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Kasuwancin muggan kwayoyi na gabashin Afirka

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Kasuwancin muggan kwayoyi na gabashin Afirka
illicit trade (en) Fassara

Kasuwancin muggan kwayoyi na gabashin Afirka na nufin sayarwa da fataucin miyagun kwayoyi da ake yi a kasashen gabashin Afirka kamar Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Somaliya, da Habasha. Mafi yawan nau'o'in magungunan da ake sayarwa a Gabashin Afirka sune tabar heroin, marijuana, hodar iblis, methamphetamine, da kuma khat, dukkansu haramun ne a kasashen gabashin Afrika.[1]

Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai yaki da muggan kwayoyi da laifuffuka ya ba da rahoton cewa adadin da aka bayar da rahoton kama muggan kwayoyi tsakanin 1995 zuwa 2006 bai isa ya kammala cewa tsarin fataucin da yiwuwar shan muggan kwayoyi na da ban tsoro. Duk da haka, ƙarancin adadin da aka ruwaito a hukumance ba alamar aiki ba ce. Maimakon haka, yana nuna rashin kula da kan iyakoki, da rashin fahimtar cinikin miyagun ƙwayoyi, da kuma raunin tsarin shari'ar laifuka.[2] Ko da yake bincike kan illar cinikayyar miyagun kwayoyi a gabashin Afirka ya ragu da na sauran yankuna, ana alakanta fataucin muggan kwayoyi da cin hanci da rashawa, ta'addanci, HIV da matasa.[3]

Hasali ma, fataucin muggan kwayoyi a gabashin Afirka na karuwa sosai a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata. Yayin da yankin ke fama da karancin wadataccen kayan masarufi saboda karuwar bukatarsa ta magunguna, kasashen gabashin Afirka ma sun shiga cikin fataucin miyagun kwayoyi na kasa da kasa. Saboda shahararrun hanyoyin safarar mutane zuwa Turai da Amurka kamar hanyar Balkan da ake samun ƙarin sa ido, magunguna daga Asiya suna bi ta ƙasashen Gabashin Afirka zuwa Afirka ko kuma daga ƙarshe zuwa Turai da Amurka. Mujallar Al’amuran Duniya ta bayyana a shekara ta 2012 cewa UNODC ta ba da rahoton cewa an samu karuwar masu shan hodar Iblis a Gabashin Afirka a tsakanin 2005 zuwa 2010. Hakazalika, adadin kamun da aka yi wa maganin tabar heroin a manyan tashoshin jiragen ruwa na gabashin Afrika ya karu kusan sau goma tsakanin shekarar 2009 zuwa 2013. Irin wadannan bayanai na nuni da cewa ana ci gaba da samun bunkasuwar kasuwancin yankin gabashin Afirka, kuma kasashe na kara mayar da martani kan safarar miyagun kwayoyi.

Fage da Tarihi

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Taswirar Gabashin Afirka

Saboda tarihinta da tarihinta, Gabashin Afirka ita ce kyakkyawar tashar shiga don jigilar magunguna daga Asiya . Hanyoyin kasuwanci na tarihi da suka ratsa tekun Indiya zuwa Asiya da yankin kudu da hamadar sahara sun saukaka zirga-zirgar kayayyakin doka tsawon shekaru da dama. A cikin 1970s, duk da haka, saboda mummunan tasirin rikicin bashi na Afirka da shirye-shiryen daidaita tsarinsa, halaltattun hanyoyin kasuwanci sun ƙara zama hanyar haramtattun abubuwa tare da sassauƙar tsangwama daga hukumomi.

Yanayin zamantakewar zamantakewar ƙasashe da yawa a gabashin Afirka ya ƙara ƙarfafa fataucin muggan kwayoyi. Karancin ayyukan tilasta bin doka da sabon shiga cikin haramtacciyar fataucin miyagun kwayoyi a duk fadin yankin ya sa gwamnatoci ba su da kayan aiki don hana fasa kwauri. Bugu da kari, cin hanci da rashawa ya karfafa ayyukan da ba bisa ka'ida ba, domin zabuka a kasashe irin su Kenya na samun kudaden shiga daga ribar da ake samu daga haramtattun muggan kwayoyi don samun karfin siyasa. Bugu da ƙari, cin hanci don yin watsi da ayyukan aikata laifuka ya zama abin damuwa a yankin a cikin shekarun da suka gabata.[4]

Fataucin miyagun kwayoyi ba bisa ka'ida ba a gabashin Afirka ana iya samo shi tun tsakiyar shekarun 1980, lokacin da masu fataucin miyagun kwayoyi suka fara amfani da kasashen gabashin Afirka a matsayin wuraren safararsu. [5]

Kungiyoyin da ke yaki da miyagun kwayoyi a Najeriya ne suka shirya da kuma gudanar da cinikin miyagun kwayoyi a gabashin Afirka tun asali. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, kungiyoyin masu aikata laifuka daga Kenya da Tanzaniya su ma sun fara taka rawa sosai.

Da farko, cinikin miyagun ƙwayoyi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba ta Gabashin Afirka yana cinikin magunguna biyu kawai: tabar wiwi da tabar wiwi . Na karshen wani nau'in tabar heroin ne wanda aka zafafa cikin tururi ana shakarsa, ko kuma a hada shi da marijuana a cikin hadin gwiwa da za a sha.[6] Tun da aka yi amfani da tabar heroin mai launin ruwan kasa ba tare da allura ba, an yi watsi da matsayinta na haɗarin lafiyar jama'a. An riga an shigar da muggan kwayoyi a farkon kasuwancin muggan kwayoyi zuwa kasashen yammacin Afirka kuma sun kasance a wuraren yawon bude ido a duk gabashin Afirka.

A ƙarshen 1990s, an maye gurbin tabar heroin mai launin ruwan kasa a cikin cinikin magunguna na duniya da sabon nau'in tabar heroin. Farin tabar heroin, wanda kuma aka sani da farin foda tabar heroin, ya fi ƙarfin gaske fiye da sauran nau'ikan tabar heroin da allura. Ba kamar tabar heroin mai launin ruwan kasa ba, baya buƙatar tsarin dumama mai rikitarwa don haka yana da sauƙin amfani. Tun daga farkon shekarun 2000, tabar heroin ta farar fata ta zama ruwan dare gama gari a gabashin Afirka kanta don amfanin gida da fataucin duniya, musamman a Kenya da Tanzaniya.[7]

Amfani da gida da safarar marijuana da farar tabar heroin ya ci gaba har cikin 2000s. Methamphetamines kuma ya zama miyagun ƙwayoyi na yau da kullun; fara kama su a shekarar 2008. Akwai karancin bayanai da bincike na masana da suka shafi methamphetamines a Gabashin Afirka, duk da cewa an samu karuwar kamuwa da cutar tun na farko. Cocaine wani magani ne da ya zama ruwan dare a cikin kasuwancin muggan kwayoyi na gabashin Afirka kwanan nan.

A cewar ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai yaki da miyagun kwayoyi da laifuffuka (UNODA), akwai manyan dalilai guda hudu da ke taimakawa wajen karuwar fataucin miyagun kwayoyi a gabashin Afirka. Na ɗaya, karuwar buƙatu a cikin faɗuwar nahiyar Afirka ya ƙirƙira da faɗaɗa kasuwar magunguna. Na biyu, tare da yawan zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na kasa da kasa a ciki da wajen Afirka, jigilar kayayyaki kuma ya taimaka wajen jigilar magunguna. Na uku, Gabashin Afirka ba shi da isassun matakan shawo kan fataucin miyagun kwayoyi, wanda ya bai wa masu harkar fataucin miyagun kwayoyi damar shiga ciki da wajen yankin cikin sauki. A karshe, UNODC ta yi nuni da cin hanci da rashawa a kwastam da tabbatar da doka a matsayin abin da ke haifar da bunkasar kasuwancin muggan kwayoyi.

Supply da Bukatar

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Shigarwa

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Yawancin kasashen Afirka ba su da isassun kayayyakin more rayuwa - kayan aiki da ilimi - don samar da magunguna a cikin gida na kasuwanci don dacewa da bukatun kasa da kasa da na cikin gida. Cannabis ɗaya ne daga cikin magungunan da aka saba samarwa a cikin gida.[8] Amma, hatta samar da wiwi a gabashin Afirka bai wadatar ba don biyan buƙatu daga Turai, Amurka, da ƙasashen Gabashin Afirka saboda haramcin doka kan samarwa da kuma rashin tsarin samar da yawa. Irin wannan karancin magunguna na cikin gida ya sanya kasashen gabashin Afirka suka fi dogaro da kayayyakin kasa da kasa.[9]

Mafi akasarin samar da haramtattun magungunan da ake fataucinsu a Gabashin Afirka na zuwa ne daga Asiya.[10] Kamfanoni biyu na Gabashin Afirka da suka hada da Afganistan da Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, su ma su ne manyan kasashe biyu masu samar da miyagun kwayoyi a duniya. A cikin 2020, samar da opium na Afganistan ya kai kusan kashi 85% na samar da opium a duniya da kuma kashi 80% na masu amfani da opium a duk duniya, wanda aka yi cinikinsa zuwa Gabashin Afirka.[11]

Bukata

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Bukatar da ke kara rura wutar cinikayyar muggan kwayoyi ta gabashin Afirka ta fito ne daga kasashen duniya da kuma na cikin gida. A tarihi, bukatu ya fi zuwa daga kasashen yammacin duniya, amma a cikin 'yan shekarun nan kasashen gabashin Afirka sun kafa kansu a matsayin masu amfani da miyagun kwayoyi. Alal misali, Tanzaniya—musamman a tsibiran Zanzibar —ta sami ƙaruwar yawan shan muggan ƙwayoyi a cikin gida.[12] Kashi 7% na al'ummar Zanzibari ana daukar su a matsayin masu shan miyagun kwayoyi. Yawan karuwar amfani da muggan kwayoyi da shaye-shayen miyagun kwayoyi a kasashen Gabashin Afirka ya nuna cewa bukatar cikin gida ita ma tana karuwa akai-akai.

Asalin bukatar kasashen yamma ya fito ne daga cibiyoyin yawon bude ido da aka bunkasa kafin shekarun 1980.[13] Wuraren shakatawa na bakin teku a Gabashin Afirka sun ga kwararowar masu yawon bude ido na Turai, Afirka ta Kudu, da Amurkawa, wadanda suka haifar da bukatar marijuana da tabar heroin a yankin. Tun daga shekarun 1980, yakin da ake yi da kwayoyi a Amurka ya kara karfafa Gabashin Afrika a matsayin wani yanki na cinikin miyagun kwayoyi na kasa da kasa saboda an rufe gasar fasa kwaurin kwayoyi a Amurka ta tsakiya da ta Kudu.

Hanyoyin Shiga

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Iska

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Birnin Nairobi na kasar Kenya da birnin Addis Ababa na kasar Habasha sun zama muhimman wuraren shigar da haramtattun kwayoyi a nahiyar da ake safarar su ta jiragen sama.[14][15]

Filin jirgin saman Jomo Kenyatta na kasa da kasa da ke Nairobi ya samu matsayi na rukuni na daya daga Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Sama ta Amurka a shekarar 2017,[16] wanda ya bai wa matafiya daga Amurka damar tashi kai tsaye zuwa Nairobi maimakon tafiya a Amsterdam ko Heathrow.[17] Wannan sauyin matsayi ya sa Kenya ta zama babbar hanyar jigilar kayayyaki, musamman ma jiragen sama daga kasashen gabashin Afirka makwafta kamar Uganda, Tanzania, Habasha, da Rwanda. Sakamakon haka, yawan zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na kasuwanci da ke shawagi a ciki da wajen Nairobi ya sanya Nairobi wani muhimmin batu a hanyoyin jiragen sama. Hakazalika, filin jirgin saman Bole na Addis Ababa yana fuskantar fasinjoji sama da miliyan 22 a duk shekara, kasancewar daya daga cikin filayen tashi da saukar jiragen sama na nahiyar.[18] Tsakanin 2019 zuwa 2020, 'yan sandan Habasha sun kama masu safarar miyagun kwayoyi kusan 100 a filin jirgin saman Bole. Bugu da kari, hukumar 'yan sanda ta tarayya, kama miyagun kwayoyi a cikin shekaru uku da suka gabata ya kai kilogiram 402 na hodar Iblis daga Latin Amurka da kilogiram 1377 na tabar wiwi. Fataucin muggan kwayoyi ta filin jirgin sama na Bole ya yi yawa musamman saboda Sashin Ayyuka na Magunguna na Narcotics yana da manyan matsalolin ababen more rayuwa. Sashen ba shi da ƙwararrun jami'ai, fasahar bincikar yanar gizo, karnuka masu ƙwari, wuraren gwaji a wurin, ko tsarin leƙen asiri wanda ke kai hari kan takamaiman jirage.

Teku

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Fitacciyar hanyar da ta dauki nauyin safarar miyagun kwayoyi daga Afghanistan ita ce hanyar teku. Kwayoyin da aka tattara cikin hankali, ciki har da opium, heroin, da methamphetamine daga Afghanistan suna tafiya zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa a gabar Tekun Makran, wanda ke kan iyakokin kudancin Iran da Pakistan.[19] A tashar jiragen ruwa da ke gabar tekun Makran, ana rarraba magungunan a cikin jiragen ruwa masu kamun kifi a cikin kananan fakiti masu nauyin kilo 3 zuwa kilo 6. Daga can, jiragen ruwan kamun kifi suna bi ta cikin Tekun Indiya, kuma suna isa wuraren shahararrun wuraren yawon bude ido a gabashin Afirka kamar Zanzibar a Tanzaniya, ko Pemba da tsibiran Quirimbas a Mozambique. A ƙarshe, ƙarancin ƙarancin raƙuman ruwa da manyan yashi a yankin suna ba da damar yanayi mai kyau ga masu fasa kwauri don guje wa bincike. Har ila yau, ana safarar tabar heroin mafi girma ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyi iri ɗaya, amma ana ɓoye a cikin kwantena masu ɗauke da sassan motoci, kayan aiki, da kayayyakin amfanin gona daga Pakistan. Ana kuma safarar Cocaine daga Brazil a cikin kwantena na kaya.[20]

Daga nan sai wadannan kwayoyi su kan tashi zuwa babban kasa, kuma ana safarar su ta kasa zuwa wasu kasashen Afirka kamar Afirka ta Kudu . Ana kuma safarar kwayoyi ta ruwa daga Dar Es Salaam zuwa Comoros,[21]

Nau'in Magunguna

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Daga cikin nau'ikan magungunan da ake fataucin su a ciki da wajen gabashin Afirka, abubuwan da aka fi amfani da su wajen fitar da su sun hada da tabar wiwi, tabar wiwi, hodar iblis, methamphetamine, da kuma a yanzu haka.

Heroin

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Tun daga 2006, amfani da tabar heroin a Afirka ya karu da sauri fiye da kowace nahiya. Ya zuwa yanzu, Afirka a halin yanzu tana samun karuwar yawan amfani da muggan kwayoyi, wanda hakan ke kara kara yawan bukatar ta na tabar heroin.[22] Ta fuskar amfani, Gabashin Afrika na samun kusan kashi 9% na cinikin tabar heroin a duniya.[23] Yawan kame tabar heroin da rundunar hadin gwiwa ta Maritime Forces (CMF) ta yi ya nuna yadda yankin Gabashin Afirka ke kara tsunduma cikin kasuwancin tabar heroin a duniya.[24] Jimlar sama da kilogiram 674 a cikin 2012, ba a yin cinikin tabar heroin a ƙananan yawa.[25] Ana jigilar magungunan ne daga Afganistan da Pakistan ta hanyoyin ruwa da jiragen sama zuwa kasashen gabashin Afirka kamar Kenya da Habasha. Bugu da kari, hukumar kula da muggan kwayoyi ta kasa da kasa (INCB) ta yi nuni da cewa, yankin gabashin Afrika,[26] ya kasance sanannen hanyar safarar tabar heroin daga kudu maso yammacin Asiya zuwa wasu sassan duniya.[27]

Wiwi

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An fara shigar da tabar wiwi ne a Gabashin Afirka lokacin tsakiyar zamanai ta hannun ‘yan kasuwa Musulmi daga Masar da Jazirar Larabawa. Marijuana ta sami ƙarin kulawa a matsayin batun bincike na likitanci a duk faɗin nahiyar, kuma yawancin ƙasashen Afirka sun fara tattauna batun halatta maganin. Malawi na daya daga cikin manyan masu samar da maganin, kuma a halin yanzu gwamnatinta na ba da damar yin gwajin nau'in tabar wiwi masu inganci. Gwamnatin Malawi ta zama ta farko a Gabashin Afirka don halatta noma, siyarwa, da fitar da tabar wiwi a watan Fabrairun 2020. Duk da haka, noman tabar wiwi ba bisa ƙa'ida ba har yanzu ya zama ruwan dare a ko'ina cikin Gabashin Afirka domin haɓakar waɗannan amfanin gona na baiwa manoman da ke fuskantar matsalolin kuɗi su bi sabbin hanyoyin tattalin arziki.

Hodar Ibilis

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Fataucin Cocaine ya fi zama ruwan dare a Arewacin Afirka, amma maganin yana samun karuwa a Gabashin Afirka duk da kasancewar yanki mai nisa da hanyoyin safarar hodar iblis. Tun daga shekara ta 2004, an sami wasu manyan kame a Gabashin Afirka. Daga 2005 da 2010, kamuwa da hodar iblis a gabashin Afrika ya karu da sau hudu. Yayin da matsakaita masu tasowa a gabashin Afirka ke ba da gudummawa ga karuwar bukatar hodar iblis, gwamnatocin gabashin Afirka da dama na nuna damuwa game da karuwar samu da kuma yawaitar shan hodar a yankin. Tare da tabar heroin, ana gudanar da zabuka a kasashe irin su Kenya, inda aka yi amfani da ribar da aka samu daga tallace-tallacen da ta samu wajen gudanar da yakin neman zabe da kuma kara karfin siyasa.

Methamphetamine

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Methamphetamine ya mamaye kasuwar magunguna ta duniya a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Yana iya yin mugun tasiri a kan al'ummomi na kowane yanayi na tattalin arziki saboda yalwar araha da wadatar magungunan. Yayin da hukumomi a Gabashin Afirka ba su gano wani babban aiki na kera methamphetamine ba, sun bayar da rahoton kwace wasu kananan kwayoyin da ake yi na safarar su zuwa Asiya. Ta fuskar samarwa, kungiyoyin masu aikata laifuka a Najeriya sun fi shahara kuma masu fafutuka a yankin. Haka kuma, ana samun karuwar kasuwannin haramtattun kwayoyi na methamphetamine a gabashin Afirka, sakamakon fafatawa tsakanin "Mexican meth" daga Najeriya da "Pakistani meth" daga Afganistan ya sa kowannensu ya kwace ikon kasuwancin yankin.

Khat

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Khat dai magani ne da ake amfani da shi a ƙasar Habasha wanda ake sha a kasashen gabashin Afirka da suka hada da Habasha, Yemen, Somaliya, Djibouti, Kenya, Tanzania, da Uganda. Masu amfani da khat suna la'akari da tasirinsa na psychotropic ya fi ƙarfin tabar wiwi. Yakin basasar Somaliya da sakamakon tarwatsewar al'ummar Somaliya a fadin Afirka ba kawai ba, har ma da wasu kasashe sun jawo hankalin jama'a kan sha da fataucin Khat da ke faruwa a gabashin Afirka. A kasar Kenya, ana sayar da jakin da ake nomawa a cikin gida a duk fadin kasar tare da fitar da shi zuwa kasashen da ke makwabtaka da kasar da ke da yawan bukatuwar da ake samu. Duk da yake cin karen da fatauci ba haramun ba ne a kasashe irinsu Kenya da Uganda, inda masu sana’ar kera kakin ke da burin sayar da su don samun riba, yawan cin karen da ake samu musamman a tsakanin matasa ya haifar da yunƙurin tafiye-tafiyen cikin gida da ƙoƙarin hana ciniki da cin abinci.

Tasiri

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Bincike kan illar da fataucin miyagun kwayoyi ke haifarwa a kasashe da al'ummar gabashin Afirka bai zama ruwan dare ba idan aka kwatanta da sauran yankuna na nahiyar, amma ya nuna cewa tasirin cinikin magungunan na gabashin Afirka ya yadu a bangarori da dama. Hukumomin 'yan sandan Afirka ba su da ƴan albarkatu da ƙarancin ƙarfin yin rikodin ƙididdiga na laifuka; amma idan sun yi, sau da yawa ba sa bambance tsakanin ayyukan laifuka na al'ada da na kasa da kasa. Yawancin guraben karatu da ke magana kan illar cinikin miyagun ƙwayoyi ta Gabashin Afirka an samo su ne daga ƙaramin adadin bayanai masu inganci, da nazarin shari'ar da ba su da ƙididdiga masu yawa don tabbatar da da'awarsu.

Cin hanci da rashawa

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Kasuwancin miyagun ƙwayoyi ba bisa ka'ida ba, wani kamfani ne mai riba

a wanda ke shafar matakan cin hanci da rashawa a gwamnatoci. Kasashe sun fi fuskantar matsalar cin hanci da rashawa tare da raunana jihohi da rashin isassun tsarin aiwatar da doka. A cewar Jaridar International Journal of Drug Policy, akwai shaidu masu yawa da suka gano dangantaka tsakanin fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi da kuma shigar da jami'an gwamnati. [28] Cin hanci da rashawa ya haifar da damuwa sosai a gabashin Afirka saboda raunin tattalin arziki da na hukumomi na iya haifar da cin hanci da rashawa a tsakanin jami'an gwamnati da ma'aikata tare da 'yan kuɗi kaɗan. Haka kuma, rashin ma'auni na laifuffukan da ke da alaƙa da miyagun ƙwayoyi a cikin tsarin shari'ar laifuka yana da matsala tare da haɗa kai da wasu hukumomi. Yana ba da damar haɓakar ƙwayoyi a ko'ina cikin Gabashin Afirka da ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce na naƙasassu, tare da ƙarfafa tsarin ƙungiyoyin fataucin muggan kwayoyi. Jaridar International Journal of Drug Policy ta yi rahoton cewa fataucin muggan kwayoyi na iya kawo cikas ga ci gaban tattalin arziki saboda da wuya ribar da ake samu ba bisa ka'ida ba ta shiga cikin dogon lokaci da jarin jari mai dorewa. Cin hanci da rashawa na dakushe karfin jihar na bunkasa cibiyoyi masu inganci wadanda ke da matukar muhimmanci wajen kafa doka da tattalin arziki mai karfi. Bugu da kari, mujallar harkokin kasa da kasa ta bayyana damuwa game da yadda Kenya ke kara fuskantar matsalar cin hanci da rashawa yayin da ake samun karuwar kungiyoyin masu aikata laifuka.

Ta'addanci

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ana amfani da ribar da ake samu daga haramtacciyar fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi a Gabashin Afirka don tallafawa ƙungiyoyin ta'addanci da sauran ƙungiyoyin tada kayar baya; duk da haka, ba a san matakin da aka ce ƙungiyoyin ke samun kuɗi ta hanyar cinikin ƙwayoyi ba. Hukumar Yaki da Muggan Kwayoyi ta Amurka ta yi ikirarin cewa wani kaso mai yawa na kungiyoyin da aka yiwa lakabi da kungiyoyin ta'addanci na kasashen waje suna da alaka kai tsaye da cinikin miyagun kwayoyi. Kungiyoyi da dama da ake zargi da safarar miyagun ƙwayoyi suna da alaƙa da ƙungiyoyin ta'addanci a gabashin Afirka, musamman Al-Shabaab. Sauran kungiyoyin da ke da alaka da Al-Shabaab sun shahara, kamar Cibiyar Matasa Musulmi ta Kenya, wadda ke daukar matasa 'yan kasashen waje yin yaki da Al-Shabaab. Irin wadannan kungiyoyin ‘yan ta’adda sun taimaka wajen safarar miyagun kwayoyi da kuma ma’aikata a gabashin Afirka da kuma tsakanin kasashen Afirka. Halin kasuwancin muggan kwayoyi na kasa da kasa na nufin Amurka da sauran kasashen yammacin duniya za su iya gurfanar da wadanda aka kama a gabashin Afirka idan aka samu alaka da kungiyoyin ta’addanci, ko da kuwa wadanda aka kama ba sa safarar miyagun kwayoyi zuwa kasashen yammacin Turai. Magungunan suna tallafawa waɗannan ƙungiyoyin ta'addanci kuma suna ba su damar ci gaba da aiki. Bugu da kari, wadannan kungiyoyi sukan yi safarar sikari da albarkatun kasa kamar gawayi a ciki da wajen yankin.

HIV

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An yi la'akari da yin allura da allurar rigakafin cutar kanjamau a kasashen gabashin Afirka. Musamman a kasashen Mozambik, Tanzania, Madagascar, da Kenya, wadanda suke shan kwayoyi sun fi kamuwa da cutar kanjamau. Masu amfani da kwayoyi sun fi kamuwa da cutar kanjamau kafin su kai shekaru 25 idan aka kwatanta da yawan jama'a, kuma alkaluma na nuni da yawan masu kamuwa da cutar kanjamau idan aka kwatanta da sauran jama'a.

Annobar cutar kanjamau ta afka wa wasu kasashe fiye da wasu; Kenya ta fi fama da rikici. Amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi a tsakanin ma'aikatan jima'i shine babban abin da ya haifar da batun. Masu yin jima'i suna yin allurar kwayoyi kafin ko bayan saduwa. Saboda rashin kudi, an tilasta musu yin amfani da gurbataccen allura. Tare da rashin sanin cutar kanta, kamuwa da cutar ta hanyar allura ya haifar da karuwar masu cutar kanjamau a tsakanin masu jima'i, wanda hakan ya haifar da yaduwar cutar a fadin kasar. Heroin shine sanannen dalilin yada kwayar cutar HIV ta hanyar allura. A karni na 21, allura ta zama hanyar da ta fi shahara wajen shigar da tabar heroin a jiki. Akwai kusan masu amfani da tabar heroin 10,000 a Nairobi da kuma wasu masu amfani da 8,000 a kusa da garuruwan bakin teku a Kenya. Daga wannan yawan jama'a, kiyasin kashi 68% zuwa 88% na da cutar kanjamau, wanda ke danganta amfani da maganin allura da yaduwar cutar kanjamau a Kenya. Jaridar International Journal of Drug Policy ta bayyana cewa, "amfani da muggan kwayoyi ya kasance babban dalilin yaduwar cutar kanjamau a kasashe masu tasowa, sau da yawa sakamakon raba sirinji da sake amfani da su." Mutane kaɗan ne ke sane da haɗarin da ke tattare da amfani da sake amfani da sirinji. Bugu da kari, a kasar Kenya, an kiyasta kashi 20% na yawan jama'a na dauke da kwayar cutar HIV. [29] Haɗuwa da yaduwar cutar kanjamau, allurar magunguna, da rashin kula da lafiya da wayar da kan jama'a da ke tattare da waɗannan ayyuka masu haɗari suna nuna yanayi mai haɗari wanda zai iya haifar da matsalar lafiyar jama'a. [30] Masu bincike a Tanzaniya da Kenya sun gano cewa adadin masu cutar kanjamau a cikin samfurin masu amfani da tabar heroin ya wuce kashi 50 cikin 100, wanda ya zarce matsakaicin kashi 13%. [29]

Matasa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Afirka ita ce nahiyar da ta fi matasa a duniya. Yayin da akasarin duniya ke fuskantar yawan tsufa, kashi sittin cikin dari na 'yan Afirka ba su kai shekaru 25 ba Bukatar shan muggan kwayoyi daga matasa ya haifar da yawaitar shan miyagun kwayoyi a gabashin Afirka. Jaridar International Journal of Drug Policy ta ce "bisa ga bayanan Bankin Duniya, masu amfani da muggan kwayoyi a kasashe masu tasowa 'yawanci suna faduwa a tsakanin shekarun 15-44, kodayake yawancin suna cikin tsakiyar shekaru ashirin." Misali, a cikin 2021, an kiyasta kashi 11% na yawan matasa masu shekaru tsakanin 18 zuwa 24 shekaru suna amfani da muggan kwayoyi a Kenya. Nazarin shari'a sun samar da shaida don sake tabbatar da damuwar da ke da alaka da yaduwar miyagun kwayoyi da kuma yawan matasa. Har ila yau, wannan mujalla ta bayyana cewa masu bincike da ke aiki a yankunan bakin teku da na cikin gida na Tanzaniya sun gano cewa "ban da tabar wiwi, tabar heroin ita ce maganin da aka fi amfani da shi, kuma ya kasance cikin samari masu shekaru masu aiki." Yin amfani da kwayoyi a cikin samari na iya haifar da raguwar yawan aiki, da rikice-rikicen lafiyar jama'a.


A halin yanzu, kasashe da dama a Afirka, irin su Tanzaniya da Mauritius, suna haɓaka shirye-shiryen methadone don dakile bala'in alluran magunguna, wanda shine babban dalilin cutar HIV. Waɗannan shirye-shiryen suna barin ƙauracewa ta hanyar ba da magani don rage alamun cirewa. Dubban mutane ne ke shiga cikin wadannan shirye-shirye yanzu domin a shawo kan shaye-shaye, da kuma gujewa barazanar kamuwa da cutar kanjamau ta hanyar allura da gurbatattun allura.

Martani

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Dangane da karuwar cinikin miyagun kwayoyi a gabashin Afirka, rawar da gwamnati ke takawa a cikin shekaru da dama da suka gabata. Yayin da martanin kowace ƙasa ya bambanta, lokuta a Kenya, Tanzaniya, da Uganda an fi rubutawa da yin nazari akai-akai.

Kenya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Tutar Kenya

Yawan adadin tabar heroin da hodar iblis ana jigilar su zuwa Kenya daga Pakistan, Iran da Latina Amurka ta hanyoyin jiragen sama da na teku zuwa Arewacin Amurka da Turai. Cibiyoyin safarar muggan kwayoyi da suka hada da ‘yan kasar Kenya sun kulla alaka da jami’an shari’a da kuma na hukumomin tabbatar da doka da oda domin samun mukamai, musamman a harkokin siyasa, ta hanyar ribar kwaya. Dangane da mayar da martani, Kenya ta aiwatar da Dokar Kula da Magunguna da Magungunan Kwayoyin cuta (Control) a cikin 1994 kuma tun daga lokacin ta yi ƙoƙarin jama'a don ƙarfafa matsaya mai ƙarfi game da cinikin ƙwayoyi. Manufofin sun taimaka wajen kwace kilogiram 1000 na hodar iblis da kuma tan 1.5 na jarumai, wasu daga cikin manyan kame-kamen da aka yi a nahiyar. A cikin 2021, Majalisar Dokokin Kenya ta zartar da gyara ga dokar 1994. Yana da nufin fayyace sigogin shari'a game da hukuncin da ya shafi fataucin miyagun kwayoyi, sabunta jerin abubuwan da aka yarda da su wajen kera kwayoyi, karfafa hukumci ga jami'an tilasta bin doka da ke ba da taimako ko aikata haramtacciyar fatauci da mallakar kwayoyi, da sauransu. Kenya ta kara karfafa hukumomin tsaron teku, ciki har da Hukumar Kula da gabar teku ta Kenya (KCGS) don kara yin rigakafi da tilasta safarar miyagun kwayoyi a ciki da wajen kasar. A cikin 2020, KCGS ta ha] a hannu da Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya game da Muggan Muggan Kwayoyi da Laifuka (UNODC) Shirin Laifukan Maritime na Duniya (GMCP) don mai da hankali kan haɓaka iyawa da taimakawa kare ruwan Kenya daga fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi.[31]

Tanzaniya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Tutar Tanzaniya

Majalisar dokokin Tanzaniya ta kirkiro da Hukumar Kula da Magunguna da Tilasta Magunguna ta hanyar Dokar Kula da Magunguna don magance amfani da muggan kwayoyi da fataucin muggan kwayoyi ta hanyar daidaitawa da mai da hankali. Hukumar Kula da Muggan Kwayoyi ta hada kai da EU-ACT Project don gudanar da manyan tarurruka guda biyu tare da manyan mahalarta taron kasancewar shugabannin hukumomin tabbatar da doka a Afirka da Turai. A yayin waɗancan tarurrukan, mahalarta sun tattauna sosai kan hanyoyin haɓakawa da raba bayanan sirrin teku. Har ila yau, hukumar da ke kula da yaki da fataucin miyagun kwayoyi na gudanar da wani aiki mai suna JODARI, wanda ya shafi kamun kifi da safarar miyagun kwayoyi a gabar tekun Tanzaniya bisa ga shawarwarin UNODC. A cikin 2021, Hukumar Kula da Magunguna da Tilasta Magunguna ta sami lambar yabo ta duniya don kasancewarta mafi kyawun cibiyar da ke kula da fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi kamar yadda aka gane shirye-shiryen horarwa masu ƙarfi ban da adadi mai yawa na kama. Duk da nasarar da aka samu da karbuwa a baya-bayan nan, Hukumar Kula da Magungunan Magunguna tana shirin faɗaɗa dabarunta don magance karuwar yawan sha da fataucin tabar a Tanzaniya.

Tutar Uganda

Uganda

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Gwamnatin Uganda ta amince da Dokar Magungunan Magunguna da Magungunan Kwayoyin Halitta a cikin 2016 don ayyana matakin da ya dace kuma mafi ƙaranci ga laifukan miyagun ƙwayoyi. Dokar dai ta hada da daukar matakan ladabtarwa da dama don dakile karuwar yawan shan miyagun kwayoyi da safarar miyagun kwayoyi a Uganda. Misali, mallakar haramtattun kwayoyi na iya haifar da hukuncin daurin shekaru 10 zuwa 25, fataucin-wanda aka ayyana ya hada da ko da kananan adadin fasa-kwaurin-ana iya hukunta shi da hukuncin daurin rai-da-rai, kuma rashin bayyana takardun magani na narcotics na iya haifar da 5. - hukuncin shekara.[32]

Nassoshi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ "Drug Trafficking Patterns". www.unodc.org. Retrieved 2022-05-11.
  2. ↑ Bybee, Ashley Neese (2012). "The Twenty-First Century Expansion of the Transnational Drug Trade in Africa". Journal of International Affairs. 66 (1): 69–84. ISSN 0022-197X. JSTOR 24388252.
  3. ↑ "World Drug Report 2013" (PDF). UNODC. June 2013. Retrieved May 10, 2022.
  4. ↑ Syvertsen, Jennifer (2016). "An ethnographic exploration of drug markets in Kisumu, Kenya". International Journal of Drug Policy. 30: 82–90. doi:10.1016/j.drugpo.2016.01.001. PMC 4845648. PMID 26838470.
  5. ↑ Mbwambo, Jessie (2012). "Drug trafficking, use, and HIV risk: The need for comprehensive interventions". Journal of Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS. 9 (3): 154–159. doi:10.1080/17290376.2012.743832. PMID 23237070.
  6. ↑ "Illicit Drugs and Eastern Africa". UNODC. Retrieved 2022-05-10.
  7. ↑ "Drug Trafficking Patterns". www.unodc.org. Retrieved 2022-03-14.
  8. ↑ Duvall, Chris S. (2019-07-13). "A brief agricultural history of cannabis in Africa, from prehistory to canna-colony". EchoGéo (in Turanci) (48). doi:10.4000/echogeo.17599. ISSN 1963-1197. S2CID 199098937.
  9. ↑ DUVALL, CHRIS S. (2019). The African Roots of Marijuana. Duke University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctv11hpqx7. ISBN 978-1-4780-0361-8. JSTOR j.ctv11hpqx7. S2CID 240594209 Check |s2cid= value (help).
  10. ↑ Crime, Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized (2021-10-26). "OP-ED: TRAFFICKING: From Afghanistan to Mozambique's Cabo Delgado – the implications of Taliban rule for the southern African drug trade". Daily Maverick (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  11. ↑ "DRUG SITUATION IN AFGHANISTAN 2021 Latest findings and emerging threats" (PDF). United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. November 2021. Retrieved May 11, 2022.
  12. ↑ KESSELS, EELCO; DURNER, TRACEY; SCHWARTZ, MATTHEW (2016). "TANZANIA". Violent Extremism and Instability in the Greater Horn of Africa: 45–51.
  13. ↑ Beckerleg, Susan; Telfer, Maggie; Hundt, Gillian Lewando (2005-08-25). "The rise of injecting drug use in east Africa: a case study from Kenya". Harm Reduction Journal. 2: 12. doi:10.1186/1477-7517-2-12. ISSN 1477-7517. PMC 1236949. PMID 16122382.
  14. ↑ Schuberth, Moritz (2014). "The Impact of Drug Trafficking on Informal Security Actors in Kenya". Africa Spectrum. 49 (3): 55–81. doi:10.1177/000203971404900303. ISSN 0002-0397. JSTOR 24589118. S2CID 145159187.
  15. ↑ Sunday, Frankline. "Aviation sector in new high as passenger numbers hit record 10 million". The Standard (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  16. ↑ "Illicit-Trafficking". www.unodc.org. Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  17. ↑ ENACTAfrica.org (2021-05-14). "Addis Ababa: low-risk choice for trafficking drugs into Africa". ENACT Africa (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  18. ↑ ENACTAfrica.org (2021-05-14). "Addis Ababa: low-risk choice for trafficking drugs into Africa". ENACT Africa (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  19. ↑ "Afghan Opiate Trafficking Through the Southern Route" (PDF). United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. June 2015. Retrieved May 11, 2022.
  20. ↑ "ANALYSIS: Narco Routes: From Afghanistan to Africa | Mantraya" (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-05-12.
  21. ↑ Crime, Alastair Nelson for the Global Initiative Against Transnational Organised (2020-06-14). "OP-ED: A triangle of vulnerability: Changing patterns of illicit trafficking off Africa's Swahili coast". Daily Maverick (in Turanci). Retrieved 2023-02-20.
  22. ↑ "Africa is heroin's new highway to the West". The Economist. Jan 31, 2019.
  23. ↑ Haysom, Simone; Gastrow, Peter; Shaw, Mark (June 2018). "The Heroin Coast: A Political Economy along the Eastern African Seaboard" (PDF). Enact. 4.
  24. ↑ Ane, Maria-Goretti. "Eastern Africa makes strides towards balanced drug policies".
  25. ↑ Hayson, Simone; Gastrow, Peter; Shaw, Mark (June 27, 2018). "The heroin coast: A political economy along the eastern African seaboard" (PDF). Enact (4).
  26. ↑ "Afghan Opiate Trafficking Thorough the Southern Route" (PDF). UNODC. June 2015. Retrieved May 9, 2022.
  27. ↑ Wyler, Liana Sun (February 26, 2010). "Illegal Drug Trade in Africa: Trends and U.S. Policy" (PDF).
  28. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Empty citation (help)Beckerleg, Susan (2005). "The rise of injecting drug use in East Africa: a case study from Kenya". Harm Reduction Journal. 2: 12. doi:10.1186/1477-7517-2-12. PMC 1236949. PMID 16122382.
  30. ↑ Empty citation (help)
  31. ↑ "UNODC resuming in-person Maritime Law Enforcement capacity building with Kenya Coast Guard". UNODC. September 18, 2020. Retrieved 2022-05-11.
  32. ↑ "Public Health Problem? Ugandan Officials Prescribe a Prison Sentence". www.opensocietyfoundations.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-05-12.
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