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Tsaron mutum hakki ne na haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin ɗan adam, wanda Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ɗauka a 1948. Hakanan haƙƙin ɗan adam ne wanda ya bayyana kuma tabbatacce ne ta Yarjejeniyar Turai akan 'Yancin Dan Adam, Tsarin Mulkin Kanada, Tsarin Tsarin Afirka ta Kudu da sauran dokoki a duk fadin duniya.

Gabaɗaya, haƙƙin kiyaye lafiyar mutum yana da alaƙa da 'yanci kuma ya haɗa da haƙƙin, idan an ɗaure mutum ba bisa doka ba, don magani kamar habeas corpus . [1] Hakanan ana iya ɗaukar tsaron mutum azaman faɗaɗa haƙƙoƙi dangane da haramcin azabtarwa da azabtarwa da azaba mai ban mamaki . Hakkin na kare lafiyar mutum sannan na iya kiyayewa daga mummunan halin lahani, kuma ana iya amfani dashi dangane da haƙƙin fursunoni. [2]

Majalisar Dinkin Duniya[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

'Yancin tabbatar da lafiyar mutum ya tabbata a cikin Mataki na uku 3 na Bayanin Universalan Adam na Duniya . A cikin wannan labarin, an haɗa shi da haƙƙin rayuwa da 'yanci. A cikakken labarin ya karanta, "Kowane mutum na da haƙƙin rayuwa, a cikin yanci da amincin mutum."

Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa ta 'Yancin Dan Adam da Siyasa (1966), ta kuma yarda da' yancin tabbatar da mutum. A Mataki na uku da ya ce "Kowa na da 'yancin walwala da tsaron lafiyar sa," kuma sashin ya haramta "kamewa ko tsarewa ba da dalili ba." Sashin ya cigaba da cewa "Ba wanda za a tauye wa 'yanci sai a kan irin wadannan dalilai kuma daidai da yadda doka ta tanada."


Turai[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An ambaci haƙƙin kare lafiyar mutum a cikin Mataki na biyr 5 (1) na Yarjejeniyar Turai game da 'Yancin Bil'adama a ƙarƙashin taken ' Yancin kariya da tsaro ("Kowa yana da 'yancin walwala da amincin mutum. Ba wanda za a hana wa kowa ‘yanci sai a cikin lamura masu zuwa kuma daidai da tsarin da doka ta tsara") kuma a cikin Mataki na shida 6 na Yarjejeniyar 'Yancin' Yancin Tarayyar Turai ("Kowa na da 'yancin walwala da tsaronsa ").

Kanada[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An bayyana haƙƙin kare lafiyar mutum a cikin Kanada a cikin Dokar 'Yancin Kan Kanada a cikin shekarata 1960. A Sashe na daya 1 (a) na wannan doka ya amince da "'yancin mutum na rayuwa,' yanci, amincin mutum da jin daɗin dukiya, da kuma haƙƙin hana shi sai da tsarin doka." Koyaya, Dokar haƙƙoƙi ƙa'ida ce kuma ba ta cikin Tsarin Mulki.

A cikin shekarata 1982, an ƙara haƙƙin kare lafiyar mutum a cikin Tsarin Mulki. Ya kasance a cikin sashe na 7 na Yarjejeniyar 'Yanci da' Yanci ta Kanada, wacce ta tanadi cewa "Kowane mutum na da 'yancin rayuwa,' yanci da amincin mutum kuma yana da 'yancin a hana shi sai dai a bisa tsarin ka'idojin adalci . " Tsaron mutum a sashe na bakwai 7 ya ƙunshi haƙƙoƙin sirri na jiki da lafiyarta da na haƙƙin kiyaye “mutuncin mutum” na mutum. Wato, 'yancin yana kiyaye kariya daga mummunar cutarwar gwamnati ( damuwa ) ga yanayin tunanin mutum. ( Blencoe ya v. BC (Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam), 2000)

Wannan haƙƙin ya haifar da mahimman shari'a, kamar yadda aka halatta zubar da ciki a Kanada a cikin R. v. Morgentaler a shekarata (1988) bayan Kotun Koli ta gano cewa kwamitocin zubar da ciki na warkewa sun keta dokar lafiyar mata ta hanyar yin barazana ga lafiyar su. Wasu alƙalai kuma sun ji iko da jiki haƙƙi ne a cikin amincin mutum, wanda dokar zubar da ciki ta karya. A cikin Aiwatar da Rushewa v. Sarauniya (1985) an gwada gwajin makami mai linzami wanda ya ci karo da tsaro wanda ya keta barazanar nukiliya . A cikin Chaoulli v. Quebec (Babban Mai Shari'a) (2005), wasu alkalan Kotun Koli sun ma yi la’akari da haramcin da aka yi wa Quebec kan harkokin kiwon lafiya mai zaman kansa don keta amincin mutum, tunda jinkirta jinya na iya haifar da sakamako na zahiri da damuwa.

An yi tattaunawa tsakanin Kotun Koli da kuma tsakanin masana ilimi game da ko tsaron lafiyar mutum kuma ya ba da wasu haƙƙoƙin tattalin arziki. A ka'ida, tsaron mutum zai lalace idan gwamnati ta takaita damar mutum na samun kudin shiga, ta hanyar hana walwala, dauke dukiyoyin da ke da muhimmanci ga sana'ar mutum, ko hana lasisi. Koyaya, sashi na bakwai 7 yafi damuwa da haƙƙin doka, don haka wannan karatun haƙƙin tattalin arziki abin tambaya ne. Yawancin batutuwan tattalin arziki na iya zama tambayoyin siyasa . [3]

Afirka ta Kudu[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin shekarata 1996 gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ta zartar da Dokar haƙƙoƙin tsarin mulki wacce ta amince da haƙƙin lafiyar mutum a cikin sashe na 12. Anan, an haɗu da "haƙƙin 'yanci ." Sashe na 12 ya cigaba da bayyana tsaron mutum da haƙƙin 'yanci sosai, gami da cikinta sarrafa jiki da kula da haihuwa,' yanci daga azabtarwa da ba a saba da shi ba da kuma damar fitina. A cikakke, sashe na 12 ya karanta,

Turkiya[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Turkiyya ya ba da tabbacin tsaro na mutum, tare da 'yancin walwala, a cikin Mataki na goma Sha tara 19, wanda aka kafa a shekarata 1982 kuma aka gyara a 2001. Labarin ya bayyana iyakoki ga waɗannan haƙƙoƙin ta hanyar hukuncin kotuna a ƙarƙashin doka, ba da izini ga cibiyoyin ƙwaƙwalwa da cibiyoyin shan jaraba, aikawa da sauransu. Har ila yau labarin ya takaita kamewa da tsarewa zuwa shari’ar da alkali ya ba da izinin hakan, inda babu isasshen lokacin wannan, ko kuma aka ga mutum yana da alhakin aikata laifi. Daga nan za a gaya wa mutum dalilin da ya sa aka kama shi, sannan kuma za a gaya wa danginsa na kusa game da kamun. A ƙarshe, labarin ya ba da izinin biyan diyya idan an keta waɗannan haƙƙoƙin.

New Zealand[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Dokar 'Yancin New Zealand ta Dokar' Yanci, wacce aka zartar a 1990, ta ba da tabbacin "Rayuwa da amincin mutum" a sashe na takwas 8 zuwa na sha daya 11. Sashe na 8 ya ba da haƙƙin rayuwa sai dai lokacin da aka hana shi bisa ga adalci na asali, yayin da sashe na 9 ya haramta mummunan azaba da baƙon abu. Sashi na 10 ya hana mutum a yi masa magani ba da son ransa ba. A ƙarshe, sashe na 11 ya ba wa ɗan ƙasar New Zealand 'yancin ya ƙi jinya.

Kingdomasar Ingila[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An ambaci tsaro na mutum a cikin Jadawalin I Mataki na biyar 5 na Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta 1998 . Wannan sigar ita ce sabuwar shigarwar Dokar, kodayake akwai ƙananan gyare-gyare tun lokacin. Wannan sabon aikin ya wakilci bangare guda na wa'adin da Tony Blair yayi alkawarin sake fasalin tsarin mulki.

Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  1. Rhona K.M. Smith, Textbook on International Human Rights, second edition, Oxford University Press, 2005, p. 240.
  2. Smith, p. 245.
  3. Hogg, 983.

Hanyoyin haɗi na waje[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  • Tsaron mutum