Lafiya a Uganda

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Lafiya a Uganda
health by country or region (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Facet of (en) Fassara Lafiya
Ƙasa Uganda
Majinyatan Ugandan a Sashen Marasa lafiya na Asibitin Apac da ke arewacin Uganda.[1] Yawancin iyaye mata ne na yara ƴan ƙasa da shekaru biyar masu fama da zazzabin cizon sauro .
Ci gaban tsawon rai a Uganda

Kiwon lafiya a Uganda yana nufin lafiyar al'ummar kasar Uganda. Matsakaicin tsawon rayuwa a lokacin haihuwar Uganda ya karu daga shekaru 59.9 a cikin shekarar 2013, zuwa shekaru 63.4 a cikin shekarar 2019.[2][3] Wannan ya yi ƙasa da na kowace ƙasa a cikin ƙasashen gabashin Afirka in ban da kasar Burundi.[1] Tun daga shekarar 2017, mata suna da tsawon rai fiye da takwarorinsu na maza na 69.2 da 62.3.[1] This is lower than in any other country in the East African Community except Burundi.[1][4][5][6][7][8]

An yi ƙiyasin cewa nan da 2100, maza a Uganda za su yi tsammanin 74.5, mata 83.3.[9] Yawan jama'ar Uganda ya karu a hankali daga miliyan 36.56 a shekarar 2016 zuwa kiyasin 42.46 a shekarar 2021.[10] Yawan haihuwa na matan Uganda ya dan karu daga matsakaita na jarirai 6.89 kowace mace a cikin shekarun 1950 zuwa kusan 7.12 a cikin shekarun 1970 kafin ya ragu zuwa ƙiyasin jarirai 5.32 a shekarar 2019.[11] Wannan adadi ya zarce mafi yawan yankunan duniya da suka hada da Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya, Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka, Turai da Tsakiyar Asiya da Amurka.[10] Adadin mace-mace-ƙasa da 5 na Uganda ya ragu daga mutuwar 191 a cikin 1000 masu rai a cikin 1970 zuwa mutuwar 45.8 a cikin 1000 masu rai a cikin shekarar 2019.

Jimlar kashe kuɗin kiwon lafiya a matsayin kashi na jimlar kayan cikin gida (GDP) ya kasance kashi 7.2 cikin ɗari a cikin shekarar 2014.[12]

A cikin shekarar 2018, an ƙiyasta mutane miliyan 1.4 a Uganda sun kamu da cutar ƙanjamau, kuma adadin cutar kanjamau a cikin ƙasar ya kai kashi 5.7 cikin ɗari.[11] Ya zuwa shekarar 2019, wannan adadin ya karu zuwa kiyasin mutane miliyan 1.5 da ke dauke da cutar ƙanjamau.[13] Uganda ta samu ci gaba sosai wajen shawo kan cutar yayin da 1.3 na mutanen da aka tabbatar sun kamu da cutar ƙanjamau sun san halinsu kuma miliyan 1.2 tuni ke kan kulawa.[14][14]

Ayyukan jiki[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Uganda ita ce ƙasa mafi yawan kuzari a duniya a cikin 2018 a cewar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya. Kashi 5.5% na 'yan Uganda ba sa cimma mintuna 150 na matsakaita-zuwa mai tsanani ko mintuna 75 na aiki mai tsauri a kowane mako. Yawancin aiki har yanzu jiki ne sosai, kuma yin tafiya ta abin hawa ya fi karfin yawancin jama'a. Kampala, duk da haka, ba ta da abokantaka wajen tafiya ko keke, kuma iskar ta ƙazantu sosai. Hukumar babban birnin Kampala ta kafa layin farko na zagayowar ƙasar—mita 500 a Kololo—a cikin shekarar 2018.[15]

Cututtuka da jiyya na kowa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Marasa lafiya a Uganda

Ya zuwa shekara ta 2016, abubuwa biyar da ke haddasa mace-mace a Uganda sun hada da cututtuka masu yaɗuwa kamar su HIV/AIDS, tarin fuka, zazzabin cizon sauro, cututtuka na numfashi, da gudawa.[16]

Abubuwan haɗari waɗanda suka fi alhakin mutuwa da nakasa sun haɗa da rashin abinci mai gina jiki na yara da mata masu juna biyu, ayyukan jima'i marasa kariya, abokan jima'i da yawa, gurɓataccen ruwa, rashin tsabta, da gurɓataccen iska .

Maganin cutar kanjamau a Uganda ya ta'allaƙa ne kan maganin cutar kanjamau na ɗan adam ta hanyar horar da kai da kuma ƙara yawan ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya waɗanda za su iya ba da magani (misali, ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya na al'umma da ma'aikatan jinya ).[17] [18] Wannan canjin jiyya ya faru ne ta hanyar jagorar "Haɗin kai na Adult da Adolescent Illness" na WHO na 2004. Nazarin manya masu kamuwa da cutar kanjamau a Uganda ya nuna halayen jima'i mai haɗari sun ƙi, yana ba da gudummawa ga raguwar kamuwa da cutar kanjamau. Daga 1990 zuwa 2004, adadin HIV ya ragu da kashi 70 cikin dari kuma jima'i na yau da kullum ya ragu da kashi 60 cikin dari. An kuma jera sadarwar lafiya a matsayin abin da zai iya haifar da sauye-sauyen ɗabi'a a cikin al'ummar Uganda.[19][20] Studies of HIV-infected adults in Uganda showed risky sexual behavior[17] Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2015 ya nuna cewa, abubuwan da ke hana kamuwa da cutar kanjamau sun hada da ƙarancin abinci a yankunan karkara da kuma ƙyamar shawarwari da gwajin cutar kanjamau.[21]

Ƙasar Uganda ce kasar da ta fi kowacce yawan kamuwa da cutar zazzabin cizon sauro a duniya, inda mutane 478 cikin 1000 ke fama da cutar a kowace shekara. Dangane da bayanan WHO da aka buga a watan Mayu 2014, zazzabin cizon sauro ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane 19,869 a Uganda (6.19% na adadin waɗanda suka mutu).[22]

A shekara ta 2002, gwamnatin Uganda ta tsara tsarin magance zazzabi ta hanyar kula da gida. Uwayen da suka iya gane alamun cutar zazzabin cizon sauro sun kai 'ya'yansu zuwa wurin magani a farkon rashin lafiya.[23] Haɗin gwiwar Ciwon Yaro ya ba da damar fahimtar alamun zazzabin cizon sauro.[24] Jiyya ko dai ya haɗa da kai yaron nan da nan don ganin ma'aikacin lafiya na kusa ko kuma samun maganin chloroquine da SP, wanda kuma aka sani da Homapak,[25] ko da yake an gano kayan aikin sun ƙare a wasu lokuta. Koyaya, juriya ga HOMAPAK ya fito, kuma shawarwarin magunguna ta WHO sun canza zuwa maganin haɗin gwiwa na artemisinin (ACT).[26] Bayan nazarin tsakiyar wa’adi na shekarar 2014 na shirin kasa na rage zazzabin cizon sauro da kuma nazarin shirin zazzabin cizon sauro a shekarar 2010, ana sake fasalin dabarun kasa na rage zazzabin cizon sauro.[27] A halin yanzu, Uganda tana maganin zazzabin cizon sauro ta hanyar rarraba gidajen sauron da aka yi wa maganin kwari, da fesa maganin kashe kwari a cikin gida, da kuma rigakafin rigakafi ga mata masu juna biyu.[28] Cutar zazzabin cizon sauro, duk da haka, tana da girma kuma tana da ƙarfi ta hanyar rashin isassun albarkatu, fahimtar zazzaɓin cizon sauro, da ƙara juriya ga magunguna.[29]

Lafiyar haihuwa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Lafiyar Haihuwa (RH) yanayi ne na cikakkiyar walwala ta jiki, tunani, da zamantakewa a cikin dukkan al'amuran da suka shafi tsarin haihuwa da ayyukansa da tafiyar matakai. Yana nuna cewa mutane suna da ikon haifuwa da kuma yancin yanke shawara ko, yaushe, da sau nawa za su yi hakan. A fakaice a cikin wannan hakki ne na maza da mata na a sanar da su da kuma samun damar yin amfani da aminci, inganci, araha, kuma tsarin tsarin iyali da suke so, da sauran hanyoyin da suka zaba na kayyade haihuwa, wadanda ba haka ba ne. wanda ya saɓawa doka, da kuma ‘yancin samun ayyukan kula da lafiya da zai baiwa mata damar tafiya lafiya ta hanyar ciki da haihuwa. Kulawar RH kuma ya haɗa da lafiyar jima'i, wanda manufarsa ita ce haɓaka rayuwa da alaƙar mutum.[30]

Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta ayyana lafiyar mata a matsayin lafiyar mata a lokacin daukar ciki, haihuwa, da lokacin haihuwa.[31] A cewar UNICEF, adadin mace-macen mata masu juna biyu a Uganda, yawan mace-macen mata a shekara ta dalilin ciki a cikin 100,000 da suka haihu, ya kasance 440 daga 2008 zuwa 2012.[32] Manufar Ci gaban Ƙarni (MDG) na 2015 game da yawan mace-macen mata masu juna biyu shine kashi 131 cikin 100,000 na haihuwa. MDG kuma ta kafa manufa ga duk haihuwa da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun kiwon lafiya za su halarta,[33]

A yankunan karkara, mata masu juna biyu suna neman taimakon masu kula da haihuwa na gargajiya (TBAs) saboda wahalar samun sabis na kiwon lafiya na yau da kullun da tsadar sufuri ko magani. An amince da TBs yayin da suka shafi rayuwar al'adu da zamantakewar al'umma. Rashin ilimi da horo na TBAs da kuma amfani da al'adun gargajiya, duk da haka, sun haifar da hanyoyin kiwon lafiya masu haɗari waɗanda ke haifar da yawan mace-macen mata masu juna biyu. Haka kuma adadin ya ci gaba saboda ƙarancin amfani da magungunan hana haihuwa, ƙarancin ƙarfin cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya don magance matsalolin zubar da ciki da zubar da ciki, da kuma yawaitar cutar HIV/AIDS a tsakanin mata masu juna biyu. Duk da cewa zazzaɓin cizon sauro na daya daga cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da cututtuka ga mata masu juna biyu, ayyukan rigakafi da rigakafin ba su da inganci kamar yadda wani rahoto da aka buga a shekarar 2013 ya nuna.[34]

Kashi 47 cikin 100 na matan Uganda ne kawai ke samun shawarwarin kulawa da mata masu juna biyu, kuma kashi 42 cikin ɗari na haifuwa ne kawai ke halartar ƙwararrun ma'aikatan lafiya. A cikin kashi 20 cikin 100 na matalautan al’umma, kaso 29 cikin 100 na haifuwar da kwararrun ma’aikatan lafiya suka samu a shekarar 2005/2006 idan aka kwatanta da kashi 77 cikin 100 na masu hannu da shuni.[35] Shirin Auna Haƙƙoƙin Ɗan Adam ya baiwa Uganda maki 47.9% don amfani da maganin hana haihuwa.

Rashin abinci mai gina jiki[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Rashin abinci mai gina jiki shine babban abin da ke damun cigaba a Uganda, wanda ya shafi dukkan yankunan kasar da mafi yawan al'ummar kasar. Matsayin rashin abinci mai gina jiki a halin yanzu yana kawo cikas ga ci gaban ɗan adam, zamantakewa, da tattalin arzikin Uganda. Duk da cewa kasar ta samu gagarumin ci gaba a fannin bunkasar tattalin arziki da rage fatara a cikin shekaru 20 da suka gabata, amma ci gaban da ta samu wajen rage matsalar karancin abinci mai gina jiki ya ragu matuka. Maƙasudi na ƙarshe na Shirin Ayyukan Ayyukan Gina Jiki na Uganda (UNAP) shine tabbatar da cewa duk 'yan Uganda sun sami abinci mai kyau don su rayu cikin koshin lafiya da rayuwa mai amfani. Duk da haka, a farkon rayuwa musamman ya kamata mu yi aiki tare don tabbatar da cewa duk 'yan Uganda sun sami abinci mai kyau. Dangane da Binciken Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a na Uganda uku na baya-bayan nan (UDHS), alamomin abinci mai gina jiki ga yara ƙanana da uwayensu ba su inganta sosai ba cikin shekaru 15 da suka gabata, tare da wasu alamomin da ke nuna haɓakar yanayin. Misali, a cikin 1995, kashi 45 cikin 100 na yara ‘yan kasa da shekara biyar a Uganda ba su cika shekaru ba. Shekaru 10 bayan haka, yawan yaran da basu kai shekaru biyar ba ya ragu zuwa kashi 39 kawai (UDHS, 2006). Rage-tsare yana nuna rashin abinci mai gina jiki na yau da kullun a cikin yara; Adadin da aka samu na kashi 39 cikin 100 na nuna cewa kimanin yara ƙanana miliyan 2.3 a Uganda a yau suna fama da rashin abinci mai gina jiki. UNICEF [36] Ƙaddamar da Auna Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam ta baiwa Uganda maki 79.5% na yaran da ba su yi ƙasa a gwiwa ba.

Yi la'akari da bayanin abinci mai gina jiki na Uganda ga yara ƴan ƙasa da shekaru biyar kamar yadda USAID [37] [38] ta nuna.

Yawan jama'a Pop. Kasa da 5 % tsautsayi % Rashin nauyi
miliyan 41.5 miliyan 7.7 29 11

Wannan yana da nauyi mai yawa a kan ƙasar ta hanyar asarar kuɗin shiga wanda ke shafar GDP kai tsaye inda kusan kashi 5.6% ko dalar Amurka miliyan 899 ke asarar duk shekara. WFP [39]

Duk da alƙaluman da ke nuna damuwa, bincike na baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa adadin yara ƴan ƙasa da shekaru biyar da ke fama da rashin abinci mai gina jiki na raguwa. [40]

Cin zarafin jinsi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Rikicin cikin gida (DV) batu ne mai mahimmanci a cikin lafiyar haihuwa da haƙƙin haifuwa da lafiyar haifuwa. Yawancin DV sun dogara ne akan jinsi.[41]

Rikicin jiki shine nau'in DV mafi yaɗuwa a Uganda, inda kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na mata ke kai rahotonsa. Fiye da kashi 60 cikin 100 na matan da suka taɓa yin aure sun ba da rahoton fuskantar tashin hankali, na zahiri, ko jima'i daga ma'aurata.[42]

A shekara ta 2011, kusan kashi biyu cikin ɗari na mata sun ba da rahoton cewa an yi musu kaciya, al'adar da ke mutuwa a wuraren da aka fi yin ta.[43]

Abu da amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Shaye -shaye da shaye-shayen miyagun ƙwayoyi na damun lafiyar jama'a a Uganda wanda ke shafar yara da matasa. Wani magani da shi a tsakanin matasa shine hodar iblis.[44]

Ya zuwa shekarar 2019, rashin amfani da kayan maye yana da kashi 0.34% na jimlar nakasa-daidaita-shekarun rayuwa (DALYs) da kuma mutuwar 0.13% a Uganda. Rashin amfani da barasa yana da kashi 0.2% na DALYs da 0.11% na yawan mace-mace.. Wannan yana da ɗan ƙaramin ƙarfi idan aka kwatanta da ƙasashe a Arewacin Afirka, Turai, Arewacin Amurka da yankuna tsakiyar Asiya. Wannan na iya zama sakamakon ƙarƙashin bayar da rahoton waɗannan lamuran ko rashin gano waɗannan cututtuka a Uganda.

An bayar da rahoton yawan barasa a Uganda a duniya a 26.0 L na barasa ga kowane mutum a kowace shekara a cikin shekarar 2016. A watan Maris na shekarar 2013, wani binciken CNN ya sanya Uganda a matsayi na 8 a duniya wajen shan barasa kuma ta farko a nahiyar Afirka. Wani bincike da aka yi kwanan nan a Uganda ya nuna ba zato ba tsammani na shan barasa da kuma dogaro da yara masu shekaru 5-8. An samo wannan yayin tambayoyin asibiti a cikin labarin da aka buga na shekarar 2020, tare da jumla gama gari tsakanin yaran, "Ina jin daɗi lokacin da na sha." A cikin wannan binciken, 7.4% yara sun sami tabbataccen cin zarafi da dogaro da barasa. Kashi 10 cikin 148 na yara suna da makin Ƙarfi da Ƙarfi (SDQ) (≥ 14). Waɗannan yara 10 waɗanda ke da babban adadin SDQ suna da cututtukan ƙwaƙwalwa waɗanda suka haɗa da yunƙurin kashe kansu (30%) da rikicewar tashin hankali (50%). Yaro ɗaya ne kawai ke da ƙarancin makin SDQ (a ƙasa 14) ba shi da wata cuta duk da kyakkyawan ƙwarewar sha. Yawancin yara sun ba da rahoton samun damar yin girki na gida, ilimin mai kulawa akan sha da mawuyacin yanayi na gida wanda ya sa su shan barasa. A cikin 2016, Uganda ta yi rajista mafi yawan adadin mace-mace daga cututtukan hanta da ke da alaƙa da barasa tare da jimillar mutuwar 118 a cikin 100,000 daga cututtukan hanta na biyu zuwa yawan shan barasa.[45] [46]

Ba a sabunta ƙa'idojin shari'a game da barasa a Uganda ba tun 1960 har zuwa shekarar 2016, tare da shekarun shan barasa na shari'a yana da shekaru 18 yayin da sayar da barasa ga hukuncin kanana tarar da ba za ta wuce shilin Ugandan 500 ($ 0.14) ba kuma an ba yara damar siya. barasa a madadin manya. Dokar barasa, cap-93 har yanzu tana cin tarar shilling na Ugandan 205 ($0.058) kan shan barasa da ba su kai shekaru ba.[47] Wani muhimmin batu game da shan barasa a Uganda shi ne cewa masana'antar barasa sun yi wa matasa hari ta hanyar karuwar marufi na 30 ml na barasa da fakitin da kowane matashi dan Uganda zai iya samu akan shilling na Ugandan 200 kawai ($ 0.057) tare da kamfen na barasa da ke gudana. kusa da makarantu, kindergarten, dandalin watsa labarai, da kuma kan hanyoyin Uganda.[48] Dokar Hukumar Kula da Ma'auni ta Ƙasa ta Uganda (UNBS) wacce ta tsara ƙa'idodi kan kayayyaki na Uganda ba ta da wani ma'auni kan barasa na asali (wanda aka fi sani da " enguli "). A ranar 26 ga Satumba, 2016, wani karamin kwamiti ya tsara wani sabon kudiri na hana barasa, aka gabatar da shi ga majalisar dokokin Uganda. Wannan lissafin yana nufin hana ƙananan marufi na barasa, tallan barasa da daidaita lokacin shan barasa. Hakanan ya haɗa da shekarun shari'a don fara shan barasa daga shekaru 18 zuwa 21 da kuma sanya harajin 5% akan duk abubuwan sha.[49] Tasiri da canje-canjen manufofin tare da aiwatar da doka za su taimaka wajen daidaita shan barasa a Uganda da kuma ceton rayukan matasa da yara da yawa.[50]

Lafiyar Baki[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Babu isassun bayanai kan halin da ake ciki na lafiyar baki a Uganda.[51] Wani bincike mai sauri da aka gudanar ta hanyar binciken al'umma da kuma tattaunawa mai mahimmanci a gundumomin Uganda a cikin 2004/2005 an kiyasta cewa kashi 51% na al'ummar sun fuskanci matsalar lafiyar baki watanni shida kafin binciken. Daga cikin mutanen da suka fuskanci matsalar lafiyar baƙi, kashi 35% ne kawai suka sami magani. [51] Sharuɗɗan da suka fi yawa kamar yadda manyan masu ba da labari suka ruwaito sun haɗa da;

Sakamako na Binciken Kiwon Lafiyar Baki 2004/2005
Yanayin Baki Yaduwa (%)
Rushewar hakori 93.1
Ciwo 82.1
Asarar hakori 79.3
Farkon kuruciya caries 75.9
Zubar jini 71.4
Sako da hakora 48.3
Warin baki mara kyau 42.9
Cutar HIV ta baka 28.6
Hakori toho 17.2
Cutar cututtuka (ba tare da karaya ba) 13.8
Karyewar baki 13.8
Ciwon daji na baka 10.3
Ciwon baki 10.3
Fluorosis 6.9
Ciwon ciki mara kyau 3.4

A cewar wani bincike da aka gudanar tsakanin yara ƴan makaranta a Mbarara a shekara ta 2007, tsaftar baki gaba daya yaran makaranta ba ta da kyau da ke nuna rashin ingantaccen tsarin tsaftar baki. Matsakaicin lalacewa, da aka rasa, cika hakora na dindindin (DMFT) shine 1.5 (± 0.8SD) tare da mata suna da DMFT mafi girma fiye da maza na 1.6 (± 0.8SD) da 1.3 (± 0.8SD) bi da bi. Yara a makarantu masu zaman kansu sun kasance sun fi samun ƙarin caries a cikin haƙoran dindindin da haƙoran madara. Lissafi ya fi yawa a maza, makarantun gwamnati da kuma cikin malaman rana. Kwarewar caries gabaɗaya ta fi girma a Kampala idan aka kwatanta da gundumomin karkara.[52] Gabaɗaya maki DMFT ya kasance 0.9 na yara da 3.4 na manya. [53]

Dangane da Burden Cututtuka na Duniya, cututtukan baka a Uganda suna ba da gudummawar 0.38% na jimlar DALYs. Wannan ya yi ƙasa da ƙasa da ƙasashen da ke makwabtaka da shi a cikin al'ummar Gabashin Afirka kuma ya fi ƙasa da sauran yankuna na bankunan yankunan bankin duniya, watau Gabashin Asiya da Pacific, Turai da Asiya ta Tsakiya, Latin Amurka da Caribbean da sassan Kudancin Asiya. [54]

Uganda ta kasance ta musamman yayin da take horar da jami'an kiwon lafiya na baka daban-daban, likitocin hakori, jami'an kiwon lafiyar jama'a, likitocin baka da maxillofacial likitoci da kwararrun dakin gwaje-gwaje na hakori. Likitocin likitan hakori a Uganda suna ƙarƙashin kulawar Hukumar Kula da Lafiya da Haƙori ta Uganda (UMDPC) da ƙwararrun ƙungiyar, Ƙungiyar Haƙori ta Uganda (UDA) Adadin likitocin hakori masu rijista a duk faɗin ƙasar ya ƙaru daga 72 haƙori. likitocin tiyata a cikin 2006 [51] zuwa kusan likitocin hakori 396 a cikin 2021 [55] suna yiwa al'ummar Ugandan sama da miliyan 42 hidima. Daga cikin waɗannan, 372 sune likitocin haƙori na gabaɗaya, 12 Oral and maxillofacial surgeons, 3 orthodontists, 2 prosthodontists da 7 restorative dentists a duk faɗin ƙasar kamar na 2021. [55] Dukkanin ƙwararrun hakori ban da aikin tiyata na baki da na maxillofacial ana horar da su a wajen ƙasar. [51]

Manufar Kiwon Lafiya ta Baka ta ƙasa tana gudana tun daga 2007 zuwa 2009 kuma har yanzu ba a sabunta ta ba tun lokacin. Ma'aikatar Lafiya tana aiki da ƙarancin kasafin kuɗi wanda ya ƙunshi ƙasa da 0.1% akan kula da lafiyar baki wanda ya fi dacewa don isar da sabis na baka. Ayyukan baka na yau da kullun suna kan farashi kyauta a wuraren gwamnati yayin da ake samun kulawa na biyu da na uku akan farashi. Yawancin ayyukan kula da hakori a Uganda ba sa biya (OOPs) saboda karancin kayan aiki, kayayyaki, kayan aiki da ma'aikata a yawancin sassan kula da lafiya na gwamnati don haka ana tilasta wa marasa lafiya neman ta baki a wurare masu zaman kansu. [51]

Kaciya ta baki (IOM)[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Yi wa jariran baki kaciya ya zama ruwan dare ga yawancin ƙasashen Afirka a yankin Saharar Afirka, gami da Uganda.[56][57]

Daga cikin ƙabilun Bantu masu magana a Uganda, ana kiranta da suna " ebinyo ". [56] Ana fidda haƙoran da ba a fashe ba yawanci a matsayin maganin zazzaɓi da gudawa ga jarirai da ba a horar da su ba. [56] Ayyukan sun haɗa da gano wuraren da aka taso akan gumakan jarirai da yin amfani da kayan aiki masu kaifi don cire haƙoran da ba na ma'adinai ba tare da la'akari da shi " tsutsa mai laifi ." Tushen haƙoran gama gari da aka cire sune na farko na canines.[58]

An fara samun rahoton kaciya na baka na jarirai (IOM) a Uganda a cikin 1969 a cikin kashi 16.1% na yara daga ƙabilar Acholi da ke Arewacin Uganda. Wadannan duk sun bata saboda IOM.[53] Wani bincike na baya-bayan nan da aka buga a cikin 2019 tsakanin yara masu shekaru 3-5 a Yammacin Yammacin Yuganda ya nuna kashi 8.1% sun ɓace na farko saboda IOM.[54] Wannan al’ada ta fi zama ruwan dare a tsakanin mazauna karkara da mazauna birane, inda aka fi samun yawaitar yara a karkashin wani mai kula da su ba na iyaye ba.[55] Kungiyoyin gama gari da aka ruwaito suna gudanar da IOM mutane ne da ake mutunta al'adu a Uganda kuma wadannan sun hada da; masu maganin gargajiya, ungozoma, malaman makaranta da limaman gari.[59][56] Ana yin wannan aikin ne a lokacin da ƙwayoyin rigakafin yara daga madarar nono da masu ciki ke raguwa don haka ƙara kamuwa da cututtukan da ke bayyana kamar zazzaɓi, gudawa da amai waɗanda IOM ke yi don magance su. Wannan yana haifar da rashin kula da ainihin abin da ke haifar da cututtuka a maimakon haka yana kara ta'azzara ta hanyar amfani da kayan aikin da ba su da haihuwa wanda ke haifar da cututtuka da mace-mace a tsakanin yara.[60] Babban abin da ke haifar da IOM shine rashin ilimin baka a tsakanin yawancin al'ummar Uganda.[61][56]

Lafiya a yankin Arewa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Arewacin Uganda yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan yankuna huɗu na gudanarwa a Uganda. Yaƙin basasa da aka dade ana gwabzawa tsakanin gwamnatin Uganda da kungiyar ƴan tawayen Lords Resistance Army da kuma rikicin satar shanu da aka shafe tsawon shekaru 20 ana yi a yankin ya ruguza yankin.[62][63]

Tun lokacin da aka kawo ƙarshen yaƙin a shekara ta 2006, an lalata sansanonin 'yan gudun hijirar tare da komawa gidajensu na da. Yankin, duk da haka, har yanzu yana da ƙalubalen kiwon lafiya da yawa, irin su rashin kayan aikin kiwon lafiya da rashin isassun ma'aikata a kowane mataki (rahoton da aka buga 2008);[64][65] rashin samun damar amfani da wutar; lantarki ta kasa (rahoton da aka buga a 2007);[66] rashin iya jawowa da riƙe ƙwararrun ma'aikata;[67] akai-akai sayar da kayayyaki a asibitoci da wuraren kiwon lafiya;[67] cututtuka masu tasowa da sake tasowa irin su Ebola, nodding syndrome, onchocerciasis, da tarin fuka;[68] kamuwa da cutar zazzabin cizon sauro, wanda ke kan gaba wajen mutuwar mutane a kasar; [67] mayar da tsoffin yaran da aka sace da suka koma gida (binciken 2007);[69] rashin tsaftataccen ruwan sha yayin da aka lalata yawancin rijiyoyin burtsatse a lokacin yakin; cutar HIV/AIDS (rahoton da aka buga a 2004);[70] matalauta matakan ilimi tare da babban gazawar rates a firamare da sakandare kasa jarrabawa (2015 buga rahoton);[71] da talauci (rahoton da aka buga a 2013).[72]

Ƴan gudun hijira[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Uganda dai na karɓar ƴan gudun hijira da masu neman mafaka tun bayan samun ƴancin kai a shekarar 1962. Hasali ma, taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'yan gudun hijira na 2016 ya ayyana manufofin ƴan gudun hijira a Uganda a matsayin abin koyi. Dokar 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta 2006 da Dokokin Ƴan Gudun Hijira na 2010 sun ba da damar haɗin kai na 'yan gudun hijira a cikin al'ummomin da suka karbi bakuncin tare da ƴan gudun hijirar da ke da damar yin amfani da sabis na jama'a iri ɗaya kamar na ƴan ƙasa. Suna da 'yancin motsi kuma suna da ƴanci don neman damar rayuwa, gami da samun damar shiga kasuwar aiki da kafa kasuwanci. A halin yanzu Uganda tana karbar 'yan gudun hijira 1,252,470 da masu neman mafaka wanda ya sa ta zama kasa mafi girma da ke karbar bakuncin ƴan gudun hijira a Afirka kuma ta uku mafi girma a duniya (GoU da UNHCR, 2017) UNDP.[73] Hakan dai ya dora babban nauyi a kan kasar da ke da GDP na kowane mutum dala 710 kacal, amma duk da haka tallafin da ake samu kan kowane mutum kadan ne. "Taimakon da aka samu kowane mutum ba tare da samun kudin shiga ba" Kuɗin da aka raba ta ɓangaren

Bangaren Darajar (US$) Raba kashi
Ilimi 795,419 0.25
Lafiya 5,201,026 1.61
Tsaro 3,045,858 0.94
Ƙasa 29,746,209 9.21
Asarar muhalli 90,682,169 28.07
Makamashi da ruwa 145,881,761 45.16
Sauran farashin 2,406,814 0.75
Kiyasin haraji

keɓe ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya hukumomi

45,254,125 14.01
Jimlar 323,013,382 100.00

Ana samun ɓarkewar cututtuka akai-akai kamar kwalara, ebola da marburg. 2017 Uganda Marburg cutar fashewa . Manufar barin ƴan gudun hijirar su yi tafiya cikin walwala a cikin kasar na kara barazanar yada waɗannan ɓarkewar cutar fiye da kan iyakokin sansanin ƴan gudun hijira.

Alamomin lafiya[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Bisa ga rahoton 2015 Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS) rahoton:

  • Yankin na ɗaya daga cikin mafi yawan masu fama da cutar kanjamau da kashi 8 a kasar, sai Kampala.
  • Yankin na kan gaba cikin talauci inda kashi 80 cikin 100 na gidaje ke fama da talauci idan aka kwatanta da kashi 20 cikin 100 na kasar gaba daya suna fama da talauci. Yankin yana da mafi ƙasƙanci mafi ƙasƙanci na kowane gida na UGX:21,000 idan aka kwatanta da UGX:30,000 na yawan jama'a. Kusan kashi 26 na mutane suna fama da talauci
  • Yankin na kan gaba wajen jahilci inda kashi 60 cikin 100 na al'ummar da shekarunsu suka wuce shekaru 10 zuwa sama suke da ilimi idan aka kwatanta da kashi 71 na al'ummar ƙasar baki ɗaya.
  • Yawancin gundumomi a yankin ba su da tsaftataccen ruwan famfo, in ban da wasu garuruwa kamar Gulu, Lira, Arua, da Soroti . Matsalolin ramukan ramuka sun bambanta daga kashi 4 zuwa 84 a wasu gundumomi, mafi muni a kasar.
  • Yankin yana da mafi ƙarancin adadin cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya idan aka kwatanta da sauran yankuna na ƙasar. Daga cikin jimillar cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya 5,229 a Uganda (2,867 na gwamnati, 874 da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs) ke gudanar da su, da kuma wuraren zaman kansu 1,488), cibiyoyin lafiya 788 ne kawai a yankin Arewa (664 da gwamnati ke gudanarwa, 122) ta kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, da wurare masu zaman kansu guda 2). Isar da wuraren kiwon lafiya ya kai daga kashi 7 a cikin Amudat, zuwa kashi 81 a Gulu .
  • Yankin yana da mafi girman adadin haihuwa na yara 7.9 kowace mace idan aka kwatanta da adadin 6.1 na kasar baki daya.
  • Yankin Karamoja yana da yawan mace-macen mata masu juna biyu. Dangane da Binciken Kiwon Lafiya da Kiwon Lafiya na Uganda na 2001, Yankin Arewa ya kasance mafi muni a cikin alamomin mace-macen jarirai (a ƙasa da shekaru biyar na mace-mace: 178 mace-mace a cikin 1000 masu rai) (a ƙarƙashin shekara ɗaya mace-mace: mutuwar 105 a cikin 1000 masu rai) (mutuwar jarirai). : 42 mutuwar a cikin farkon watan rayuwa a cikin 1000 da aka haihu). Don dalilai na Binciken Alƙaluman Jama'a da Lafiya na Uganda na 2011, an raba yankin Arewa zuwa West Nile, Arewa, da Karamoja, tare da sauran yankuna uku suna da rassa bakwai, na jimlar yanki goma a duk faɗin ƙasar. Yawan mace-macen Karamoja na ƙasa da shekaru biyar (153 ne ke mutuwa a cikin 1000 masu rai) ya kasance mafi muni a kasar, inda adadin West Nile (125) ya kasance na uku mafi muni sai kuma Arewa (105) na hudu mafi kyau. Yawan mace-mace na West Nile 'yan kasa da shekara 88 ya kasance mafi muni a ƙasar, inda adadin Karamoja (87) ya kasance na biyu mafi muni sai na Arewa (66) na biyar mafi kyau. Yawan mace-macen da ake fama da shi a yankin West Nile a kasa da wata guda (38) shi ne na biyu mafi muni a kasar, inda yankin Arewa (31) ya kasance a matsayi na hudu mafi muni yayin da Karamoja (29) ke matsayi na huɗu. [34]
  • Ciwon nodding ya afkawa yankin ne tun daga farkon zuwa tsakiyar shekarun 2000, duk da cewa kasashen duniya ba su san da shi ba sai a shekarar 2009 da WHO da Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka ta Amurka suka fara bincikensa. Cutar ta shafi yara masu shekaru 5-15, musamman a yankin Acholi da wasu kaɗan a yankin Lango. Sama da mutane 3,000 da aka tabbatar sun kamu da cutar tun daga shekarar 2012, yayin da Uganda ke da mafi yawan masu kamuwa da cutar a duniya. Cutar tana da babban illa ga lafiyar yara, iyalai, da al'umma. Yaran da a da suna cikin koshin lafiya kuma suna girma da kyau iyaye suna lura da su don yin noma musamman a lokacin cin abinci da farko, suna ci gaba zuwa kai lokacin sanyi, da sauransu. Wadannan yara a ƙarshe suna samun nau'i daban-daban na ciwon farfaɗiya da kuma nakasa kamar rashin abinci mai gina jiki mai tsanani, ƙonewa, ciwon ciki, kyphosis mai tsanani, rashin fahimta, da kuma yawo daga gidaje. [74] Tun lokacin da aka fara shiga tsakani a cikin 2012, ba a sami sabbin maganganu ba a yankin. Ba a gano ainihin dalilin wannan cuta ba, kodayake akwai haɗin gwiwa mai ƙarfi tare da onchocerciasis. Al’ummomin sun yi imanin cewa, ƴaƴansu za su iya kamuwa da sinadarai a lokacin yakin, musamman lokacin da aka raba su cikin sansanonin ‘yan gudun hijira saboda sun lura cewa ƴaƴansu sun yi rashin lafiya ne kawai a sansanonin.
Karamar Hukuma Nodding S Nodding S Farfadiya Farfadiya
Namiji Mace Namiji Mace
Aware 230 188 231 198
Atanga 144 129 95 84
Lapul 34 32 23 22
Agagura 119 108 70 64
Laguti 172 164 115 110
Acholi Bur 03 04 18 23
Puranga 13 12 148 146
Pader 13 11 21 16
Jimlar 728 648 721 663

Gurɓacewar muhalli a Uganda[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Gurɓacewar iska[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Gurɓacewar iska na daya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da ke haifar da cututtuka marasa yaduwa a Uganda . A duniya baki ɗaya, gurbacewar iska ita ce ke da alhakin kusan kashi 18% na dukkan manya da ke mutuwa sakamakon shanyewar jiki, kashi 27% daga cututtukan zuciya, kashi 20% daga cututtukan cututtukan huhu na yau da kullun (COPD), 27% na kamuwa da ciwon huhu da kuma kashi 8% na cutar kansar huhu, in ji kiyasin WHO. . Kimanin mutane 13,000 ne suka mutu sakamakon gurbacewar iska a Uganda a shekarar 2017 kuma 10,000 daga cikin waɗanda suka mutun sun mutu ne sakamakon shakar hayaƙi mai guba daga itacen cikin gida da garwashin kona dafa abinci alkalumman gurbatar iska daga Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya (HEI), Cibiyar Nazarin Lafiya da Kimantawa (IHME) da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) sun bayyana . [75] A shekarar 2019, ita ce shekarar da aka bayar da rahoton cewa Kampala ta fi gurbacewar iska inda watannin da suka yi fice a matsayin mafi gurbacewar yanayi a watan Fabrairu, Yuli da Agusta, duk sun zo da karatun PM2.5 na 36.9 μg/m³, 39.9 μg/m³ da 37.4 μg/m³ bi da bi tare da baƙar fata carbon da maras tabbas kwayoyin mahadi (VOC's) kasancewa mafi ƙazanta .

A cikin 2019, Dokta Daniel Okello, darektan Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a da Muhalli na KCCA ya kuma ba da rahoton kusan mutane 31,600 ke mutuwa a Uganda daga cututtukan da ke da alaƙa da gurɓataccen iska a shekara kamar cututtukan zuciya, cututtukan huhu da cututtukan huhu da kansar huhu, kuma mafi yawan mace-mace suna cikin al'ummomi masu ƙura. wuraren masana'antu da na kasuwanci, da ke da motoci da yawa da ke fitowa da hayaƙi da ƙura. Wani bincike da jami’ar Makerere ta gudanar ya bayyana cewa karuwar tsofaffin ababen hawa a kan tituna ya haifar da tabarbarewar iskar da ta wuce matakin da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta bayar. [76] Gurɓacewar iska tana canza yanayi a asali, tare da yin tasiri sosai kan lafiyar ba Uganda kaɗai ba har ma da duniyar duniya baki ɗaya kuma yana haifar da saurin haɓaka birane da haɓakar jama'a a cikin birane.

Samun ruwa da gurbatar yanayi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A ƙasar Uganda, kiyasin kimanin mutane miliyan 7 na ƴan ƙasar Uganda ba su da tsaftataccen ruwan sha kuma kusan miliyan 28 na al’ummar ƙasar ba su da isassun wuraren tsaftar muhalli. A cikin 2022, Shirin Haɗin gwiwa (JMP), Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ya ruwaito cewa kashi 9 cikin 100 na al'ummar Uganda sun dogara ne da rashin ingantaccen ruwa ko ruwan sama don bukatun yau da kullun. A Kampala babban abin da ke haddasa gurbacewar ruwa shi ne kasancewar kwayoyin cuta masu saurin kisa a cikin magudanan ruwa da kasancewar sinadarin nitrates kamar yadda masu bincike suka gano. An ce rashin kula da sharar gida ne ya haifar da hakan da kuma wuraren da ba a tsara su ba. Yaran da ke tsakanin shekaru 12 zuwa 14 da suka yi mu'amala da ruwa mai dauke da nitrates an ba da rahoton cewa sun jinkirta amsawa ga haske da kara kuzari. Cutar gudawa kadai, daya daga cikin illolin rashin samun ruwa mai tsafta kuma daya daga cikin manyan masu kashe yara uku a Uganda, na kashe yara 33 a kowace rana rahoton UNICEF . Hakanan akwai sharar filastik da yawa a tafkin Victoria . Polyethene da kwalabe na filastik, sau da yawa ana amfani da su a cikin jaka, wrappers da fina-finai, suna ba da gudummawar 60% na ƙwayoyin microplastic da aka bincika, don haka ya sa ya zama mafi girma na gurɓataccen filastik na Lake Victoria .

Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

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  52. ↑ Batwala, V; Mulogo, EM; Arubaku, W (December 2007). "Oral health status of school children in Mbarara, Uganda". African Health Sciences. 7 (4): 233–238. ISSN 1680-6905. PMC 3074375. PMID 21499489.
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 Muwazi, Louis M; Rwenyonyi, Charles M; Tirwomwe, Francis J; Ssali, Charles; Kasangaki, Arabat; Nkamba, Moses E; Ekwaru, Paul (September 2005). "Prevalence of oral diseases/conditions in Uganda". African Health Sciences. 5 (3): 227–233. ISSN 1680-6905. PMC 1831927. PMID 16245993.
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 "GBD Compare | IHME Viz Hub". vizhub.healthdata.org. Retrieved 2021-09-13.
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 55.2 "Medical and Dental Practitioners Council". umdpc.com. Retrieved 2021-09-13.
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 56.2 56.3 56.4 Wandera, Margaret N.; Kasumba, Betsy (2017-07-17). ""Ebinyo"—The Practice of Infant Oral Mutilation in Uganda". Frontiers in Public Health. 5: 167. doi:10.3389/fpubh.2017.00167. ISSN 2296-2565. PMC 5511818. PMID 28770190.
  57. ↑ Jamieson, L. (2005-11-22). "Using qualitative methodology to elucidate themes for a traditional tooth gauging education tool for use in a remote Ugandan community". Health Education Research (in Turanci). 21 (4): 477–487. doi:10.1093/her/cyh073. ISSN 0268-1153. PMID 16311242.
  58. ↑ Musinguzi, Norman; Kemoli, Arthur; Okullo, Isaac (2019-09-02). "Prevalence and dental effects of infant oral mutilation or Ebiino among 3–5 year–old children from a rural district in Uganda". BMC Oral Health. 19 (1): 204. doi:10.1186/s12903-019-0890-6. ISSN 1472-6831. PMC 6721365. PMID 31477127.
  59. ↑ Pindborg, J. J. (November 1969). "Dental mutilation and associated abnormalities in Uganda". American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 31 (3): 383–389. doi:10.1002/ajpa.1330310313. ISSN 0002-9483. PMID 5370955.
  60. ↑ Media, Kazi. "Uganda Dental Association - The Official Registered Council for all Practicing & Retired Dental Surgeons in Uganda". Uganda Dental Association (in Turanci). Retrieved 2021-09-13.
  61. ↑ Mukanga, D.; Babirye, R.; Peterson, S.; Pariyo, G. W.; Ojiambo, G.; Tibenderana, J. K.; Nsubuga, P.; Kallander, K. (October 2011). "Can lay community health workers be trained to use diagnostics to distinguish and treat malaria and pneumonia in children? Lessons from rural Uganda". Tropical Medicine & International Health. 16 (10): 1234–1242. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2011.02831.x. ISSN 1365-3156. PMID 21752163. S2CID 10626642.
  62. ↑ United Nations (2008). "Ten Stories the World Should Hear Moe About – Northern Uganda: Major Steps Towards Peace In A Decades-Old Conflict". New York City: United Nations. Retrieved 17 October 2016.
  63. ↑ Wegner, Patrick (9 April 2012). "A Genocide in Northern Uganda? – The 'Protected Camps' Policy of 1999 to 2006". Justiceinconflict.org. Retrieved 17 October 2016.
  64. ↑ Meredith McCormac, and Judy A. Benjamin (October 2008). "Education and Fragility in Northern Uganda" (PDF). Washington, D. C., United States: American Institutes for Research. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 October 2016. Retrieved 17 October 2016.
  65. ↑ S. Accorsi; M. Fabiani; B. Nattabi; B. Corrado; R. Iriso; E. O. Ayella; B. Pido; P. A. Onek; M. Ogwang; S. Declich (March 2005). "The disease profile of poverty: morbidity and mortality in northern Uganda in the context of war, population displacement and HIV/AIDS". Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 99 (3): 226–33. doi:10.1016/j.trstmh.2004.09.008. PMID 15653126.
  66. ↑ Brookings Institution (September 2007). "Peace, Recovery And Development Plan for Northern Uganda (PRDP)" (PDF). Washington, D. C., US: Brookings Institution. Retrieved 17 October 2016.
  67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 67.2 "UGANDA HEALTH SYSTEM ASSESSMENT 2011" (PDF). USAID.
  68. ↑ BCFC (2007). "Resettlement of War-Affected Communities in Northern Uganda and the Longitudinal Follow-Up of the Reintegration Process of Former Child Soldiers". Ghent: Belgian Centre for Children in Vulnerable Situations (BCFC). Retrieved 9 December 2018.
  69. ↑ "Uganda: Red Cross launches water project in war-affected districts". ReliefWeb (in Turanci). 2008-03-17. Retrieved 2017-11-17.
  70. ↑ Associazione Volontari per il Servizio Internazionale (15 September 2004). "HIV seroprevalence in northern Uganda: The complex relationship between AIDS and conflict". Geneva: ReliefWeb. Retrieved 17 October 2016.
  71. ↑ Mwesigwa, Alon (23 April 2015). "Uganda's success in universal primary education falling apart". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 17 October 2016.
  72. ↑ IFAD (2013). "Rural Poverty in Uganda". Rome, Italy: Ruralpovertyportal.org (RPPO) Quoting International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD). Retrieved 17 October 2016.
  73. ↑ UNDP "Uganda's contribution to Refugee Protection and Management" Archived 2018-09-07 at the Wayback Machine
  74. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named pmid23965548
  75. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :17
  76. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :18

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