Harsunan Yammacin Atlantika
| Harsunan Yammacin Atlantika | |
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| Linguistic classification |
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Harsunan Yammacin Atlantic (kuma Harsunan Atlantic ko Harsunan Arewacin Atlantic ) na Yammacin Afirka manyan rukuni ne na yarukan Nijar-Congo
Ana magana da harsunan Atlantic a bakin tekun Atlantika daga Senegal zuwa Laberiya, kodayake masu magana da harshen Fula sun bazu zuwa gabas kuma ana samun su da yawa a fadin Sahel, daga Senegal zuwa Najeriya, Kamaru da Sudan. Wolof na Senegal da yawancin yarukan Fula sune harsunan Atlantic mafi yawan jama'a, tare da masu magana da miliyan da yawa kowannensu. Sauran mahimman mambobi sun haɗa da Serer da ƙungiyar yaren Jola na Senegal. Temne, babban harshe na Saliyo, an haɗa shi a cikin rukuni na Atlantic a cikin rarrabuwa na baya amma a cikin shawarwari na zamani, ba a haɗa shi a ciki na Atlantic ba.
Yawancin harsunan Atlantic suna nuna maye gurbi kuma suna da tsarin suna mai kama da na Harsunan Bantu masu alaƙa da nesa. Wasu harsuna suna da sautin, yayin da wasu kamar Wolof suna da tsarin sauti. Tsarin kalmomi na asali shine SVO
Rarraba da fa'ida
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Rarrabawar gargajiya
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Sigismund Koelle ne ya fara gano dangin Atlantic a cikin 1854. A farkon karni na 20, Carl Meinhof ya yi iƙirarin cewa Fula yare ne na Hamitic, amma aikin August von Klingenhaben da Joseph Greenberg sun kafa dangantakar kusa da Fula da Wolof da Serer. W. A. A. Wilson ya lura cewa ingancin iyali gaba ɗaya ya dogara ne akan shaidu masu rauni, kodayake a bayyane yake cewa harsunan suna cikin iyalin Nijar-Congo, bisa ga shaidu kamar tsarin ajiyar suna. Koyaya, aikin kwatankwacin kan Nijar-Congo yana cikin jariri. Rarrabawar Nijar-Congo, yawanci bisa ga lexicostatistics, gabaɗaya suna ba da shawarar cewa harsunan Atlantic daban-daban sun bambanta, amma ƙasa da Mande da sauran harsuna waɗanda ba su da nau'ikan suna.
[2] Sapir (1971) ya ba da shawarar rarraba Atlantic zuwa rassa uku, ƙungiyar arewa, ƙungiyar kudu, da kuma yaren Bijago na Tsibirin Bissagos a bakin tekun Guinea-Bissau: [1] Ana amfani da rarrabuwa ta Sapir a cikin litattafai game da ilimin harshe na Afirka (misali Bender 1989, Williamson & Blench 2000), kuma ana amfani da shi a cikin Ethnologue (22nd ed., 2019).
Shawarwari na baya-bayan nan
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Haɗin kan harsunan Atlantic - kamar yadda aka bayyana a al'ada - an daɗe ana tambayarsa, misali Dalby (1965), wanda ya yi jayayya da harsunan Mel a matsayin reshe na farko na Nijar-Congo. [3] halin yanzu na bincike, ba a sake riƙe ra'ayi mai yawa na Atlantic (watau ciki har da harsunan Kudancin) a cikin iyalin Nijar-Congo.
Segerer (2010, 2016 ) da Pozdniakov & Segerer (2017) sun ba da shawarar ƙarancin yarukan Atlantic ta hanyar cire duk harsunan reshen kudancin, waɗanda suke bi da su a matsayin rassa huɗu na farko (viz. Sua, Limba, Gola, da yarukan Mel) a cikin iyalin Nijar-Congo. Harsunan Bak sun rabu daga harsunan arewa a matsayin ma'auni mai ma'ana a cikin Atlantic (a cikin ma'ana mai zurfi). An sanya Bijago ga yarukan Bak.
[5] (2018) ya ci gaba da ci gaba, kuma yana bi da Nalu da Mbulungish-Baga Mboteni ("Rio Nunez") a matsayin rassan farko na Nijar-Congo.
Vossen & Dimmendaal (2020)
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Binciken rarraba harsunan Atlantic (Vossen & Dimmendaal 2020:166, daga Pozdniakov & Segerer ):