Harsunan Savannas

Harsunan Savannas
Linguistic classification	Harsunan Nijar-Congo; Harsunan Atlantic-Congo; Harsunan Volta-Congo; Harsunan Savannas; ; ; ;

Harsunan Savannas, wanda kuma aka fi sani da Gur–Adamawa ko Adamawa–Gur, reshe ne na harsunan Nijar – Kongo wanda ya hada da dangin Gur na Greenberg da na Adamawa–Ubangui .

Tarihin rarrabawa

An nuna hanyar haɗin Gur-Adamawa a cikin Kleinewillinghöfer (1996) ^[1] kuma an yarda da ita kamar yadda masu bincike daga baya suka kafa, waɗanda suka ci gaba da lura da cewa harsunan Adamawa da Gur da kansu ba su kafa ƙungiyoyi masu jituwa kuma ba lallai ba ne su kasance da dangantaka ta kusa. na ciki fiye da yadda suke da juna.

Bennett (1983), ya kuma ambaci reshen Arewa ta Tsakiya Nijar-Congo wanda ya ƙunshi Gurunsi, “Ubangian”, da ƙungiyoyin Trans-Benue, tare da ƙungiyar Trans-Benue da ta ƙunshi Burak-Jen (watau Bikwin-Jen ), Yungur ( watau, Bena-Mboi ), da Tula - Longuda ƙananan ƙungiyoyi. ^[2]

Akwai tarin harsunan Adamawa da dama; a cikin harsunan Gur, kawai jigon wannan shawara (Central Gur) an kiyaye shi, kodayake yana yiwuwa wasu daga cikin harsunan 'na gefe' na iya zama alaƙa da juna. Kleinewillinghöfer et al. (2012) lura cewa sake gina azuzuwan proto-Central Gur suna buƙatar haɗa da iyalai da yawa na Adamawa. ^[3]

Senufo (tsohon Gur) da Fali (tsohon Adamawa) ba a cire su daga Savannas, saboda da alama wasu daga cikin rassan Nijar – Kongo.

Dimmendaal (2008), ya ware dangin Ubangian daga Nijar – Kongo gabaɗaya, yana mai cewa “wataƙila ya zama dangin harshe mai zaman kansa wanda ba zai iya ko kuma ba za a iya nuna yana da alaƙa da Nijar – Kongo (ko wani iyali),” kodayake Ubangian Harsuna su kansu ba ƙungiya mai inganci ba ne, kuma reshen Gbaya na iya kasancewa yana da alaƙa da Gur.

Ban da irin wannan banda, DimAdaal bayanin kula da Savannna "ana iya nuna shi da alaƙa da kowane irin yanayi mai mahimmanci. ^[4]

Roger Blench (2012), ^[5] ya ɗauki Gur-Adamawa a matsayin ci gaba da harshe ( haɗin kai ) maimakon ainihin reshe mai daidaituwa.

Kleinewillinghöfer (2014) ya lura cewa yawancin harsunan “Adamawa” a haƙiƙa suna da kamanceceniya da harsunan Gur daban-daban (Central) fiye da sauran harsunan Adamawa, kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa masu magana da harshen Gur-Adamawa na farko sun noma masara da gero a cikin wani yanayi na savanna daji. ^[6]

Harsuna

Harsunan Savannas, tare da tsarin agnostic don rarraba cikin gida, sune kamar haka: Yaren Oblo da ba a san shi ba ya kasance a cikin Adamawa, kuma ba a yi magana da shi a Savannas ba.

Kleinewillinghöfer et al. (2012), lura cewa sake gina tsarin suna ya nuna cewa Waja ('Tula-Waja') da Leko-Nimbari ('Sama-Duru') (da yiwuwar sauran kungiyoyin Adamawa) suna tare da Tsakiyar Gur, kuma sunan suna. Tsarin aji da suke sake ginawa don waɗannan harsuna yayi kama da na Bantu, Senufo, Tiefo, Vyemo, Tusya, da "Samu".

Güldemann (2018).

Güldemann (2018), ya gane ma'anar "raka'o'in asali" masu zuwa (8 Gur, 14 Adamawa, da 7 Ubangi) amma ba su da masaniya game da matsayinsu a cikin Niger-Congo.

Gur area

Adamawa area

Tula-Waja
Longuda
Bena-Mboi
Bikwin-Jen
Samba-Duru
Mumuyic
Maya (Yendangic)
Kebi-Benue (Mbumic)
Kimic
Buaic
Day
Baa = Kwa
Nyingwom = Kam
Fali

Ubangi area

rassa da wurare (Nijeriya)

Da ke ƙasa akwai jerin manyan rassan Savannas (Adamawa) da wurarensu na farko (cibiyoyin bambancin) a cikin Najeriya dangane da Blench (2019).

**Rarraba rassan Adamawa a Najeriya**
Reshe	Wurare na farko
Duru (Vere)	Fufore LGA, Adamawa State
Leko	Jihohin Adamawa da Taraba ; Kamaru
Mumuye	Jihar Taraba
Yendang	Mayo Belwa and Numan LGAs, Jihar Adamawa
Waja	Karamar Hukumar Kaltungo da Balanga, Jihar Gombe
Kam	Bali LGA, Taraba State
Ba	Numan LGA, Adamawa State
Laka	Karim Lamido LGA, Taraba State and Yola LGA, Adamawa State
Jen	Karim Lamido LGA, Taraba State
Bikwin	Karim Lamido LGA, Taraba State
Yungur	Song and Guyuk LGAs, Jihar Adamawa

Nassoshi

↑ Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 1996. 'Relationship between Adamawa and Gur: The case of Waja.' Gur Papers / Cahiers Voltaiques 1.25–46.
↑ Bennett, Patrick R. 1983. Adamawa-Eastern: problems and prospects. - in: Dihoff, I. R. (ed.) Current Approaches to African Linguistics. Vol. 1: 23-48.
↑ Miehe, Kleinewillinghöfer, von Roncador, & Winkelmann, 2012. "Overview of noun classes in Gur (II) Archived 2018-07-25 at the Wayback Machine"
↑ Gerrit Dimmendaal, 2008, "Language Ecology and Linguistic Diversity on the African Continent", Language and Linguistics Compass 2/5:841.
↑ Blench, Roger. 2012. Niger-Congo: an alternative view.
↑ Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2014. Adamawa. ‘Linguistisches Kolloquium’, Seminar für Afrikawissenschaften, 04 Februar 2014. Institut für Asien- und Afrikawissenschaften, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin.

Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

Blench (2004) Jerin harsunan Adamawa
Binciken kima cikin sauri da ƙididdigar lexicostatistical na Dama, Mono, Pam, Ndai da Oblo (PDF) na Michael & Charlene Ayotte, 2002. Rahoton Binciken Lantarki na SIL SILESR 2002-048.
Vocabulaires comparés des instruments aratoires dans le Nord-Cameroun, Tourneaux
Harsunan Adamawa-Gur

[1] Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 1996. 'Relationship between Adamawa and Gur: The case of Waja.' Gur Papers / Cahiers Voltaiques 1.25–46.

[2] Bennett, Patrick R. 1983. Adamawa-Eastern: problems and prospects. - in: Dihoff, I. R. (ed.) Current Approaches to African Linguistics. Vol. 1: 23-48.

[3] Miehe, Kleinewillinghöfer, von Roncador, & Winkelmann, 2012. "Overview of noun classes in Gur (II) Archived 2018-07-25 at the Wayback Machine"

[4] Gerrit Dimmendaal, 2008, "Language Ecology and Linguistic Diversity on the African Continent", Language and Linguistics Compass 2/5:841.

[5] Blench, Roger. 2012. Niger-Congo: an alternative view.

[6] Kleinewillinghöfer, Ulrich. 2014. Adamawa. ‘Linguistisches Kolloquium’, Seminar für Afrikawissenschaften, 04 Februar 2014. Institut für Asien- und Afrikawissenschaften, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin.

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