Ilimi a Mauritania
 education in Mauritania | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
education in country or region (en)  | ||||
| Bayanai | ||||
| Facet of (en) | Karantarwa | |||
| Ƙasa | Muritaniya | |||
| Wuri | ||||
| ||||
Tarihi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Tsarin farko na ilimin jama'a a Mauritania an kafa shi ne ta Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Faransa. Makarantu na farko sun fi mayar da hankali ne a cikin al'ummomin da ke zaune a kwarin Sénégal. A cikin 1950, an kafa makarantar horar da malamai ta farko a Boutilimit, kuma a cikin 1957, makarantar sakandare a Rosso ta fara horar da malaman. A wani bangare saboda makarantun gwamnati sun fi mayar da hankali a kudu, baƙar fata na Afirka sun shiga cikin adadi mai yawa. A sakamakon haka, yawancin malamai na makarantar jama'a baƙi ne, kuma baƙi ne suka mamaye ɗaliban ilimi na ƙasa.[1]
Tasirin Faransanci[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ƙananan makarantun Faransanci da ke cikin yankunan makiyaya suna da wahalar jan hankalin ɗalibai. Maures musamman sun yi jinkirin karɓar makarantun jama'a kuma sun ci gaba da goyan bayan koyarwar Musulunci kawai. A hankali, duk da haka, sun fara aika yaransu zuwa makarantun gwamnati, yayin da suka ga cewa horar da addini na gargajiya ba ya shirya yaransu don rayuwa a karni na ashirin. Har ila yau, Faransanci sun yi gwaji tare da "makarantu masu tafi-da-gidanka" bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II, kuma ta wannan hanyar sun ba da ilimin jama'a ga yawancin makiyaya. A shekara ta 1954 akwai makarantu goma sha biyu da ake kira "tenti" da ke ba da gudummawa ga ɗalibai 241. Akalla wasu daga cikin wadannan makarantun alfarwa sun ci gaba da aiki bayan Mauritania ta sami 'yancin kai daga Faransa a shekarar 1960. [1]
Bayan samun 'yancin kai[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Gwamnati mai zaman kanta ta kalli ilimin duniya a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin da za a inganta hadin kan kasa, da kuma matakin da ya dace zuwa ci gaban tattalin arzikin zamani. Har yanzu yana fuskantar karancin kudade, isasshen horar da ma'aikatan koyarwa, da kuma wuraren aji a kowane mataki. An bude wata makarantar horar da malamai a Nouakchott a shekarar 1964. Ba tilas ne a halartar makaranta ba, kuma a cikin 1964-65 ɗaliban makarantar firamare 19,100 ne kawai da ɗaliban makarantar sakandare 1,500 (kimanin kashi 14 cikin 100 na yara masu zuwa makaranta) suka shiga. A shekara ta 1985 an kiyasta kashi 35 cikin 100 na yara masu zuwa makarantar firamare sun shiga makaranta, amma kusan kashi 4 zuwa 10 cikin 100 na yaran da suka cancanci zuwa makarantar sakandare ne kawai suka shiga. A lokuta biyu, yara maza sun fi 'yan mata yawa.[1]
A cikin 1985-86, shiga makarantar firamare ya hau zuwa 140,871, kuma shiga makarantar sakandare da sana'a sun kai 34,674. Gwamnati ta ba da rahoton jimlar makarantun firamare 878 da makarantun sakandare ko na sana'a 44. Jimlar dalibai 4,336 sun shiga cikin shirye-shiryen horo na sakandare. Ƙarin ɗalibai 448 suna halartar Cibiyar Nazarin Musulunci ta Kasa (tsohon Cibiyar Nazaren Musulunci), kuma wasu 'yan Mauritania 1,900 sun shiga cikin shirye-shiryen horo daban-daban a ƙasashen waje. Makarantu na jama'a sun dauki kusan malamai 2,900 na firamare, malamai 1,563 na sakandare da na sana'a (412 daga cikinsu na kasashen waje), da kuma malamai 237 na sakandare, fiye da rabin su baƙi ne. A shekara ta 1982, Kwalejin Gudanarwa ta Kasa da Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa sun buɗe a Nouakchott, kuma a shekara ta 1983 kusan dalibai 1,000 sun fara koyarwa a Jami'ar Nouakchott . [1]
Matsalolin[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Rashin karatu da rubutu ya kasance babban matsala kuma muhimmiyar cikas ga ci gaban tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. A shekara ta 1985, an kiyasta yawan mutanen da suka iya karatu da rubutu a kashi 17 zuwa 25, kusan rabin matsakaicin Afirka ta kudu da Sahara. Duk da haka, wannan adadin ya wakilci ci gaba a kan kimanin kashi 5 cikin 100 na karatu da rubutu a lokacin 'yancin kai da kashi 10 cikin 100 bayan shekaru goma. Da yake fahimtar bukatar ma'aikata masu ilimi, a cikin 1986, gwamnatin Shugaba Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya ta kaddamar da babban kamfen na karatu da rubutu kuma ta kirkiro Sakatariyar Al'adu, Bayanai, da Sadarwa ta Jiha don jagorantar kokarin. A wannan shekarar, gwamnati ta ba da rahoton cewa yawan ɗaliban karatu da rubutu sun riga sun karu fiye da sau goma a kan adadin 1985.[1]
A lokaci guda, farashin ilimi ya yi yawa idan aka kwatanta da ƙasashe makwabta. A tsakiyar shekarun 1980s, Mauritania tana kashe kusan dala miliyan 45 (kashi 20 na kudaden da ake kashewa a yanzu) a kan ilimi a kowace shekara. Kudinta na makarantar firamare sun kasance mafi girma ga kowane dalibi a Afirka ta Yamma, kuma kawai Côte d'Ivoire ya wuce farashin kowane dalibi na sakandare. Wadannan tsada masu yawa sun kasance saboda wani bangare na albashin malamai, musamman na baƙi, da kuma tsarin tallafin karatu. An tsara saka hannun jari a ilimi na shekarun 1985 zuwa 1988 a dala miliyan 27 a karkashin Shirin Tattalin Arziki na 1985-88, karuwar kasa da kashi 1 cikin dari a cikin lokacin daga 1980 zuwa 1984.[1]
Sauye-sauye a hankali[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Tsarin Faransanci na makarantun firamare da sakandare ya ci gaba da aiki har zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1980. A cikin shekaru, duk da haka, an yi wasu canje-canje masu mahimmanci, kuma an shirya wasu. A farkon shekarun 1980, an gabatar da koyarwa a cikin yarukan Pulaar, Azayr (Soninke), da Wolof a cikin tsarin karatun makarantar firamare, kuma an jaddada Larabci a kowane mataki. Manufofin hukuma na maye gurbin Faransanci da yarukan gida da Larabci na wallafe-wallafen, wanda aka karɓa a ƙarshen shekarun 1970, ya jawo zanga-zanga mai ƙarfi daga baƙar fata masu magana da Faransanci kuma an watsar da shi cikin shekaru goma.[1]
Mauritania ta kasance ba ta da ƙwarewar aiki. A tsakiyar shekarun 1980s, kusan kashi 15 cikin 100 na daliban makarantar sakandare ne kawai suka shiga ilimin sana'a. Don gyara wannan halin da ake ciki da kuma kara yawan ilimin karatu da rubutu, gwamnati ta karfafa ci gaban makarantun masu zaman kansu da Kur'ani; yawancin horar da masana'antu sun faru ne a cibiyoyin masu zaman kansu. Mafi mahimmanci, gwamnati ta kuma juya ga al'ummomin duniya. A shekara ta 1987 Bankin Duniya ya amince da taimakawa wajen sanya tsarin ilimi na Mauritania ya kara amsawa ga bukatun ci gaban kasar. Canje-canjen da aka gabatar sun haɗa da fadada ilimin firamare da sake fasalin makarantar sakandare. Za a ba da kulawa ta musamman ga horar da sana'a a yankunan da ake buƙata ta ƙasa, kamar su injiniyan ruwa da kamun kifi.[1]
Matsayi na yanzu[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ilimi wajibi ne tsakanin shekaru 6 zuwa 14. A shekara ta 2002, yawan shiga firamare ya kai kashi 88 cikin dari, kuma yawan shiga firaminare ya kai 68 cikin dari. Yawan adadin shiga da na net sun dogara ne akan yawan ɗaliban da aka yi rajista a makarantar firamare sabili da haka ba lallai bane su nuna ainihin halartar makaranta. A shekara ta 1996, kashi 41.8 cikin dari na yara masu shekaru 7 zuwa 14 suna zuwa makaranta. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2001, kashi 61 cikin 100 na yara da suka fara makarantar firamare na iya kaiwa aji na 5. Koyaya, rashin isasshen kayan makaranta da malamai, musamman a yankunan karkara, na iya hana cikakken cikar burin gwamnati na ilimin firamare na duniya a Mauritania har zuwa akalla 2007.
Makarantar jama'a kyauta ce, amma wasu farashi kamar littattafai da abincin rana sun sa ilimi ba zai yiwu ba ga yara matalauta da yawa. Ƙalubalen da ke ci gaba ga samar da ilimi mai inganci a Mauritania sun haɗa da ƙimar raguwa da maimaitawa, ƙarancin tsarin karatu, da kuma rashin kayan aikin ƙasa wanda ke hana yara tafiya zuwa da dawowa makaranta. A shekara ta 2002, wani binciken Shirin Abinci na Duniya (WFP) na yara da ba sa zuwa makaranta a Mauritania ya gano cewa kashi 25 cikin dari ba su halarci makaranta ba saboda bukatar tallafa wa iyalansu ko yin aikin gida, kuma wasu kashi 22 cikin dari ba sa halarta saboda nesa zuwa makaranta.
Bayanan da aka ambata[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Berry, Laverne. "Modern Education". In Mauritania: A Country Study (Robert E. Handloff, editor). Library of Congress Federal Research Division (June 1988). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
Haɗin waje[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- Cibiyar sadarwa ta kasa da kasa don Ilimi mafi girma a Afirka::Mauritania
- Candalot, Aurélie (15 April 2006). "Rôle et enjeux du système éducatif en Mauritanie dans l'évolution politique". Le Portique. Revue de philosophie et de sciences humaines (in Faransanci). ISSN 1283-8594.
- "PRIVATISATION et vente de terrains d'écoles publiques en mauritanie – Coalition des Organisations Mauritaniennes pour l'Education" (in Faransanci).
- Hanoune, Diko (2 December 2012). "Au secours des Haratine:SOS-Abolition: Les réformes du Système éducatif Mauritanien". Au secours des Haratine.
- Hugon, Rohen d'Aiglepierre, Hamidou Dia, Clothilde (19 September 2017). "Éducation arabo-islamique en Afrique subsaharienne : les préjugés à contourner". Le Point (in Faransanci).