiweni nekuthuthukisweni kwephasi lekhethu; begodu	Siyabahlonela abo baye basebenzela ukwakha nokuphucula ilizwe lethu; kwaye	Sihlonipha laba abasebenzele ukwakha nokuthuthukisa izwe lethu; futsi	Sihlonipha labo labaye basebentela kwakha nekutfutfukisa live lakitsi; futsi	Re hlompha bao ba ilego ba katanela go aga le go hlabolla naga ya gaborena; mu	Re tlotla ba ileng ba sebeletsa ho aha le ho ntshetsa pele naha ya rona; mu	Re tlotla ba ba diretseng go aga le go tlhabolola naga ya rona; mu	Ri ṱhonifha havho vha vha shuma vha tshi itela u fhaṱa na u bveledzisa shango ḽashu; na	Hi hlonipha lava tirheke ku aka no hluvukisa tiko ra hina; a'a
Yi imani cewa Afirka ta Kudu ta duk waɗanda ke zaune a cikinta ne, waɗanda suka haɗa kai cikin bambancin mu.	Glo dat Suid-Afrika behoort an almal wat daarin woon, verenig in ons verskeidenheid.	Sikholwa bonyana iSewula Afrika ingeyabo boke abandzindze kiyo, sibambisane ngokwahlukahlukana kwethu.	Sikhholelwa kwelokuba uMzantsi-Afrika ngowabo bonke abahlala looko, bemanyene nangona bengafani.	Sikhholelwa ukuthi iNingizimu Afrika ingeyabo bonke abahlala kuyo, sibumbene nakuba singafani.	Sikhholelwa ekutseni iNingizimu Afrika yabo bonkhe labahlala kuyo, sihlangene ngekwehlukahlukana kwetfu;	Re dumela gore Afrika-Borwa ke ya batho bohle ba ba dulago go yona, re le ngata e tee e nago le pharologano.	Re dumela hore Afrika Borwa ke naha ya bohle ba phelang ho yona, re kopane le ha re fapane.	Re dumela fa Aforika Borwa e le ya botlhe ba ba tshelang mo go yona, re le ngata e le nngwe ka go farologana.	U tenda uri Afrika Tshipembe ndi ḽa vhoṱhe vhane vha dzula khaɗo, vho vhofhekanywaho vha vha huthihi naho vha sa fani.	Tshembha leswaku Afrika Dzonga i ya vanhu hinkwavo lava tshamaka eka rona, hi hlanganile hi ku hambana-hambana ka hina.

Duba kuma

 

• Ayyukan Harsuna na Ƙasa
• Sunayen hukuma na Afirka ta Kudu
• Hukumar Kariya da Kare Hakkokin Al'ummomin Al'adu, Addini da Harsuna

Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

• Gabatarwa ga harsunan Afirka ta Kudu
• Jerin Ethnologue na Harsunan Afirka ta Kudu
• PanAfriL10n shafi na Afirka ta Kudu
• Statistics SA
• Hornberger, Nancy H. " Manufar Harshe, Ilimin Harshe, Haƙƙin Harshe: 'Yan asali, Baƙi, da Ra'ayin Ƙasashen Duniya ." Harshe a cikin Al'umma, Vol. 27, Lamba 4 (Dec., 1998), shafi. 439-458
• Alexander, Mariya. Harsuna 11 na Afirka ta Kudu (Janairu 2018)