Muhalli a indiya

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Muhalli a indiya
aspect in a geographic region (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Facet of (en) Fassara natural environment (en) Fassara
Ƙasa Indiya
Wuri
Map
 22°48′N 83°00′E / 22.8°N 83°E / 22.8; 83
Andaman da Nicobar Islands a cikin Tekun Indiya

Muhalli na Indiya ya kuma ƙunshi wasu mafi yawan halittun ecozones na duniya. Tarkon Deccan, Gangetic Plains da Himalayas sune manyan abubuwan da ke cikin yanayin ƙasa. Kasar na fuskantar gurbacewar yanayi daban-daban a matsayinta na babbar matsalar muhalli kuma ta fi fuskantar illar sauyin yanayi kasancewar ƙasa mai tasowa . Indiya tana kuma da dokoki da ke kare muhalli sannann kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashen da suka rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar bambancin halittu (CBD). Ma'aikatar Muhalli, dazuzzuka da sauyin yanayi da kowane sashen gandun daji na wasu jihohi suna tsarawa da aiwatar da manufofin muhalli a duk fadin kasar.

Siffofin[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Biota[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Damisar Bengal.[1] Tare da sauran nau'ikan, Indiya tana da mafi yawan nau'in kuliyoyi fiye da kowace ƙasa.

Indiya tana da wasu mafi yawan halittun halittu na duniya - hamada, tsaunuka masu tsayi, tsaunuka, dazuzzukan wurare masu zafi, dazuzzuka, filayen fadama, filayen ciyayi, ciyayi, wuraren da ke kewaye da koguna da tsibiri tsibiri. Yana ɗaukar wurare masu zafi daban- daban guda uku: Western Ghats, Himalayas da yankin Indo-Burma . Duk Waɗannan wuraren zafi suna da nau'ikan endemic masu yawa.[2]

A cikin shekarata 1992, kusan 7,43,534 kilomita 2 na ƙasar yana ƙarƙashin dazuzzuka kuma kashi 92 na wannan na gwamnati ne. Kashi 22.7 cikin 100 ne kawai aka yi dazuzzuka idan aka kwatanta da shawarar kashi 33 bisa 100 na Tsarin Tsarin Daji na Ƙasa (1952). Mafi yawansa bishiyu ne masu faɗin ganye waɗanda suka ƙunshi sal ɗaya bisa shida da teak ɗaya cikin goma. Ana samun nau'ikan coniferous a cikin yankunan arewa masu tsayi kuma sun haɗa da pine, junipers da deodars.[3]

Akwai nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa 350, dabbobi masu rarrafe 375, masu amphibians 130, kwari 20,000, kifi 19000 da nau'ikan tsuntsaye har 1200 a Indiya. Zakin Asiya, damisar Bengal da damisa sune manyan mafarauta; kasar tana da mafi yawan nau'in kuraye fiye da kowane.[4][5] Ana kuma samun giwaye, Rhinoceros na Indiya da nau'in barewa guda takwas.

Akwai nau'ikan tsire-tsire na furanni sama da 17000 a Indiya, waɗanda ke da kashi shida cikin ɗari na jimillar nau'ikan tsiro a duniya. Indiya ta ƙunshi kashi bakwai cikin ɗari na flora na duniya. Faɗin yanayin yanayi a Indiya ya haifar da wadataccen fure iri-iri. Indiya tana rufe nau'ikan flora sama da 45,000, Kuma daga cikinsu akwai da yawa a yankin. Indiya ta kasu kashi takwas manyan yankuna masu fure-fure: Arewa maso Yamma Himalayas, Gabashin Himalayas, Assam, Filin Indus, Filin Ganga, Deccan, Malabar da Andamans.[6] [7]

Geography[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Indiya ta ta'allaka ne akan farantin Indiya, yankin arewa na farantin Indo-Australian, wanda ɓawon nahiya ya zama yankin Indiya . Sannan kuma Ƙasar tana arewa da equator tsakanin 8°4' da 37°6' arewa latitude da 68°7' da 97°25' gabas longitude. Ita ce kasa ta bakwai mafi girma a duniya, tana da 3,287,263 square kilometres (1,269,219 sq mi).[8] Indiya tana auna 3,214 kilometres (1,997 mi) daga arewa zuwa kudu da 2,933 kilometres (1,822 mi) daga gabas zuwa yamma. Yana da iyakar ƙasa 15,200 kilometres (9,445 mi) da bakin tekun 7,517 kilometres (4,671 mi) .

Samuwar Himalayas (hoton) a lokacin farkon Eocene wasu 52 mya ya kasance mahimmin al'amari wajen tantance yanayin zamani na Indiya; Yanayin duniya da kimiyyar teku na iya yin tasiri ma.

Farantin Indiya da Eurasia sun yi karo tsakanin shekaru miliyan 40 zuwa 60 da suka gabata bisa ga bincike hudu, daya shine babu wani tarihin burbushin halittu masu shayarwa a Indiya daga kimanin shekaru miliyan 50 da suka gabata.[9] A kan hanyarsa, farantin Indiya ya wuce wurin da ake kira Reunion hotspot wanda ya haifar da aikin volcanic, don haka ya samar da Deccan Traps . Hadarin da ya yi da farantin Eurasian ya haifar da hawan Himalayas kuma ci gaba da aikin tectonic ya sa ya zama yanki mai saurin girgizar kasa. Filin Gangetic ya samo asali ne ta hanyar jibge silt da Ganga da magudanan ruwa suka yi a cikin yankin da ke tsakanin Himalayas da kewayon Vindhya.[10] Za Kuma a iya raba tsarin dutsen zuwa Archaean, Proterozoic (tsarin Dharwar), tsarin Cuddupah, tsarin Vindhyan, tsarin Gondwana, The Deccan Traps, Tsarin Tertiary, lokacin Pleistocene da kwanan nan. [7]

Yanayin ya ƙunshi nau'ikan yanayi daban-daban a cikin ma'auni mai faɗi da bambance-bambancen yanayin ƙasa, yana mai da ƙayyadaddun bayanai masu wahala. Idan aka ba da girman Indiya tare da Himalayas, Tekun Arabiya, Bay na Bengal da Tekun Indiya, ana samun babban bambanci a yanayin zafi da rarraba hazo a cikin ƙasa.[11] [7] Dangane da tsarin Köppen, Sannan inda ma'anar zafin jiki na wata-wata, yana nufin ruwan sama na wata da ma'anar ruwan sama na shekara ana la'akari da shi, Indiya ta karbi manyan nau'o'in yanayi guda shida, wanda ya fito daga hamada mai bushe a yamma, tundra mai tsayi da glaciers a arewa, da kuma m. yankuna masu zafi da ke tallafawa dazuzzukan dazuzzuka a kudu maso yamma da yankunan tsibiri. Yawancin yankuna suna da ƙananan microclimates daban-daban. Sashen nazarin yanayi na Indiya ya raba yanayi zuwa hudu: lokacin hunturu (tsakiyar Disamba zuwa tsakiyar Maris), bazara (tsakiyar Maris zuwa Mayu), damina (Yuni zuwa Satumba), da Rana Mai Komawa (Oktoba zuwa tsakiyar Disamba). [7]

Batutuwa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Gurbacewar iska a Indiya babbar matsala ce ta muhalli. An nuna Taj Mahal da hayaƙi a sama.

Lalacewa na ɗaya daga cikin manyan batutuwan muhalli a Indiya.

  • Gurbacewar ruwa shine babban abin damuwa a kasar . Manyan hanyoyin gurbacewar ruwa sune na cikin gida, masana'antu, noma da kuma jigilar ruwa. [5] Mafi girma tushen gurɓataccen ruwa a Indiya shine najasa da ba a kula da su ba. Sauran hanyoyin gurbatar yanayi sun hada da kwararar ruwan noma da kananan masana'antu marasa tsari. Galibin koguna da tafkuna da ruwan saman sun gurbace.
  • Gurbacewar ƙasa: Babban abubuwan da ke haifar da gurɓacewar ƙasa (ko ƙasa) shine zaizayar ƙasa, yawan amfani da takin zamani da magungunan kashe qwari, tara datti da sharar ruwa, gobarar daji, da sare ruwa. Ana iya rage shi ta hanyar yin amfani da takin mai magani da magungunan kashe qwari da kuma maganin datti kafin a yi amfani da shi wajen ban ruwa. [7] Saboda karuwar yawan jama'a da haɓakar amfani da hatsin abinci, ana ƙara yawan filayen noman da ake nomawa ta hanyar ban ruwa na ƙasa da ƙasa. Ƙasar da aka yi ban ruwa tana raguwa a hankali a hankali ta hanyar juyawa zuwa ƙasa alkali gishiri.
  • Gurbacewar iska a kasar wani abin damuwa ne. Babban tushe shine batun da aka saki ta hanyar konewar man fetur . Barbasar da ke ɗauke da iska kamar soot, tururi da ƙura suna da yuwuwar cutarwa dangane da sinadari da tsarin jiki na mai gurɓata. Suna iya shafar yanayi kuma su rage tarwatsewar hasken rana a cikin yanayi. [5]
  • Gurbacewar amo : Ana iya bayyana wannan a matsayin yanayin rashin jin daɗi ko damuwa da ke haifar da ƙarar da ba a so ba. Kuma Yana ƙaruwa gwargwadon haɓakar birane da masana'antu. [7]

Canjin yanayi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kasancewarta kasa ce mai tasowa, Indiya ta fi fuskantar illar sauyin yanayi saboda dogaron da take da shi ga bangarorin da suka shafi yanayi kamar noma da gandun daji.[12] Ƙananan kudin shiga na kowane mutum da ƙananan kasafin kuɗin jama'a kuma suna haifar da ƙarancin ƙarfin daidaita kuɗin kuɗi. [12] Ƙasar tana Daga cikin haɗari ga tasirin zamantakewa da tattalin arziƙin nan take na sauyin yanayi. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekara ta 2002 ya nuna cewa yanayin zafi a kasar ya karu da kusan 0.57 ° a kowace shekara 100. [12]

Rashin isassun ababen more rayuwa kuma yana nufin cewa mutane sun fi fallasa, da rashin juriya, ga sauyin yanayi. Misali, ya zuwa shekarata 2015, Indiyawa miliyan 124 ne kawai aka haɗa da magudanar ruwa da kuma miliyan 297 zuwa tankin mai.[13]

Sauran sun dogara ne da ɗakunan ramuka ko bayan gida, wanda ke haifar da manyan haɗari na cututtuka na ruwa a lokacin ambaliya - wanda zai zama mai yawa kuma mai tsanani tare da sauyin yanayi. Waɗannan hatsarori sun fi tsanani a cikin birane, inda mafi girman yawan mutane ke nufin cewa zaɓin abubuwan more rayuwa na yau da kullun ba zai wadatar ba. Sannan kuma Bugu da ƙari, yawancin manyan biranen Indiya suna cikin filayen ambaliya da ɓangarorin ɓangarorin, don haka za su fuskanci haɗarin yanayi kamar hawan matakin teku, guguwa da guguwa.[14]

Ko da yake Indiya har yanzu tana da matsakaicin matsakaicin kuɗin shiga ga kowane mutum, ƙasar a yanzu ita ce ta uku a yawan fitar da hayaƙi mai gurbata yanayi bayan China da Amurka. Gwamnatin tsakiya ta yi alƙawarin rage yawan hayaƙi na Babban Kayayyakin Cikin Gida da kashi 20-25%, dangane da matakan shekarata 2005, nan da shekarata 2020. Indiya ta kuma yi manyan alkawurra na fadada samar da makamashin da za a iya sabuntawa, da inganta makamashi, gina zirga-zirgar jama'a da sauran matakan rage hayakin da take fitarwa.[15] Akwai shaida cewa yawancin waɗannan ayyukan sauyin yanayi na iya haifar da fa'idodi masu yawa ban da rage sawun carbon na Indiya. Yawancin ƙananan matakan carbon suna da ban sha'awa na tattalin arziki, sannan Kuma gami da ingantattun na'urorin sanyaya iska, sarrafa buƙatun ajiye motoci, gas ɗin gas da ƙa'idodin aikin abin hawa.[16] Wasu suna ba da fa'idodin zamantakewa: alal misali, biranen Indiya za su iya ganin ingantaccen haɓakar ingancin iska idan ƙasar za ta haɓaka fasahohin makamashin da ake sabunta su a maimakon makamashin burbushin mai da tafiya/keke-keke/ jigilar jama'a maimakon motoci masu zaman kansu.[17]

Kiyayewa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Wurare masu kariya[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A shekara ta 2009, kusan kashi 4.8 cikin 100 na daukacin fadin kasar an ware su a matsayin wuraren kariya. Wannan ya ƙunshi wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa 100, wuraren tsafi guda 514, wuraren kiyayewa 41 da wuraren ajiyar jama'a huɗu.

Siyasa da doka[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin ka'idojin Umarnin Manufofin Jiha, Mataki na 48 ya ce "jihar za ta yi ƙoƙari don karewa da inganta muhalli da kuma kare gandun daji da namun daji na kasar"; Mataki na ashirin da 51-A ya bayyana cewa "ya zama wajibi ga kowane dan kasar Indiya ya kare da inganta yanayin yanayi da suka hada da dazuzzuka, da Kuma tabkuna, da kuma koguna da namun daji da kuma tausaya wa halittu." [5]

Indiya tana ɗaya daga cikin ɓangarori na yarjejeniyar Yarjejeniyar Diversity (CBD). Kafin CBD, Indiya tana da dokoki daban-daban don gudanar da muhalli. Dokar Kare namun daji ta Indiya ta shekarar 1972 ta kare bambancin halittu. Baya ga wannan doka, gwamnati ta zartar da Dokar Muhalli (Kariya) 1986 da Dokar Kasuwancin Waje (Ci gaba da Ka'ida) ta shekarata 1992 don kula da bambancin halittu.

Makamashi mai sabuntawa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Makamashi mai sabuntawa a Indiya yana zuwa ƙarƙashin ikon Ma'aikatar Sabon da Sabunta Makamashi . Sannan Indiya ita ce kasa ta farko a duniya da ta kafa ma'aikatar albarkatun makamashi da ba ta al'ada ba, a farkon shekarun 1980. Matsakaicin grid ɗin sa na mu'amala ko grid ɗin da aka ɗaure ƙarfin sabuntawar makamashi (ban da babban ruwa) ya kai 33.8 GW, wanda kashi 66% ke fitowa daga iska, yayin da hasken rana ke ba da gudummawar 4.59% tare da biomass da wutar lantarki.

Muhalli[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin shekarar 1973, gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da Project Tiger, shirin kiyayewa da nufin kare dabbar ƙasa, damisa. Yawanta ya kai ƙasa da shekarata 2000 a cikin 1970. Haɓaka yawan mutane, noman ƙasar dazuzzuka da kuma farauta galibi sune mahimman abubuwan da suka haifar da wannan raguwa. Taimakawa asusun namun daji na duniya (WWF) da kuma kungiyar kare dabi'a ta kasa da kasa (IUCN), masu rajin kare muhalli na Indiya sun taka rawar gani wajen ganin gwamnati ta hana farauta tare da ware wuraren shakatawa na kasa. Project Tiger ya kara zama abin koyi don kare nau'ikan da ke cikin hadari kamar giwa Indiya da karkanda . A cikin wannan shekarar, bayan wata zanga-zanga a wani kauye da mazauna yankin suka yi na nuna adawa da masu saran itacen da wani kamfani ya aika, ta hanyar barazanar rungumar bishiyoyi, irin wannan zanga-zangar ta taso, wadda aka fi sani da Chipko Movement . A wannan shekarar ne aka kafa kwamitin kare muhalli da kiyaye muhalli na kasa; a shekarar 1980, sashen kula da muhalli, daga karshe kuma bayan shekaru biyar aka kafa ma'aikatar muhalli, dazuzzuka da sauyin yanayi . Ƙungiyoyin kare muhalli a Indiya sun fara ne da waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru. [18] Masanin tarihi Ramachandra Guha ya kira Medha Patkar a matsayin "mafi farin jini mai fafutukar kare muhalli a Indiya ta zamani". [18] Sabuwar zamani Indiya ta damu da ingancin iska da ruwa, ƙungiyoyin jama'a da yawa kamar Gidauniyar Muhalli ta Indiya sun ƙirƙira ingantaccen tsarin kiyayewa na al'umma don farfado da tafkuna a duk faɗin ƙasar.

Ƙungiyoyi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ma'aikatar Muhalli, dazuzzuka da sauyin yanayi ta hanyar Sashenta na Muhalli da musamman sassan gandun daji na wasu jiha suna tsarawa da aiwatar da manufofin muhalli a kowace jiha. Wasu kungiyoyin muhalli na matakin ƙasa (na gwamnati da masu zaman kansu) sun haɗa da:

  • Hukumar Shawara Kan Makamashi (ABE)
  • Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS)
  • Hukumar kula da gandun daji ta tsakiya (CFC)
  • Sashen Tushen Makamashi Na Al'ada (DNES)
  • Gidauniyar Ma'aikatan Muhalli na Indiya (EFI)
  • Cibiyar Binciken Toxicology na Masana'antu (ITRC)
  • Cibiyar Nazarin Injiniya ta Kasa (NEERI)
  • Hukumar bunkasa kiwo ta kasa
  • Tsarin Gudanar da Albarkatun Kasa
  • Kwamitin Gudanar da Dausayi na Kasa
  • Hukumar Kula da Gurbacewar Ruwa ta Jiha (SPCB)
  • Cibiyar Nazarin Makamashi ta Tata (TERI)
  • Cibiyar Bincike ta Salinity ta Tsakiya

Akwai aƙalla ƙungiyoyin muhalli iri-iri 85 da ke da hannu tare da kiyaye muhalli da ilimin muhalli a Tamil Nadu .

Duba wasu abubuwan[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  • Majalisar Indiya ta Binciken Gandun daji da Ilimi
  • Jerin batutuwan muhalli
  • National Green Corps
  • Ruwa a Indiya

Bayanan kula[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  1. ↑ Sharma, B. K.; Kulshreshtha, Seema; Rahmani, Asad R. (2013-09-14). Faunal Heritage of Rajasthan, India: General Background and Ecology of Vertebrates (in Turanci). Springer Science & Business Media. p. 482. ISBN 9781461408000.
  2. ↑ [1] Archived 9 Nuwamba, 2005 at the Wayback Machine
  3. ↑ Nag, Prithvish; Sengupta, Smita (1992-01-01). Geography of India (in Turanci). Concept Publishing Company. p. 79. ISBN 9788170223849.
  4. ↑ Das, Chhanda (2007-01-01). A Treatise on Wildlife Conservation in India (in Turanci). Classique Books. p. 65. ISBN 9788187616221.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Singh, Singh & Mohanka 2007.
  6. ↑ Wildlife Of India (in Turanci). Har-Anand Publications. 2010-08-01. pp. 17–22. ISBN 9788124109700.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 Majid 2014.
  8. ↑ "India". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 17 July 2012. Total area excludes disputed territories not under Indian control.
  9. ↑ Rowley DB (1996). "Age of initiation of collision between India and Asia: A review of stratigraphic data" (PDF). Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 145 (1): 1–13. Bibcode:1996E&PSL.145....1R. doi:10.1016/s0012-821x(96)00201-4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 December 2006. Retrieved 2007-03-31.
  10. ↑ Molnar, Peter (1986). "Geological History and Structure of the Himalaya" (PDF). American Scientist. 74 (2): 151. Bibcode:1986AmSci..74..144M. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 June 2016. Retrieved 22 March 2016.
  11. ↑ Sanyal, Sanjeev (2012-11-15). Land of seven rivers: History of India's Geography (in Turanci). Penguin UK. pp. 17–18. ISBN 9788184756715.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Shukla, P. R. (2003-01-01). Climate Change and India: Vulnerability Assessment and Adaptation (in Turanci). Universities Press. pp. 12, 13, 21. ISBN 9788173714719.
  13. ↑ WHO and UNICEF (2015). "Joint Monitoring Programme". washdata.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2018-04-10.
  14. ↑ Cruz, RV, Harasawa H, Lal M, Wu S, Anokhin Y, Punsalmaa B, Honda Y, Jafari M, Li C, HuuNinh N (2007). "Asia". Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability, Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change: 469–506. Archived from the original on 11 March 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2018.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. ↑ "India's Intended Nationally Determined Contribution: Working Towards Climate Justice" (PDF). 2015.
  16. ↑ Colenbrander, S (2017). "Can low-carbon urban development be pro-poor? The case of Kolkata, India" (PDF). Environment and Urbanization. 29: 139–158. doi:10.1177/0956247816677775. S2CID 62880332.
  17. ↑ Guttikunda, SK (2014). "Nature of air pollution, emission sources, and management in the Indian cities" (PDF). Atmospheric Environment. 95: 501–510. Bibcode:2014AtmEn..95..501G. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.07.006.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named :2

Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ci gaba da karatu[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

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Hanyoyin haɗi na waje[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

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