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Ta'addancin cikin gida a Amurka

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Ta'addancin cikin gida a Amurka
Bayanai
Ƙasa Tarayyar Amurka
Aikin ta addanci

A Amurka, an bayyana ta'addanci na cikin gida a matsayin ayyukan ta'addancin da 'yan ƙasar Amurka da / ko mazauna dindindin na Amurka suka yi a cikin Amurka.[1] Ya zuwa 2021, gwamnatin Amurka ta dauki masu tsattsauran ra'ayi a matsayin babbar barazanar ta'addanci ta cikin gida.

Ma'anar

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Ofishin Bincike na Tarayya (FBI) ya bayyana ta'addanci na cikin gida a matsayin tashin hankali, ayyukan laifi waɗanda mutane da / ko kungiyoyi ke aikata don ci gaba da burin akidar da ke fitowa daga tasirin cikin gida, kamar na siyasa, addini, zamantakewa, launin fata, ko yanayin muhalli.

A karkashin dokar Amurka ta yanzu, wanda aka tsara a cikin Dokar PATRIOT ta Amurka, ayyukan ta'addanci na cikin gida sune waɗanda: " (A) ya haɗa da ayyukan da ke da haɗari ga rayuwar ɗan adam waɗanda ke keta dokokin aikata laifuka na Amurka ko na kowane Jiha; (B) ya bayyana an yi niyya - (i) don tsoratar ko tilasta wa fararen hula; (ii) don rinjayar da manufofin gwamnati ta hanyar tsoratar da iko; ko (iii) don ya shafi halayyar jama'a da kuma ya faru na Amurka) [2][3][4]

Duk da yake Dokar PATRIOT ta bayyana "ta'addanci na cikin gida" don manufar ba da izinin binciken tilasta bin doka, babu wani laifi na tarayya wanda ake kira "ta' yan ta'addanci". Duk da yake ta'addanci na kasa da kasa ("ayyukan ta'addancin da suka wuce iyakokin kasa") wani laifi ne da aka ayyana a cikin dokar tarayya, ana tuhumar ayyukan ta'addance na cikin gida a ƙarƙashin takamaiman dokoki, kamar kashe jami'an tarayya ko "ƙoƙarin amfani da fashewa don lalata gini a cikin kasuwancin jihohi".[5]

'Yan ƙasa da ake zargi da ta'addanci galibi ana bincika su kuma ana kama su ta hanyar tilasta bin doka ta tarayya, kamar FBI. Misali, daga 2016 zuwa 2018, FBI ta kama mutane 355 da ake zargi da zargin da suka shafi ta'addanci na cikin gida. A cewar FBI, yawancin sun kasance masu motsawa ne ta hanyar wariyar launin fata da akidar adawa da gwamnati. Wasu jihohi da yankuna, ciki har da Washington, DC.[6] da Jihar New York sun bayyana ta'addanci a matsayin laifi, ba tare da la'akari da ko masu aikata laifin sun fito ne daga kasa da kasa ba.[7]

Nau'o'in

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Rikicin hana zubar da ciki

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Masu tsattsauran ra'ayi masu adawa da zubar da ciki a Amurka sun aikata tashin hankali ga mutane da kungiyoyin da ke ba da zubar ciki ko ba da shawara game da zubar, ayyukan da ake la'akari da ta'addanci. Abubuwan da suka faru sun haɗa da laifuka a kan mutane, kamar kisan kai, hari, satar mutane, da bin diddigin; laifuka da ke shafar mutane da dukiya, kamar ƙonewa ko bama-bamai; da Laifukan dukiya kamar lalata. Wadanda suka aikata wadannan abubuwan na iya kare ayyukansu ta hanyar bayyana cewa sun zama dole don kare rayukan tayin, kuma sau da yawa ana motsa su da imanin Kirista, wanda ke haifar da ganewar tashin hankali na zubar da ciki a matsayin Ta'addanci na Kirista; Hakanan ana danganta shi da anti-feminism.[8]

Shahararrun abubuwan da suka faru na tashin hankali na zubar da ciki sun haɗa da kisan likitoci da ma'aikatan asibiti a cikin shekarun 1990s:

  • A shekara ta 1993, Michael F. Griffin ya harbe Dr. David Gunn har ya mutu yayin zanga-zangar.
  • A shekara ta 1994, Paul Jennings Hill ya harbe Dokta John Britton da likitan asibiti James Barrett zuwa mutuwa, kuma ya ji wa matar Barrett rauni Yuni; John Salvi ya harbe kuma ya kashe masu karɓar bakuncin biyu, Shannon Lowney da Lee Ann Nichols. Paul Hill zai yi ihu a asibitin "Allah ya ƙi masu kisan kai".[9]
  • Eric Robert Rudolph ya jefa bam a wasannin Olympics na 1996 a Atlanta don nuna rashin amincewa da zubar da ciki, ya kashe mutum daya kuma ya ji rauni 111, kuma ya jefa bam ga asibitocin zubar da cikin ciki da yawa a cikin 1997 da 1998, ya kashe wani mai tsaro kuma ya ji wa wata ma'aikaciyar jinya rauni sosai.
  • A shekara ta 1998, James Kopp ya harbe masu samar da zubar da ciki da yawa, inda ya kashe daya, Dokta Barnett Slepian.
  • A shekara ta 2009, Scott Roeder ya harbe Dr. George Tiller. Tiller ya yi aiki a matsayin mai gabatar da coci; a baya ya kasance mai niyya a 1993, lokacin da Shelley Shannon ya harbe shi. Sojojin Allah, kungiyar ta'addanci ta karkashin kasa, sun kasance da alhakin yawan tashin hankali na hana zubar da ciki, gami da yawancin kisan da ke sama.
  • A cikin 2015, Robert Lewis Dear, ɗan shekara 57 da aka haifa a Kentucky, ya ƙaura daga Kudancin Carolina zuwa Arewacin Carolina zuwa Colorado inda ya buɗe wuta a kan wani wurin Planned Parenthood, ya kashe fararen hula biyu da jami'in 'yan sanda. Bayan sa'o'i biyar Dear ya gaya wa 'yan sanda "babu sauran sassan jariri. " An gano Robert Lewis Dear ba shi da ƙwarewa don fuskantar shari'a.[10]

Ta'addancin muhalli

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A cewar FBI a watan Yunin 2008, masu ta'addanci da masu fafutukar kare Hakkin dabbobi sun wakilci "ɗaya daga cikin manyan barazanar ta'addancin cikin gida a Amurka" a lokacin. Sun aikata laifuka sama da 2,000 kuma sun haifar da lalacewar dala miliyan 110 a cikin shekaru 28-29 tun 1979, a kan manufofi ciki har da kamfanonin katako, wuraren gwajin dabbobi, da kamfanonin bincike na kwayar halitta. Ba a bayar da rahoton mutuwar mutane ba.[11]

Tsoro na kisan kai na launin fata

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Dangane da Equal Justice Initiative, an kashe fiye da 'yan Afirka 4,400 daga 1877 zuwa 1940. An gudanar da kisan kai na launin fata a matsayin wani ɓangare na kamfen ɗin ta'addanci na cikin gida da aka goyi bayan shi don tilasta biyayya da wariyar launin fata da rarrabewa a Kudu da bayan tsakanin Sake ginawa da Yaƙin Duniya na II.[12]

A watan Yulin 2020, FBI ta fara binciken yunkurin kisan Vauhxx Booker, mai fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama na Bloomington Indiana kuma jami'in yankin. Bidiyo na abin da ya faru ya nuna maza biyar suna rataye Booker. Booker ya ce mutanen suna da tutar Confederate kuma sun yi barazanar kashe shi.[13] An fara tuhumar mutane biyu da kai hari ga Booker, yayin da Booker daga baya aka tuhume shi da batir da shiga cikin watan Agustan 2021 akan wannan lamarin. Daga karshe an warware shari'ar ta hanyar adalci mai maidowa kuma an sauke dukkan tuhume-tuhumen.

Masu tsattsauran ra'ayi

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Ta'addanci na dama ko ta'addanci mai zurfi na dama yana motsawa ta hanyar ra'ayoyi daban-daban na dama da na dama, mafi mahimmanci ta hanyar neo-Nazism, Neo-fascism, fararen kishin kasa, Fararen rabuwa, ethnonationalism, kishin kasa na addini, da kuma adawa da gwamnati / ra'ayin ɗan ƙasa mai iko.

Wani rahoto na 2017 da Ofishin Gudanar da Gwamnatin Amurka ya bayar ya gano cewa daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru na masu tsattsauran ra'ayi 85 tun daga 9/11, kungiyoyin masu tsattstsauran ra-tsattsauranuran ra'ayinsu suna da alhakin kashi 73%, yayin da masu tsattsan Islama masu tsattsuran ra'ayin suna da alƙawarin kashi 27%. Adadin mutuwar da kowace kungiya ta haifar kusan iri ɗaya ne, kodayake kashi 41% na mutuwar da aka danganta da masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na Islama sun faru ne a wani taron guda - Harbi na gidan wasan dare na Orlando na 2016 wanda wani dan bindiga ya kashe mutane 49. Babu mutuwar da aka danganta ga kungiyoyin hagu.[14][15]

Wani binciken da Cibiyar Nazarin Dabarun da Kasa da Kasa (CSIS) ta yi a watan Yunin 2020 ta ba da rahoton cewa sama da shekaru 25 na abubuwan da suka faru na ta'addanci na cikin gida, yawancin hare-hare da makirci sun fito ne daga masu kai hari na dama. Halin ya hanzarta a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, tare da wannan ɓangaren da ke da alhakin kusan kashi 66% na hare-hare da makirci a cikin 2019, da kuma kashi 90% na waɗanda ke cikin 2020. Ƙungiyar da ta fi haɗari ita ce "masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na addini", mafi rinjaye "masu jihadi na Salafi da aka yi wahayi zuwa gare su ta Jihar Musulunci da al-Qaida", yayin da adadin da aka shirya ta hagu ya ragu zuwa kashi na minti daya tun daga tsakiyar 2000s.[16][17]

Dokar Rigakafin Ta'addanci ta Cikin Gida ta gabatar da dokar da za ta samar da ofisoshi a cikin Ma'aikatar Shari'a, Ma'abiyar Tsaro ta Gida, da FBI don yaki da tashin hankali na dama. A watan Satumbar 2020, lissafin (a matsayin HR 5602) ya wuce majalisar Democrat-mafi rinjaye tare, amma Majalisar Dattijai ta Jamhuriyar Republican-mafi yawan ta hana jefa kuri'a.[18] Sanata Ron Johnson ya ce Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta yi iƙirarin cewa dokar na iya "tsayar" maimakon inganta ikonta na yaki da tashin hankali na dama. Wani mai magana da yawun Ma'aikatar Shari'a ya yi nuni da "damuwar fasaha" tare da lissafin amma bai yi bayani dalla-dalla ba.[19]

Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Cikin Gida ta ruwaito a watan Oktoba na 2020 cewa masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na fararen fata sun haifar da babbar barazanar ta'addanci ta cikin gida, wanda darektan FBI Christopher Wray ya tabbatar a watan Maris na 2021, yana mai lura da cewa ofishin ya ɗaga barazanar zuwa matakin da ISIS.[20] Rahoton DHS bai ambaci antifa ba, duk da ci gaba da zarge-zargen game da barazanar ta daga hannun dama na siyasa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan.[21][22][23]

Kungiyoyin ta'addanci

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Alpha 66 da Omega 7

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Alpha 66 (har yanzu akwai) da Omega 7 (yanzu sun mutu) ƙungiyoyi biyu ne masu haɗin gwiwar Cuban waɗanda suka gudanar da bama-bamai da yawa da ayyukan sabuntawa. Duk da yake yawancin waɗannan hare-haren an ba da umarni a Cuba da gwamnatin Castro, da yawa daga cikinsu sun faru a cikin gida, musamman a lokacin diflomasiyyar Cuba da Amurka da tattaunawa a cikin shekarun 1970 wanda aka sani da "el Diálogo" (magana) lokacin da manyan masu adawa da Castro a Miami suka yi ƙoƙari su tsoratar da waɗancan membobin al'ummarsu waɗanda suka ba da shawarar ingantaccen kusanci ga Cuba. Misali, an kashe Luciano Nieves saboda ya ba da shawarar zaman lafiya tare da Cuba. Daraktan labarai na WQBA-AM Emilio Milian ya rasa ƙafafunsa a cikin bam din mota bayan ya yi Allah wadai da tashin hankali na gudun hijira na Cuba. Joan Didion ya rubuta waɗannan shari'o'in ta'addanci sosai a cikin littafin Miami . Human Rights Watch ta fitar da wani rahoto a shekarar 1992 inda ta yi iƙirarin cewa mafi tsananin 'yan gudun hijira sun haifar da yanayin siyasa a Miami inda "tsakanin na iya zama matsayi mai haɗari".

Duba kuma

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  • Kisan kiyashi na Elaine (1919)
  • Kisan kiyashi na Tulsa (1921)
  • Kisan kiyashi na Rosewood (1923)
  • Yaƙin Athens (1946)
  • Rikicin Wilmington na 1898
  • Rikicin adawa da zubar da ciki a Amurka
  • Bala'in Makarantar Bath
  • 2009 Fort Hood harbi
  • Jihadist extremist a Amurka
  • Jerin abubuwan da suka faru na tashin hankali na siyasa a Washington, DC
  • Rikicin launin fata a Amurka
  • Yunkurin 'yan bindiga na Amurka
  • Kisan kiyashi na Chaney, Goodman, da Schwerner (1964)
  • Shari'ar Tsayayya
  • Ta'addanci a Amurka
  • Christopher Paul Hasson
  • Kasancewa da Ma'aikatar Kula da namun daji ta Kasa (2016)
  • Ta'addanci na dama
  • Ta'addanci na hagu
  • 2021 mamayewar Amurka Capitol

Manazarta

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  1. ↑ "American Militant Extremists". Archived from the original on November 28, 2005. Retrieved December 1, 2005.
  2. ↑ "FDsys – Browse Public and Private Laws" (PDF). Frwebgate.access.gpo.gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 3, 2010. Retrieved February 27, 2016.
  3. ↑ "18 U.S.C. § 2331 : US Code – Section 2331: Definitions". codes.lp.findlaw.com. Archived from the original on March 9, 2017. Retrieved February 4, 2017.
  4. ↑ "USA Patriot Act of 2001" (PDF). US Government Publishing Office. October 26, 2001. p. 376. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 28, 2017. Retrieved December 1, 2017.
  5. ↑ Greg Myre (August 14, 2017). "Why The Government Can't Bring Terrorism Charges In Charlottesville". NPR.org. Archived from the original on June 22, 2019. Retrieved June 22, 2019.
  6. ↑ "Code of the District of Columbia, Chapter 31B. Terrorism". Retrieved 2 June 2022.
  7. ↑ "New York Consolidated Laws, Penal Law - PEN § 490.25 Crime of terrorism". Retrieved 2 June 2022.
  8. ↑ Petchesky, Rosalind Pollack. "Antiabortion, Antifeminism, and the Rise of the New Right." Feminist Studies, vol. 7, no. 2, 1981, pp. 206–246. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/3177522.
  9. ↑ "Paul Hill: Domestic Terrorist". YouTube. July 6, 2009. Archived from the original on March 25, 2016. Retrieved February 27, 2016.
  10. ↑ "Planned Parenthood shooter remains incompetent to stand trial, judge rules". denverpost.com. August 11, 2016. Archived from the original on September 23, 2016. Retrieved September 22, 2016.
  11. ↑ "FBI – Using Intel Against Eco-Terrorists". Fbi.gov. June 30, 2008. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved February 27, 2016.
  12. ↑ Equal Justice, Initiative (2017). "Lynching Report" (PDF). Lynching in America. Archived (PDF) from the original on August 21, 2020. Retrieved July 8, 2020.
  13. ↑ "FBI opens investigation into the alleged attempted lynching of a black man in Indiana". www.msn.com. Archived from the original on July 9, 2020. Retrieved July 8, 2020.
  14. ↑ "COUNTERING VIOLENT EXTREMISM: Actions Needed to Define Strategy and Assess Progress of Federal Efforts" (PDF). United States Government Accountability Office. April 2017. Retrieved November 30, 2018. According to the [US Extremist Crime Database], activities of far left wing violent extremist groups did not result in any fatalities during this period.
  15. ↑ "Orlando shooting survivors note the trauma of good fortune". www.boston.com.
  16. ↑ Wilson, Jason (June 27, 2020). "Violence by far-right is among US's most dangerous terrorist threats, study finds". the Guardian. Archived from the original on June 29, 2020. Retrieved June 29, 2020.
  17. ↑ Jones, Seth G. (June 3, 2020). "The Escalating Terrorism Problem in the United States". Archived from the original on June 29, 2020. Retrieved June 29, 2020. Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  18. ↑ "Domestic Terrorism Prevention Act of 2020 (H.R. 5602)". GovTrack.us (in Turanci). Retrieved October 11, 2020.
  19. ↑ Mathias, Christopher; Reilly, Ryan J. (October 6, 2020). "Trump DOJ 'Technical Concerns' Help Block Bill Targeting White Supremacists". HuffPost (in Turanci). Retrieved October 11, 2020.
  20. ↑ Multiple sources:
  21. ↑ "DHS draft document: White supremacists are greatest terror threat". POLITICO. September 4, 2020.
  22. ↑ "Homeland Threat Assessment − October 2020" (PDF). US Department of Homeland Security.
  23. ↑ Haltiwanger, John. "Trump, Barr, and the GOP present antifa as a major threat in the US, but they're not killing people — unlike white supremacists". Business Insider.

Ƙarin karantawa

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