Sare dazuzzuka a Habasha

Sare dazuzzuka a Habasha
	aspect in a geographic region (en)
Bayanai
Facet of (en)	Gandun daji
Ƙasa	Habasha
Wuri
	9°N 40°E / 9°N 40°E

Sare dazuzzuka a kasar Habasha Ya samo asali ne sakamakon saran dazuzzukan kasar domin bukatunsu na kashin kansu, wato buƙatun yau da kullum, kamar su man fetur, farauta, noma, da kuma wasu dalilai na addini. Babban abubuwan da ke haifar da sare dazuzzuka a kasar Habasha su ne sauya fasalin noma, da kiyon dabbobi da kuma mai a wuraren da ba su bushewa. Sake saran gandun daji shine tsarin kawar da yanayin dazuzzuka ta hanyar sare bishiyoyi da canza fasalin kasa don dacewa da amfani daban-daban. ^[1]

Fage

Habasha tana da wadataccen arziki a tarihi, da kuma bambancin al'adu da halittu. Gida ce ga daya daga cikin kakannin da kakannin jinsin Dan Adam, kusan harsuna 80 ne kabilu daban-daban ke magana da su, kuma gida ne ga wurare biyu masu muhimmanci a duniya. Duk da haka, ana fuskantar barazana ga wannan al'adun gargajiya da na halitta, musamman ta hanyar sare bishiyoyi .

Kasar ƙasar Habasha ita ce kasa ta biyu a yawan al'umma a Afirka kuma ta sha fama da yunwa saboda karancin ruwan sama da kuma karancin albarkatun kasa. Kuma kiila saran gandun daji ya kara rage karancin ruwan sama. Bercele Bayisa, wani manomi dan kasar Habasha dan shekara 30, ya ce " gundumarsa tana da dazuzzuka sosai kuma cike da namun daji amma, yawan jama'a ya sa mutane suka zo wannan kasa mai albarka suna fitar da ita don shuka amfanin gona, suna yanke duk itatuwa suna sayar da itacen wuta". Yawan jama'a na karuwa da sare itatuwa wanda ke kai kasar ga yunwa . Yayin da yawan jama'a ke cigaba da Kuma karuwa, bukatun jama'a na karuwa. Kasar ta yi asarar kashi 98% na yankunan dazuzzukanta a cikin shekaru 50 da suka wuce. ^[2]

Dazuzzuka a Habasha

Dazuzzuka a Habasha suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen kare zaizayar kasa, kamar yadda tushen bishiya ke kariya daga wanke-wanke. Sannna Bishiyoyi kuma suna taimakawa wajen kiyaye ruwa a cikin ƙasa da rage ɗumamar yanayi ta hanyar ɗaukar carbon dioxide. Domin babu isassun bishiyoyi, kogin Nilu na dauke da dukkan kasa da abubuwan gina jiki da ke cikin ruwa zuwa kasashe makwabta na Sudan da Masar.

A tarihi, gandun daji na da matukar muhimmanci ga rayuwar al'ummar Habasha. Kuma Mutanen Habasha sun yi amfani da itace wajen yin katako don yin gini, da kuma hura wutar girkinsu. Har ila yau, sun yi magungunan gargajiya daga bishiyoyi da sauran tsire-tsire na daji. Dazuzzuka kuma suna da mahimmanci a akidar addinin Habasha; mutanen sun gaskata da ruhohi masu tsarki a cikin dajin da suke bi da su kamar yadda ’yan adam suke bi. Mitchell Page ya bayyana cewa sama da nau'ikan tsire-tsire 6603 suna rayuwa a Habasha, wanda kusan kashi ɗaya na biyar ba 'yan asalin wasu ƙasashe bane.^{[ana buƙatar hujja]}

A farkon karni na ashirin kusan kilomita murabba'i 420,000 (kashi 35% na kasar Habasha) bishiyoyi ne suka rufe su amma bincike na baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa yawan gandun daji a yanzu bai kai kashi 14.2% ba saboda karuwar yawan jama'a. Duk da karuwar bukatar filayen dazuzzuka, sannan Kuma rashin ilimi a tsakanin mazauna yankin ya haifar da raguwar gandun daji. ^[2]

Gaggauta lalacewa

Yanayin duniya ya kiyasta cewa a cikin shekarata 2000 Habasha tana da 43,440 km² na yankin daji na dabi'a, wanda shine kashi 4% na yawan fadin kasar. Idan aka kwatanta da sauran ƙasashen Gabashin Afirka, adadin sare dazuka na Habasha ya kai matsakaicin matsakaici. ^[3] Sai dai kuma, yawan sare dazuzzuka a Gabashin Afrika shi ne na biyu mafi girma a nahiyar. Haka kuma, tana da mafi ƙanƙanta yanki na gandun daji da aka keɓe da farko don kiyayewa. Baya ga Arewacin Afirka, sannan kasashen gabashin Afirka sun nuna na biyu mafi girman koma bayan dazuzzukan dazuzzukan nahiyar.

A cikin kimanta albarkatun gandun daji na Habasha, Reusing ya gano cewa a cikin shekaru 17 (1973-1990) yawan gandun daji ya ragu daga 54,410 zuwa 45,055. km² ko daga 4.72 zuwa 3.96% na yankin ƙasar. ^[4] Ya ƙididdige adadin sare dazuzzuka na 1,630 km² a kowace shekara, wanda ke nufin sare gandun daji a daidai wannan adadin zai bar kusan 18,975 daga cikin 45,055. km² a cikin shekarata 2006. ^[4] FAO (2007) ta kiyasta adadin sare dazuzzuka na 1,410 km² a kowace shekara.

Dereje ya gudanar da wani bincike a yankunan dajin kofi na kudu maso yammacin kasar Habasha domin kimanta canjin dazuzzukan tsakanin shekarar 1973 da 2005. ^[5] Yankin binciken ya ƙunshi yanki 3,940 km² da 2,808 km² na manyan dazuzzukan (kashi 71% na yankin) ya zarce gundumomi biyar ( Bench, Sheko, Yeki, Guraferda, da Godere ) a cikin jahohin biyu na Gambela da na Kudanci . Binciken nasa ya nuna cewa yankin dajin ya ragu zuwa 1,907 km², wanda yayi daidai da 67% na gandun daji a cikin shekarata 1973. Tsakanin 2001 da 2005 wani 55.4 km² na ƙasar daji an ware don samar da kofi mai zaman kansa da 20 km² don gonakin roba.

Gessesse ya yi nazarin yankin dajin da ke kan tudu mai yawan 3,060 km² a cikin ruwan Awasa na kudu ta tsakiya Great Rift Valley, 280 km kudu da Addis Ababa. ^[6] Ya kiyasta adadin sare dazuzzuka tsakanin shekarar 1972 zuwa 2000 ta hanyar amfani da dabarun gano nesa. Bugu da ƙari, zai iya nuna cewa a cikin shekaru 28 na shekaru 80% (400 km²) na murfin gandun daji na shekarata 1972 (489.24 km²) ya ɓace. Ya bayyana cewa a cikin dajin da aka rufe a baya, ɓangarorin sun haifar da ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun facin gandun daji marasa alaƙa.

Duk da alkalumman da aka yi na sare dazuzzuka a yankuna daban-daban na kasar Habasha, Kuma idan aka yi la’akari da yadda ake saran gandun daji a kasar, kasar za ta yi asarar bishiyar dazuzzukan kasar na karshe cikin kimanin shekaru 27. Kuma tare da shi za su tafi kawai na asalin daji na duniya na Coffea arabica . Asarar tattalin arzikin waccan albarkatun kwayoyin halitta tsakanin 0.4 da US $1.5 biliyan / shekara. ^[7]

Dalilan sare itatuwa

Dereje ya bayyana saran gandun daji a yankin dajin kofi da ya yi nazari ta hanyar danganta shi da abubuwan da suka faru a tarihi a wasu lokuta. Daga shekarar 1973 - 87 murfin gandun daji ya ragu da 11%. Wannan lokacin ya kasance da tsarin sake tsugunarwa da shirye-shiryen ƙauye da faɗaɗa shirye-shiryen gonakin jiha. Kashi 24 cikin 100 na asarar dazuzzukan ya faru ne sakamakon mayar da dazuzzukan masu fadin murabba'in kilomita murabba'i 101.28 zuwa gonakin kofi. Daga baya an ci gaba da mayar da gandun daji zuwa tsarin noma da gandun daji, filayen noma da wuraren zama. Gudun da tsari ya bambanta dangane da nisa zuwa sa ido na jihar kuma ya yi daidai da canje-canje a cikin gwamnati.

Daga shekarun 1950 zuwa 1974 an inganta mallakar filaye masu zaman kansu ta hanyar bayar da tallafin filaye ga ma'aikatan gwamnati da kuma tsoffin sojojin yaki. Sannan Kuma A wannan lokacin noman injiniyoyi ya zama abin ban sha'awa. ^[8] Sakamakon haka, an raba ɗimbin mutanen karkara - su ma zuwa gandun daji. Kwanan nan matsin lamba ya fito ne daga kulawa mai zurfi na kofi na gandun daji da kofi na gandun daji wanda ke canza tsari da ayyuka na gandun daji na asali. Ingantattun hanyoyin sufuri da hanyoyin sadarwa kuma ta yadda za a samu kasuwa mai kyau yana samar da saukin sare itatuwa. Kuma An gano ƙarin canjin gandun daji kusa da wuraren da ke da kyawawan hanyoyin sadarwa da kewayen ƙauyuka.

Gessesse Dessie da Carl Christianson sun gano gabaɗayan haɗe-haɗe na yanayin rayuwa da zamantakewa da siyasa don raguwar gandun daji a yankin ruwan Awassa. ^[9] Kaddarorin yanki, sauye-sauyen zamantakewa da siyasa, haɓakar al'umma, rashin tsaro na filayen ƙasa, haɓaka aikin gona da haɓaka hanyoyin sufuri na daga cikin mafi mahimmanci. Sakamakon rashin ikon siyasa a lokutan mika mulki na siyasa, an yanke manyan gandun daji.

Wadancan dalilai na kusa suna tare da musabbabin sare itatuwa. Fuskantar rashin wadataccen abinci ƙasar noma ta fi kima ga manoma. ^[10] ^[11] Manoman ɗaya ɗaya ba su da wasu zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa fiye da mayar da dazuzzuka zuwa ƙasar noma idan sun fuskanci matsanancin rashin abinci. Kuma Matsakaicin fifikon lokacin su yana da ƙasa wanda ke nufin sun fifita abinci yau fiye da gobe kuma tabbas ba za su iya ɗaukar kuɗaɗen kula da gandun daji ga al'ummar ƙasa ko ta duniya ba.

Yanke gandun daji da samar da kofi

Dazuzzukan dazuzzukan afromontane na kudu maso yammacin Habasha sune wurin haifuwar Coffea arabica a duniya kuma suna dauke da yawan daji na karshe. Bambance-bambance a cikin jurewarsu ga cututtuka ^[12] da fari ^[13] yana nuna babban bambancin kwayoyin halitta na yawan kofi na daji. Sannan kuma An kiyasta darajar su tsakanin 0.42 da 1.458 dalar Amurka biliyan a shekara. ^[7] A duk duniya ana sha kusan kilogiram biliyan 5 na kofi a kowace shekara a cikin ƙasashen da ake shigo da su. Gidajen kofi sun zama sananne kuma kasuwar kofi ta musamman tana haɓaka. ^[14]

Dazuzzukan da ke da kima a fannin tattalin arziki a Habasha, wadanda ke dauke da dajin Coffea arabica daya tilo a duniya suna raguwa kuma, a halin yanzu na sare dazuzzuka, za a yi asarar gaba daya cikin shekaru 27. Kuma Sare dazuzzuka a Habasha na faruwa ne sakamakon sauye-sauyen gwamnatoci da hukumomi da suka gabata, rashin tsaro na filaye, shirye-shiryen sake tsugunar da jama'a, matsin lamba, ayyukan noma da ci gaban ababen more rayuwa . Manoman na fama da talauci gami da karancin abinci kuma ba za su iya daukar nauyin kula da gandun daji ba. Masu ruwa da tsaki na Habasha da na duniya suna shiga cikin gasa don albarkatu, haƙƙoƙi da umarni. Wannan yana hana hada kai da hadin gwiwa don hana sare itatuwa. Baya ga kwarin gwiwar tattalin arziki da ya dace, ilimin muhalli, sannan Kuma wayar da kan jama'a da hada-hadar jama'a na bukatar karfafawa da kuma sake gina amana tsakanin masu ruwa da tsaki. Dole ne a gina iyawar kiyayewa ta hanyar iko. Duk da kasancewar wurin haifuwar Coffea arabica kuma tushen ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun kofi a duniya, sadaukarwar masana'antar kofi ta duniya a halin yanzu na kiyaye gandun daji ba komai bane.

Yankunan damuwa na musamman

Lokacin da mulkin soja na Dergi ya karbe mulki a shekarar 1975, an ayyana tsarin gurguzu a matsayin akidar shiryarwa ga kasar Habasha, aka mayar da dukkan yankunan karkara da dazuka kasa. Kwarewar Tsakiyar Turai da Gabashin Turai ta koya mana cewa mallakar filaye na jahohi yana da ban sha'awa don sarrafa shi cikin amfani kuma mai dorewa. Kuma Duk da haka, ita ma gwamnati mai ci ta amince da kundin tsarin mulki a shekarar 1995 inda aka ayyana gandun daji (filaye da sauran albarkatun kasa) a matsayin mallakar kasa. ^[15] Har ila yau, ya ce duk wanda yake son yin aikin gona yana da hakkin ya sami fili ba tare da biya ba. Ko da yake ana iya aiwatar da wannan buri ta hanyar rabon filaye, kusan tabbas zai ci karo da zaman lafiyar masu amfani da filaye. ^[16] Wannan shi ne saboda tsarin sake rarraba filaye da haƙƙin amfani (a duk yankuna banda Amhara ) ya dogara ne akan wurin zama na zahiri, adadin ƙasar da za a yi hayar da kuma haramcin jingina da siyar da filaye. Kuma "Wannan yana haifar da rudani kuma yana ba da damar yin la'akari da bureaucratic." ^[17]

A cikin shekarata 1994 wata shela ta banbance tsakanin mallakar gandun daji na jama'a da na masu zaman kansu, inda aka ayyana dazuzzukan a matsayin mallakar gwamnati tare da barin dazuzzukan da aka dasa su zama na sirri. Sanarwar mai lamba 94/1994 ta haramtawa kowane mutum amfani ko girbi bishiyu, zama, kiwo, farauta ko ajiye satar kudan zuma a dajin jihar.

Tare da niyyar inganta zaman tsaro, an fara shirin ba da takardar shaidar ƙasa na farko a 1998 a Tigray kuma kashi 80 ne kawai aka kammala (saboda yakin da Eritrea ). Jim kadan kafin zaben 2005 ya ci gaba da ba da takardar shaidar filaye a wasu yankuna na Habasha. ^[18] Sakamakon ya nuna cewa lallai takardar shedar ta inganta tsaro da saka hannun jari a filaye. Kuma Duk da haka, takaddun shaida na haƙƙin ƙasa ba zai iya kawar da rashin tabbas na tsarin irin matsalar da aka ambata a baya ba a cikin mahallin hukuncin gudanarwa na ƙasa. Har ila yau, shugaban kungiyar Habasha Forum for Social Studies ya nuna shakku kan cewa "...takarda za ta samar da (tsaro) tsaro domin ya bar dukkan sauran bangarorin tsarin mallakar filaye (a halin yanzu), kamar tsoma bakin hukumomi."

A shekara ta 2000 an ƙaddamar da sabuwar hanyar mallakar gandun daji tare da taimakon hukumomin agaji na duniya. Wannan tsarin da ake kira tsarin tafiyar da mulki ya ginu ne kan yarjejeniya tsakanin gwamnati da al’ummomin da suka dogara da sarrafa gandun daji domin rayuwarsu. ^[19] An kafa ƙungiyoyi masu amfani da gandun daji kuma ana ba da haƙƙoƙin amfani da gandun dajin ga membobin ƙungiyar. Kuma Kwangilar ta tabbatar da iyakokin gandun daji, ta bayyana ikon mallakar da amfani da wasu takamaiman yanayi. Babban ra'ayin da ke bayan tsarin gudanarwar haɗin gwiwar shine cewa amintattun haƙƙoƙi muhimmin abin ƙarfafawa ne don gudanarwa mai dorewa. Bayan sakamako na farko masu ban sha'awa, dorewar wannan hanyar har yanzu tana buƙatar a tantance.

sare itatuwa da fari

Mummunan yunwa ta faru a kasar Habasha a shekarun 1970 zuwa 1980, musamman a yankin arewacin kasar inda aka yi mummunar fari. Dubban mutane ne suka mutu.^{[ana buƙatar hujja]} na iya ta'azzara matsalolin da fari ke haifarwa domin ruwan sama ba ya iya jikewa cikin kasa da kuma cika ruwan kasa.^{[ana buƙatar hujja]}

Halayen sare itatuwa a Habasha

Yana da tsada don dakatar da sare itatuwa. Kamfanonin kofi sun gano kasuwar kofi na gandun daji daga Habasha kuma a shirye suke su biya farashi mai yawa ga kungiyoyin manoma a yankunan dajin kofi. Sannan kuma An yi alƙawarin cewa siyan kofi ɗin zai inganta kuɗin shiga na manoma don haka manoma suna zage-zage don sarrafa dazuzzukan kofi na kofi. Kuma A al'adance manoma sun yi watsi da tarin kofi na daji lokacin da farashin kofi ya yi ƙasa da ƙasa. Ko farashin kofi na gandun daji ko a'a wani abin ƙarfafawa ne ko dai don girbi fiye da kima ko girbi mai dorewa, ya kasance a buɗe tambaya. A halin yanzu babu wata shaida ta kimiya da ta nuna cewa hauhawar farashin kofi na gandun daji shine abin ƙarfafawa ga ayyukan girbi mai dorewa. A gaskiya ma, ko kuma da ilimin game da adadin kofi na daji da za a iya tattarawa ta hanyar da ta dace ba ta da yawa.

Saboda sarkakkiyar yanayin matsalar sare dazuzzuka, gwamnatin Habasha ita kadai ba ta iya hana sare itatuwa. Ya zuwa yanzu mun kuma san cewa kasuwanni kadai ba za su iya hana hakan ba. ^[20] Daga ƙarshe za a buƙaci shiga cikin masu ruwa da tsaki na gida. Sannan Yawancin kasafin kudin kasar Habasha yana kunshe da taimakon raya kasa na kasa da kasa. Ba abin mamaki ba ne ya kamata hukumomin agaji na kasa da kasa su ma su taka rawar gani wajen kula da gandun daji mai dorewa. Gwamnatin Habasha ta bukaci hukumomin kasa da kasa da dama, kamar ICA na Japan, da Jamusanci Technical Cooperation (GTZ) da FARM-Africa da su shiga cikin Gudanar da gandun daji. Irin wadannan ayyuka na da nufin bunkasa tsare-tsare na kula da gandun daji da sanya hannu kan kwangiloli tsakanin al’ummomin yankin da gwamnati. Kuma An raba yankuna daban-daban na sauran dazuzzuka a tsakanin hukumomin agaji na kasashen waje, inda suke gudanar da ayyukan "su" a madadin gwamnati. Abin da ake buƙata, duk da haka, dangantaka ce kai tsaye, dacewa, amintacciyar dangantaka tsakanin masu amfani da albarkatun gida da hukumomin tarayya: sabis na fadada gandun daji mai aiki da inganci.

Wata matsala kuma ita ce, lamurran da suka shafi muhalli a Habasha ba su da wani yanki (ko mai rauni sosai) kuma yanayin halin da ake ciki na halin yanzu na siyasa da zamantakewa don hulɗar jama'a yana da illa ga ilimin muhalli, wayar da kan jama'a, bayar da shawarwari da kuma gina ƙungiyoyin jama'a da aka ba da karfi - kadarorin da suka wajaba don adanawa da amfani da dazuzzukan Habasha ta hanya mai dorewa. Kyautar Gasar Ƙwararru ta Habasha ta shirya. ^[21]

Gwamnati da sare itatuwa

A yankunan karkara, gwamnati ta fahimci cewa idan aka ci gaba da saran dazuzzuka, yanayin kasa baki daya zai kara tabarbarewa. Kuma Don haka ne gwamnati ta fara koya wa al’umma amfanin dazuzzuka tare da karfafa wa jama’a gwiwa wajen dasa itatuwa da kuma kare abin da suke da shi ta hanyar samar musu da sauran kayan aikin gona. Idan kowane mutum ya yanke itace, yana buƙatar shuka ɗaya don maye gurbinta. Gwamnati mai ci da al’ummarta suna aiki tukuru domin ganin kasarsu ta samu ci gaba.

Hana mutanen Habasha yanke itatuwa, musamman mazauna karkara, zai cutar da rayuwar yau da kullum tun lokacin da biyan bukatun yau da kullun ke dada wahala. Sannan kuma Gwamnati na kokarin samarwa al'ummar Habasha man fetur da injinan lantarki don haka bukatar albarkatun dazuzzukan bai kai haka ba. Bugu da kari, gwamnati na samar da fili mai fadi da babu dazuzzukan da ake da su a baya don bunkasa aikin noma ta yadda sare dazuzzuka ba zai zama dole ga noman zamani ba. ^[22]

Akwai ƙungiyoyin gwamnati da na sa-kai da ke aiki tare da gwamnati don kare ƙasar. Ƙungiyoyi irin su SOS da Farm Africa suna aiki tare da gwamnatin tarayya da ƙananan hukumomi don samar da kyakkyawan tsarin kula da gandun daji. Haka kuma gwamnati na kokarin tsugunar da mutanen da ke zaune a yankunan busassun wuraren da za su samu fili mai albarka domin noma, ta yadda za su iya dogaro da kansu ba tare da taimakon gwamnati ba. Tare da asusun da EC ta bayar (kimanin Yuro miliyan 2.3) an horar da mutane don kare ƙasar daga zaizayar ƙasa da kuma koyar da amfani da ruwa don ban ruwa, wanda ya inganta rayuwa da muhalli. Kuma Yanzu haka mazauna yankin sun fahimci cewa bishiyoyi na bukatar amincewar doka, kuma dole ne a kare su ga tsararraki masu zuwa. Sannan Daya daga cikin hanyoyin da ake amfani da su wajen kare itatuwa ita ce zayyana wasu wuraren da za a iya sare bishiyar a yi amfani da su, da sauran wuraren da doka ta tanada. ^[2]

Duba wasu abubuwan

Matsalolin muhalli a Habasha
Dazukan coci na Habasha
EthioTrees

Manazarta

↑ Sucoff, E. (2003). "Deforestation", Environmental Encyclopedia, at pp.358–359. Detroit: Gale.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Parry, J (2003). "Tree choppers become tree planters," Appropriate Technology, 30(4), 38-39. Retrieved November 22, 2006, from ABI/INFORM Global database. (Document ID: 538367341)
↑ FAO. State of the World’s Forests Report 2007
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Reusing, M. 1998. Monitoring of Natural High Forests in Ethiopia. Government of Ethiopia in cooperation with GTZ, Addis Ababa. High forest cover was divided into closed, slightly disturbed and heavily disturbed forests, based on the assumption that closed high forests have an 80% area coverage.
↑ Dereje Tadesse 2007. Forest cover change and socio-economic drivers in SW Ethiopia. MSc Thesis. Technical University Munich, Center of Land Management and Land Tenure, Germany
↑ Gessesse Dessie 2007. Forest Decline in South Central Ethiopia. Extent, History and Process. Dpt. Of physical geography and quaternary geology, Stockholm University, Sweden
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 Hein, L. and Gatzweiler, F. 2006. The economic value of coffee (C.arabica) genetic resources. Ecological Economics 60: 176-185
↑ Ethiopian Economic Association/Ethiopian Economic Policy Research Institute 2002. Land tenure and agricultural development in Ethiopia. A research report, Addis Ababa, pp. 157
↑ Gessesse Dessie and Carl Christiansson 2007. Forest Decline and its Causes in the South Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia. Ambio (accepted)
↑ Rojahn, A. 2006. Incentive Mechanisms for a Sustainable Use System of the Montane Rain Forest in Ethiopia. PhD Thesis. Economics Faculty, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Germany
↑ Gatzweiler, F. Reichenhuber, A and Hein, L. 2007. Why Financial Incentives can Destroy Economically Valuable Biodiversity in Ethiopia. ZEF Discussion Paper No.114, Center for Development Research, ZEF Bonn, Germany
↑ Hindorf, H. 2006. Disease situation in wild Coffea arabica of Ethiopia with emphasis to the leaf Rust, Hemileia vastatrix. 21. ASIC Conference 11-15 Sept 2006. Montpellier, France
↑ Beining, A. 2007. Ecophysiological diversity of wild Coffea arabica populations in Ethiopia. Dissertation, INRES, University of Bonn
↑ Benoit, D. and S. Ponte 2005. The coffee paradox: Global markets, commodity trade and the elusive promise of development. London and New York: Zed Books
↑ Constitution of Ethiopia 1995, Art 40, No.3
↑ Deininger, K. and S. Jin. 2006. "Tenure Security and Land-Related Investment: Evidence from Ethiopia," European Economic Review 50 (5): 1245-77.
↑ Ege, S. 1997. "The Promised Land: The Amhara Land Redistribution of 1997." SMU-rapport 5/97. Dragvoll, Norway: Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Centre for Environment and Development.
↑ World Bank Policy Research Paper 4218, April 2007
↑ Tsgaye Tadesse 2007. An overview of the forest ecosystems of Ethiopia: Functions, trends and future directions. In: Seyoum and De Stoop (eds) Environment for survival. Taking Stock of Ethiopia’s Environment. Green Forum, Addis Ababa
↑ James. A, K.J. Gaston and A. Balmford 2000. Why private institutions alone will not do enough to protect biodiversity, Nature, 9 Mar 404: 120.
↑ Mekdes Girmaw 2004. Institutions Influencing the Conservation of Coffea arabica in the Montane Rainforests of SW Ethiopia. The Case of the Institute of Biodiversity Conservation, Environmental Protection Authority and Oromia Coffee Farmers Cooperative. Addis Ababa University
↑ Maddox, G.H. (2006). Sub-Saharan Africa: An environmental history. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.

[1] Sucoff, E. (2003). "Deforestation", Environmental Encyclopedia, at pp.358–359. Detroit: Gale.

[Parry-2003-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 Parry, J (2003). "Tree choppers become tree planters," Appropriate Technology, 30(4), 38-39. Retrieved November 22, 2006, from ABI/INFORM Global database. (Document ID: 538367341)

[3] FAO. State of the World’s Forests Report 2007

[reusing-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Reusing, M. 1998. Monitoring of Natural High Forests in Ethiopia. Government of Ethiopia in cooperation with GTZ, Addis Ababa. High forest cover was divided into closed, slightly disturbed and heavily disturbed forests, based on the assumption that closed high forests have an 80% area coverage.

[5] Dereje Tadesse 2007. Forest cover change and socio-economic drivers in SW Ethiopia. MSc Thesis. Technical University Munich, Center of Land Management and Land Tenure, Germany

[6] Gessesse Dessie 2007. Forest Decline in South Central Ethiopia. Extent, History and Process. Dpt. Of physical geography and quaternary geology, Stockholm University, Sweden

[econcoffee-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Hein, L. and Gatzweiler, F. 2006. The economic value of coffee (C.arabica) genetic resources. Ecological Economics 60: 176-185

[8] Ethiopian Economic Association/Ethiopian Economic Policy Research Institute 2002. Land tenure and agricultural development in Ethiopia. A research report, Addis Ababa, pp. 157

[9] Gessesse Dessie and Carl Christiansson 2007. Forest Decline and its Causes in the South Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia. Ambio (accepted)

[10] Rojahn, A. 2006. Incentive Mechanisms for a Sustainable Use System of the Montane Rain Forest in Ethiopia. PhD Thesis. Economics Faculty, Christian Albrechts University of Kiel, Germany

[11] Gatzweiler, F. Reichenhuber, A and Hein, L. 2007. Why Financial Incentives can Destroy Economically Valuable Biodiversity in Ethiopia. ZEF Discussion Paper No.114, Center for Development Research, ZEF Bonn, Germany

[12] Hindorf, H. 2006. Disease situation in wild Coffea arabica of Ethiopia with emphasis to the leaf Rust, Hemileia vastatrix. 21. ASIC Conference 11-15 Sept 2006. Montpellier, France

[13] Beining, A. 2007. Ecophysiological diversity of wild Coffea arabica populations in Ethiopia. Dissertation, INRES, University of Bonn

[14] Benoit, D. and S. Ponte 2005. The coffee paradox: Global markets, commodity trade and the elusive promise of development. London and New York: Zed Books

[15] Constitution of Ethiopia 1995, Art 40, No.3

[16] Deininger, K. and S. Jin. 2006. "Tenure Security and Land-Related Investment: Evidence from Ethiopia," European Economic Review 50 (5): 1245-77.

[17] Ege, S. 1997. "The Promised Land: The Amhara Land Redistribution of 1997." SMU-rapport 5/97. Dragvoll, Norway: Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Centre for Environment and Development.

[18] World Bank Policy Research Paper 4218, April 2007

[19] Tsgaye Tadesse 2007. An overview of the forest ecosystems of Ethiopia: Functions, trends and future directions. In: Seyoum and De Stoop (eds) Environment for survival. Taking Stock of Ethiopia’s Environment. Green Forum, Addis Ababa

[20] James. A, K.J. Gaston and A. Balmford 2000. Why private institutions alone will not do enough to protect biodiversity, Nature, 9 Mar 404: 120.

[21] Mekdes Girmaw 2004. Institutions Influencing the Conservation of Coffea arabica in the Montane Rainforests of SW Ethiopia. The Case of the Institute of Biodiversity Conservation, Environmental Protection Authority and Oromia Coffee Farmers Cooperative. Addis Ababa University

[22] Maddox, G.H. (2006). Sub-Saharan Africa: An environmental history. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.

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