Ta'addanci na dama
 Ta'addanci na dama | |
|---|---|
| Bayanai | |
| Ƙaramin ɓangare na |
Ta'addanci da right-wing extremism (en)  |
| Facet of (en) | nisa-dama da Siyasa ta dama |
| Has characteristic (en) | nisa-dama |
| Model item (en) |
Christchurch mosque shootings (en) , 2015 Charleston, South Carolina shooting (en) da Pittsburgh synagogue shooting (en) |
| Hannun riga da |
left-wing terrorism (en) |
ta'addanci na damaTa'addanci na dama'addanci mai tsanani, ta'adda ta'addancin dama ko ta'addance na dama shine ta'addancia wanda ke motsawa ta hanyar ra'ayoyi daban-daban na dama da dama. Ana iya motsa shi ta hanyar Ultranationalism, neo-Nazism, anti-communism, Neo-fascism, Ecofascism. ethnonationalism, addini nationalism, anti-shige da fice, anti-Semitism, anti na gwamnati, ƙungiyoyin kishin kasa, masu iko da imani, kuma a wasu lokuta, ana iya motsa shi da adawa da zubar da ciki, da homophobia. [1] Ta'addanci na zamani ya fito ne a Yammacin Turai a cikin shekarun 1970s, kuma bayan Juyin Juya Halin 1989 da rushewar Tarayyar Soviet a 1991, ya fito ne daga Gabashin Turai da Rasha.[2]
'Yan ta'adda na dama suna da niyyar hambarar da gwamnatoci da maye gurbin su da gwamnatocin dama.[1] Sun yi imanin cewa ayyukansu za su haifar da abubuwan da za su haifar a kafa wadannan gwamnatocin mulkin mallaka.[3] Kodayake sau da yawa suna karɓar wahayi daga Fascist Italiya, Nazi Jamus, Imperial Japan da Francoist Spain tare da wasu banbanci, kungiyoyin ta'addanci na dama galibi ba su da ka'akidar da ta dace.[2] 'Yan ta'adda na dama suna yin niyya ga mutanen da suke ganin 'yan kasashen waje ne, amma kuma suna iya yin niyya da abokan adawar siyasa, kamar kungiyoyin hagu da mutane. [ana buƙatar hujja]Hare-haren da 'yan ta'adda na dama suka yi ba hare-hare ba ne da ke faruwa da mutane da kungiyoyi waɗanda kawai ke neman kashe mutane; an zaɓi manufofin waɗannan hare-haren a hankali. [ana buƙatar hujja][ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] [dubious - tattauna] Saboda burin waɗannan hare-haren galibi duka sassan al'ummomi ne, ba a yi niyya da su a matsayin mutane ba, a maimakon haka, ana niyya da kansu saboda su wakilan kungiyoyin da ake ɗauka baƙi ne, ƙasa da barazana.[4][5]
Dangane da bincike da Cibiyar Tattalin Arziki da Zaman Lafiya ta yi, an sami karuwar abubuwan ta'addanci na dama tun daga shekara ta 2010, tare da karuwar 320% tsakanin 2014 da 2018.[6]
Dalilan da suka haifar
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Tattalin Arziki
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Masanin tattalin arziki na Jamus Armin Falk et al. ya rubuta a cikin wata kasida ta 2011 cewa Laifin Mai Girma na Dama (REC), wanda ya haɗa da mai adawa da baƙi da wariyar launin fata, yana da alaƙa da yawan rashin aikin yi; yayin da yawan rashin aiki ya karu, REC ma yana ƙaruwa.[7] Wata takarda ta 2014 ta yi jayayya cewa ta'addanci na dama yana ƙaruwa tare da ci gaban tattalin arziki, a bayyane yake saboda masu goyon bayansa galibi mutane ne waɗanda suka rasa a ƙarƙashin sabunta tattalin arziki.[8] Sabanin haka, binciken 2019 ya gano cewa masu tsinkaya na tattalin arziki ba su yi hasashen ta'addanci na dama a Turai ba, maimakon haka, matakan baƙi na Turai sun yi; 'yan ta'adda na dama ba sa son baƙi a cikin ƙasashensu kuma sun nemi fitar da su da karfi. Don haka, karuwar ƙaura ta haifar da ƙiyayya mafi girma kuma ta haka ne, ƙiyayya mai girma ta zama babbar dalilin hare-haren su.[9]
Siyasa ta hannun dama
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin 2016, Thomas Greven ya ba da shawarar cewa Populism na dama shine dalilin ta'addanci na dama. A sauƙaƙe, populism yana tallafawa ci gaban "mutumin ɗan ƙasa", ba jadawalin masu daraja ba. Greven ya bayyana masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na dama a matsayin wadanda ke goyon bayan kabilanci, kuma suna adawa da shige da fice. Saboda populism na dama yana haifar da yanayi na "mu da su", ta'addanci yana iya faruwa. Masu adawa da ta'addanci na Islama ta Donald Trump suna rufe ta'addancin dama a Amurka, inda hare-haren ta'addance na dama suka fi yawan hare-harun Islama da na hagu suka haɗu.
Bayan harbe-harbe na masallacin Christchurch a Masallacin Al Noor da Cibiyar Musulunci ta Linwood a Christchurch, New Zealand, ta hanyar ta'addanci Brenton Harrison Tarrant, gwani a ta'addancin Greg Barton, na Jami'ar Deakin a Ostiraliya (ƙasar Tarrant), ya rubuta game da "yanayin siyasa mai guba wanda ke ba da damar ƙiyayya ta bunƙasa". Da yake cewa ko da yake tsattsauran ra'ayi na dama a Ostiraliya ba kusan ba ne kamar yadda ƙungiyoyin neo-Nazi na Turai ko nau'ikan fararen fata da kishin ƙasa mai guba da aka gani a siyasar Amurka, manyan jam'iyyun biyu sun yi ƙoƙari su sami kuri'u ta hanyar maimaita wasu harshe mai tsanani da manufofi marasa mutunci waɗanda suka bayyana don ba da lada ga masu tsattsa ra'ayi. Ya ci gaba da jayayya: "Sakamakon ya kasance irin wannan rikici na maganganun ƙiyayya cewa ya kasance da wahala ga waɗanda aka ba su aikin gano fitowar tashin hankali don raba shi daga duk sautin baya na tsattsauran ra'ayi".[10]
Ƙungiyoyin da ke gefen
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cewar Moghadam da Eubank (2006), kungiyoyin da ke da alaƙa da ta'addanci na dama sun haɗa da ƙungiyoyin fararen fata, 'yan ta'adda na dama, da masu tausayi. "Masu jagorantar ilimi" na ƙungiyoyin ta'addanci na dama suna goyon bayan ra'ayin cewa dole ne jihar ta "yi watsi da kanta daga abubuwan kasashen waje da ke lalata ta daga ciki" don haka jihar za ta iya "bayar da 'yan ƙasa masu cancanta".[2]
A Ostiraliya, masana, 'yan sanda da sauransu suna yin sharhi game da gazawar hukumomi don yin aiki yadda ya kamata don yaki da tsattsauran ra'ayi na dama, kuma gwamnati ta yi rantsuwa da sanya mutane da kungiyoyi masu tsattsa ra'ayi a ƙarƙashin babban bincike da matsin lamba, tare da sakataren harkokin gida Mike Pezzullo yana yin tsokaci mai ƙarfi ga kwamitin majalisa. Mako guda bayan harbe-harbe na masallacin Christchurch a Christchurch, New Zealand, ya bayyana cewa shekaru uku da suka gabata, Brenton Harrison Tarrant, wanda aka haifa a Australia, wanda ya aikata harbe-hukuncen, ya kasance mai aiki a shafukan Facebook na kungiyoyin fararen fata biyu na Australia, United Patriots Front (UPF) da True Blue Crew (TBC) kuma ya yaba da shugaban UPF Neo-Nazi Blair Cottrell yayin da duk suka yi murna da nasarar Donald Trump a Zaben shugaban kasa na 2016 a Amurka. An kuma miƙa Tarrant amma ya ki zama memba a cikin Lads Society, kulob din yaki na fararen kasa wanda Cottrell ya kafa. [11]
A Amurka, Brian Levin, darektan Cibiyar Nazarin Ƙiyayya da Ƙiyayya a Jami'ar Jihar California, San Bernardino da tsohon jami'in NYPD, sun rubuta game da ci gaban fararen kishin kasa ta hanyar cewa yanayin siyasa na polarization "ya ba da dama ga masu tsattsauran ra'ayi, duka a kan- da waje. Lokaci na canji, tsoro da rikici suna ba da masu makirci damar yin amfani da kansu a matsayin madadin ga zaɓin gargajiya da ba da ba da ake ƙara saurin zama ga fararen jama'a. "Ya yi amfani da shi don yin bincike ga fararen gwamnati mai saurin zama". Ya yi amfani da gaggawa". Masana ilimin zamantakewa a Jami'ar Dayton sun nuna asalin fararen kishin kasa a Amurka da yaduwarsa zuwa wasu ƙasashe, kuma sun kuma lura cewa ƙiyayya ta mai kai hari ga Musulmai ta yi wahayi zuwa gare ta fararen kishin ƙasa na Amurka.[12]
Kungiyar Anti-Defamation League ta ba da rahoton cewa farfaganda mai tsattsauran ra'ayi da kokarin daukar ma'aikata a ciki da kewayen makarantun koleji suna ƙaruwa sosai, tare da abubuwan da suka faru 1,187 a cikin 2018 idan aka kwatanta da abubuwan da sun faru 421 a cikin 2017, wanda ya wuce duk shekarar da ta gabata.[13] 'Yan ta'adda na dama sun dogara da dabaru daban-daban kamar su takardun shaida, yin bukukuwan tashin hankali, da kuma jam'iyyun gida don daukar ma'aikata, galibi suna da niyya ga matasa masu fushi da waɗanda ke neman mafita ga matsalolinsu. Amma kayan aikin da suka fi tasiri shine kiɗa mai tsattsauran ra'ayi, wanda ke guje wa saka idanu ta hanyar jam'iyyun da ke daidaitawa kamar iyaye da hukumomin makaranta. Wasu abubuwan haɗari waɗanda ke sauƙaƙa ɗaukar ma'aikata sun haɗa da nuna bambancin launin fata a lokacin ƙuruciya, iyalai marasa saki kamar iyaye da suka sake aure, jiki, motsin rai, da cin zarafin jima'i, sakaci, da rashin jin daɗi.
Yin amfani da ta'addanci
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]A cikin lokuta na masu tsattsauran ra'ayi, wani lokacin za su nemi wahayi daga wasu masu kisan gilla kuma su yi amfani da shi azaman samfurin don aiwatar da hare-haren ta'addanci na gaba. Wani sanannen lamari na wannan shine Brenton Harrison Tarrant, wanda aka haifa a Australia wanda ya kashe mutane 51 kuma ya ji rauni 49; ya ambaci wasu 'yan ta'adda da suka gabata, ciki har da Anders Behring Breivik, wanda ya kai Hare-haren Norway na 2011; da Dylann Roof, wanda ya kashe baƙar fata tara a cikin cocin Charleston harbi . Tarrant kai tsaye ya yi wahayi zuwa ga akalla wasu harbe-harbe shida.[14]
Poway_synagogue_shooting#Perpetrator" id="mwtg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Poway synagogue shooting">John T. Earnest, wanda ya kai hari kan wani Masallaci a Escondido, California, da kuma harbi a cikin majami'a da ke kusa da Poway, ya rubuta wasika inda ya bayyana cewa Tarrant da Robert Bowers, wanda ya yi Harbi a majami'ar Pittsburgh ne suka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi. Bayan harin konewar Escondido, ya bar rubutun da ke karantawa "For Brenton Tarrant, -t / pol/", kuma kafin harbi na majami'a, ya buga wasikar da aka fada a kan 8chan kuma ya yi ƙoƙari ya watsa harin a kan Facebook Live, kamar Tarrant. A cikin wasikar budewa, Earnest ya kuma ambaci "Ranar Rope", wani batu na magana a cikin fararen kasa da kuma neo-Nazi da ke nufin kisa ga duk wadanda ba fararen fata ba, Yahudawa, da masu sassaucin ra'ayi, kamar yadda aka ba da cikakken bayani a cikin littafin 1978 The Turner Diaries .
Patrick Crusius, mai shekaru 21 da ake zargi da harbi a wani shagon Walmart a El Paso, Texas, a ranar 3 ga watan Agusta, 2019, wanda ya kashe mutane 23 kuma ya ji wa wasu rauni 23 (kusan dukkansu 'yan Hispanic ne na Amurka da Mexicans), ya rubuta wata sanarwa ta kan layi mai taken The Inconvenient Truth, kuma a ciki, ya bayyana cewa ya goyi bayan Tarrant da sanarwa. Kamar Tarrant, Crusius ya buga takardar shaidarsa a kan 8chan, da kuma wasikar sanarwar Collin College.
Matsayin kafofin watsa labarai
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Kafofin sada zumunta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Dandalin kafofin watsa labarai na zamantakewa sun kasance daya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin da aka raba ra'ayoyin masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na dama da maganganun ƙiyayya da aka gabatar da su, wanda ya haifar da muhawara mai zurfi game da iyakokin 'yancin magana da tasirinsa akan ayyukan ta'addanci da laifukan ƙiyayya. A cikin 2018, masu bincike a Amurka sun gano Tsarin shawarwari YouTube kamar yadda yake inganta matsayi na siyasa daga manyan 'yanci da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya zuwa fararen kishin kasa.[15] Ana amfani da wasu kungiyoyin tattaunawa da forums da yawa a kan layi don tsattsauran ra'ayi na dama a kan layi.[16] Robert Bowers wanda ya aikata Harbi a majami'ar Pittsburgh a Tree of Life - Ko Ikilisiyar L'Simcha a Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, ya kasance mai amfani na yau da kullun a Gab, wani "magana kyauta" madadin Twitter, kuma ya yada farfaganda Masu adawa da Yahudawa, neo-Nazi, da Holocaust tare da yin hulɗa da / ko kuma ya sake yin hulɗa tare da akalla mutane biyar masu tsattsauran ra'ayi: Brad "Hunter Wallace" Griffin na Occidental Dissent da League of the South (LS), Daniel Corbin McMahon, da kuma Daily Hunter An gano Twitter tana ba da tallace-tallace da aka yi niyya ga masu amfani 168,000 a cikin Ka'idar makircin kisan kare dangi, wanda suka cire jim kadan bayan 'yan jarida sun tuntube su bayan harbin majami'ar Pittsburgh. Bayan an lalata majami'ar Brooklyn tare da barazanar mutuwa, an lissafa kalmar "Kisan dukan Yahudawa" a matsayin batun da ke faruwa a Twitter.
Brenton Harrison mai ta'addanci wanda aka haifa a Australiya, mai aikata harbe-harbe na masallacin Christchurch a Masallacin Al Noor da Cibiyar Musulunci ta Linwood a Christchurch, New Zealand, ya rubuta bidiyon hare-haren a Facebook Live wanda aka raba shi sosai a kafofin sada zumunta da kuma yada sanarwarsa The Great Replacement a kan asusun Facebook da Twitter da kuma a kan 8chan / pol/ inda zai sanar da hare-harun kuma kafin wannan kafofin sada zumunci ya cika da fararen kasar, anti-Islam da kuma neo-fascist kayan aikinsa sun kasance mai suna wakiltar da hoton ne "The blue-headed da kuma mai suna "The blue"" Gwamnatin New Zealand ta riga ta sami dokoki da suka shafi ta'addanci wanda za'a iya gurfanar da mutanen da ke raba bidiyon, kuma an sanar da cewa za a bi wannan da karfi. Firayim Minista Jacinda Ardern ta kuma yi alkawarin bincika rawar da kafofin sada zumunta suka taka a harin kuma su dauki mataki, watakila tare da wasu ƙasashe, a kan shafukan da suka watsa bidiyon.
Facebook da Twitter sun zama masu aiki sosai wajen hana masu tsattsauran ra'ayi daga dandalin su bayan bala'in. An cire shafukan Facebook da ke da alaƙa da Future Now Australia daga dandalin, gami da babban shafin su, Stop the Masks and Save Australia . [17] ShuGab masu gwagwarmaya a Ostiraliya sun bukaci magoya bayansu su bi su a Gab bayan an dakatar da su daga Twitter da Facebook. A ranar 28 ga Maris, 2019, Facebook ta ba da sanarwar cewa sun haramta abubuwan fararen kasa da fararen rabuwa tare da fifiko ga fararen. Patrick Crusius mutumin da ke da alhakin harin El Paso na 2019 wanda ya kashe mutane 23 kuma ya ji wa wasu 23 rauni kafin lamarin ya so / ya sake aikawa / sake sake aikawa akan asusun Twitter don tallafawa Donald Trump.
Kafofin yada labarai
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]Owen Jones ya rubuta a cikin The Guardian game da yadda 'yan jarida a Burtaniya zasu iya taka rawa wajen taimakawa wajen tayar da' yan ta'adda masu tsattsauran ra'ayi, inda ya ambaci Neil Basu, shugaban yaki da ta'addanci na Burtaniya. Basu ya ambaci Daily Mail da Daily Mirror a matsayin wasu masu laifi, yayin da Jones ya ba da misalai Rana The Times, The Telegraph, The Spectator da sauransu, tare da labaran da ke kuka da ake kira Al'adun Marxism da kuma yaudarar kanun labarai kamar "1 in 5 Brit Muslims" suna da tausayi ga masu jihadi (The Sun).
manazarta
[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Aubrey 2004.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Moghadam & Eubank 2006.
- ↑ Cameron, Gavin. Nuclear terrorism: a threat assessment for the 21st century. Springer, 1999, p. 115.
- ↑ Cameron, Gavin. Nuclear terrorism: a threat assessment for the 21st century. Springer, 1999, p.115
- ↑ Hoffman, Bruce. "The contrasting ethical foundations of terrorism in the 1980s." Terrorism and Political Violence 1, no. 3 (1989): 361–377, p.10
- ↑ Auger, Vincent A. (2020). "Right-Wing Terror: A Fifth Global Wave?". Perspectives on Terrorism. 14 (3): 87–97. ISSN 2334-3745. JSTOR 26918302. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
- ↑ Falk, Armin; Kuhn, Andreas; Zweimüller, Josef (2011). "Unemployment and Right-wing Extremist Crime*" (PDF). Scandinavian Journal of Economics. 113 (2): 260–285. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9442.2011.01648.x. ISSN 0347-0520. S2CID 2569289.
- ↑ Kis-Katos, Krisztina; Liebert, Helge; and Schulze, Günther G. (2014) "On the heterogeneity of terror." European Economic Review. v.68, p.116-136
- ↑ McAlexander, Richard J. "How are immigration and terrorism related? An analysis of right-and left-wing terrorism in Western Europe, 1980–2004." Journal of Global Security Studies 5, no. 1 (2020): 179–195.
- ↑ Barton, Greg (17 March 2019). "Christchurch attacks are a stark warning of toxic political environment that allows hate to flourish". The Conversation. Retrieved 24 March 2019.
- ↑ Begley, Patrick (May 2, 2019). "Threats from white extremist group that tried to recruit Tarrant". Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved June 29, 2019.
- ↑ Jipson, Art; Becker, Paul J. (20 March 2019). "White nationalism, born in the USA, is now a global terror threat". The Conversation. Retrieved 22 March 2019.
- ↑ "White Supremacists Step Up Off-Campus Propaganda Efforts in 2018". Anti-Defamation League (in Turanci). Retrieved 26 March 2019.
- ↑ Pantucci, Raffaello; Ong, Kyler (2021). "Persistence of Right-Wing Extremism and Terrorism in the West". Counter Terrorist Trends and Analyses. 13 (1): 118–126. ISSN 2382-6444. JSTOR 26979992. Retrieved 18 November 2023.
- ↑ Lewis, Rebecca (September 2018). "Alternative Influence: Broadcasting the Reactionary Right on YouTube" (PDF). datasociety.net. Data and Society. Retrieved 26 March 2019.
- ↑ Ward, Justin (April 19, 2018). "Day of the trope: White nationalist memes thrive on Reddit's r/The_Donald". Hatewatch. Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved 24 March 2019.
- ↑ Wilms, Tim (22 March 2019). "Future Now Facebook pages deleted". unshackled.net. Retrieved 22 March 2019.