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Tasirin muhalli na ma'adinai

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Tasirin muhalli na ma'adinai
environmental effects (en) Fassara
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Ƙaramin ɓangare na environmental effects (en) Fassara da anthropogenic hazard (en) Fassara
Facet of (en) Fassara Hakar ma'adinai

Tasirin muhalli na ma'adinai na iya faruwa a ma'auni na gida, yanki, da duniya ta hanyar ayyukan hakar ma'adinai kai tsaye da kaikaice. Tasirin na iya haifar da yashewa, nutsewar ruwa, asarar nau'in halittu, ko gurɓatar ƙasa, ruwan ƙasa, da ruwan saman ta hanyar sinadarai da ke fitowa daga hanyoyin haƙar ma'adinai. Wadannan matakai kuma suna shafar yanayi daga fitar da carbon da ke da kuma tasiri kan ingancin lafiyar dan adam da bambancin halittu.[1] Wasu hanyoyin hakar ma'adinai (ma'adinin lithium, hakar ma'adinan phosphate, hakar kwal, hakar ma'adinan dutse, da hakar yashi ) na iya samun tasirin muhalli da lafiyar jama'a wanda ake buƙatar kamfanonin hakar ma'adinai a wasu ƙasashe su bi tsauraran ka'idojin muhalli da gyara don tabbatar da cewa ma'adinan. yankin ya koma matsayinsa na asali.

Zaizayar kasa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Rushewar tsaunin tuddai, juji na ma'adinai, madatsun ruwa na wutsiya da sakamakon dazuzzuka na magudanun ruwa, koguna da koguna na iya shafar yankunan da ke kewaye da su sosai, babban misali shi ne babban ma'adinan Ok Tedi a Papua New Guinea.[2] Zaizayar ƙasa na iya rage samun ruwa don haɓaka tsiro, wanda ke haifar da raguwar yawan jama'a a cikin yanayin shukar.[3] Yazayar kasa na faruwa ne saboda yawan ruwan sama, rashin sarrafa kasa da kuma bayyanar da sinadarai daga hako ma'adinai.[4] A cikin jeji, hakar ma'adinai na iya haifar da lalata yanayin muhalli da wuraren zama, kuma a wuraren noma na iya dagula ko lalata kiwo mai albarka da filayen noma.[5]

Ramin rami

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Gida a Gladbeck, Jamus, tare da tsatsauran ra'ayi sakamakon zaizayar ƙasa sakamakon hakar ma'adinai

Ruwan nutsewa a ko kusa da wurin hakar ma'adinan yawanci yana faruwa ne daga gazawar rufin ma'adinan daga hakar albarkatu, nauyi mai nauyi ko yankewar kasa.[6] Nauyin nauyi a wurin hakar ma'adinan na iya haifar da ramuka a cikin ƙasan ƙasa ko dutse, wanda zai iya cika da yashi da ƙasa daga saman da ke sama. Waɗannan kogon da ke cikin nauyin nauyi suna da yuwuwar a ƙarshe su komo ciki, su samar da rami a saman. Rashin gazawar ƙasa ba zato ba tsammani yana haifar da babban baƙin ciki a saman ba tare da faɗakarwa ba, wannan na iya zama haɗari sosai ga rayuwa da dukiya.[7] Za a iya rage matsuguni a wurin hakar ma'adinan tare da ingantaccen tsarin samar da ababen more rayuwa kamar tallafin hakar ma'adinai da ingantacciyar ginin bango don haifar da shinge a kusa da wurin da ke da kusanci da ramuka. Ana iya yin cika-baya da goge-goge don daidaita ayyukan da aka yi watsi da su.

Gurbacewar ruwa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Haƙar ma'adinai na iya yin illa a kan saman da ke kewaye da ruwan ƙasa. Idan ba a dauki matakan da suka dace ba, yawan adadin sinadarai da ba bisa ka'ida ba, irin su arsenic, sulfuric acid, da mercury na iya yaduwa a kan wani yanki mai mahimmanci na ruwa ko ƙasa.[8] Yawan ruwan da ake amfani da shi don magudanar ruwa na nawa, sanyaya nawa, hakar ruwa da sauran hanyoyin hakar ma'adinai na kara yuwuwar wadannan sinadarai su gurbata ruwa na kasa da na sama.[9] Yayin da hakar ma'adinai ke samar da ruwan sha mai yawa, hanyoyin zubar da ruwa suna iyakance saboda gurɓataccen ruwan sha.[10] Guduwar da ke ɗauke da waɗannan sinadarai na iya haifar da lalacewar ciyayi da ke kewaye. Zubar da ruwa a cikin ruwan saman ko a cikin dazuzzuka masu yawa shine zaɓi mafi muni. Don haka, ana ɗaukar zubar da wutsiyar ruwa a matsayin mafi kyawun zaɓi (idan an zubar da sharar zuwa zurfin zurfi). Ajiye filaye da sake cika ma’adinan bayan ya kare ya fi kyau, idan ba a buqatar dazuzzukan da za a ajiye tarkace. Gurbacewar magudanar ruwa da ke haifar da zubewar sinadarai shima yana da tasiri ga lafiyar al'ummar yankin.[11]

A cikin ingantattun ma'adanai masu kyau, masana kimiyyar ruwa da masu nazarin yanayin ƙasa suna yin taka-tsan-tsan auna ruwa don yin taka tsantsan don ware duk wani nau'in gurɓataccen ruwa da ayyukan ma'adinan ke iya haifarwa. Ana aiwatar da rage lalacewar muhalli a cikin ayyukan hakar ma'adinai na Amurka ta hanyar dokokin tarayya da na jihohi, ta hanyar hana masu aiki don biyan ka'idoji don kariya daga sama da ruwan ƙasa daga gurɓata.[12] Ana yin wannan mafi kyau ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin cirewa mara guba a matsayin bioleaching .

Gurbacewar iska

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Gurbacewar iska na da mummunan tasiri ga ci gaban shuka, da farko ta hanyar tsoma baki tare da tarin albarkatu. Da zarar ganye suna da kusanci da yanayi, yawancin gurɓataccen iska, irin su O3 da NOx, suna shafar aikin haɓakar ganyen kuma suna tsoma baki tare da daidaitawar carbon ta hanyar ɗigon shuka. Gurbacewar iska da aka fara jibawa a ƙasa, kamar ƙarfe masu nauyi, da farko suna shafar aikin tushen kuma suna tsoma baki tare da kama albarkatun ƙasa ta hanyar shuka. Wadannan ragi na kama albarkatun (samar da carbohydrate ta hanyar photosynthesis, cin abinci mai gina jiki na ma'adinai da ruwa daga ƙasa) zai shafi ci gaban shuka ta hanyar canje-canje a cikin rabon albarkatu zuwa nau'ikan tsire-tsire. Lokacin da damuwa da gurɓataccen iska ke haɗuwa tare da wasu matsalolin, misali damuwa na ruwa, sakamakon akan girma zai dogara ne akan hadadden hulɗar matakai a cikin shuka. A matakin yanayin halittu, gurɓataccen iska na iya canza daidaiton gasa tsakanin nau'ikan da ke akwai kuma yana iya haifar da canje-canje a cikin al'ummar shuka. A cikin tsarin agroecosystem, waɗannan canje-canje na iya bayyana a cikin raguwar yawan amfanin tattalin arziki. [13]

Acid dutse magudanar ruwa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ma'adinan da ke ƙarƙashin ƙasa yakan ci gaba a ƙarƙashin teburin ruwa, don haka dole ne a rika fitar da ruwa daga cikin ma'adinan don hana ambaliya. Sa’ad da aka yi watsi da ma’adinan, aikin famfo ya daina, kuma ruwa ya mamaye ma’adinan. Wannan gabatarwar ruwa shine matakin farko a mafi yawan yanayin magudanar ruwan acid.

Magudanar ruwa na acid a Portugal

Magudanar ruwan acid na faruwa ne ta zahiri a cikin wasu mahalli a matsayin wani bangare na yanayin yanayin dutsen amma yana dada ta'azzara ta hanyar manyan rikice-rikicen kasa na hako ma'adinai da sauran manyan ayyukan gini, yawanci a cikin duwatsun dake dauke da ma'adinan sulfide . Wuraren da ƙasa ta rikice (misali wuraren gine-gine, rarrabuwa, da hanyoyin sufuri) na iya haifar da magudanar ruwan acid. A cikin yankuna da yawa, ruwan da ke zubowa daga hannun gawayi, wuraren sarrafa kwal, wuraren wankin gawayi, da sharar sharar kwal na iya zama mai yawan acidic, kuma a irin wannan yanayi ana daukarsa a matsayin magudanar ruwa na acid mine (AMD). Irin wannan nau'in halayen sinadarai da matakai na iya faruwa ta hanyar hargitsi na ƙasan acid sulfate da aka samu a ƙarƙashin yanayin bakin teku ko esturine bayan babban matakin teku na ƙarshe, kuma ya ƙunshi irin wannan haɗarin muhalli.

Manyan fasahohin fasaha guda biyar da aka yi amfani da su don sa ido da sarrafa kwararar ruwa a wuraren ma'adinai sune tsarin karkatar da ruwa, tafkuna, tsarin bututun ruwa na kasa, tsarin magudanar ruwa a karkashin kasa, da shingen karkashin kasa. Game da AMD, gurɓataccen ruwa gabaɗaya ana zubar da shi zuwa wurin magani wanda ke kawar da gurɓataccen abu.[14] Wani bita na 2006 na maganganun tasirin muhalli ya gano cewa "Hasashen ingancin ruwa da aka yi bayan la'akari da tasirin ragewa ya fi yin la'akari da tasirin gaske ga ruwan ƙasa, tsutsa, da ruwan saman". [15]

Karfe masu nauyi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Karfe masu nauyi abubuwa ne da ke faruwa a zahiri waɗanda ke da nauyin atom ɗin mai girma da yawa aƙalla sau 5 fiye da na ruwa. Abubuwan masana'antu da yawa, na gida, aikin gona, likitanci da fasaha sun haifar da rarraba su cikin yanayi; da nuna damuwa kan illar da suke da ita ga lafiyar dan adam da muhalli.[16]

Karafa masu nauyi da ke faruwa a zahiri ana nuna su cikin sifofin da ba su da saurin isa ga tsire-tsire. A al'ada ana nuna su a cikin sifofin da ba za a iya narkewa ba, kamar a cikin tsarin ma'adinai, ko a cikin tsattsauran ra'ayi ko hadaddun sifofi waɗanda ba su da sauri don ɗaukar shuka. Yawancin karafa masu nauyi da ke faruwa suna da ma'auni mai ban sha'awa a cikin ƙasa don haka ba su da saurin isa ga halittu masu rai. Matsakaicin kuzarin da ke faruwa tsakanin karafa masu nauyi da ƙasa na yau da kullun yana da girma na musamman idan aka kwatanta da wanda ke da tushen ɗan adam.[17]

Rushewa da jigilar karafa da ƙarfe mai nauyi ta hanyar gudu da ruwa na ƙasa wani misali ne na matsalolin muhalli tare da hakar ma'adinai, irin su Britannia Mine, tsohon ma'adinan tagulla kusa da Vancouver, British Columbia . Tar Creek, wurin hakar ma'adinai da aka yi watsi da shi a Picher, Oklahoma wanda yanzu ya zama wurin Superfund na Hukumar Kare Muhalli, kuma yana fama da gurɓataccen ƙarfe. Ruwa a cikin mahakar ma'adinan mai dauke da narkar da karafa masu nauyi kamar gubar da cadmium ya zubo cikin ruwan karkashin kasa, ya gurbata shi.[18] Adana dogon lokaci na wutsiya da ƙura na iya haifar da ƙarin matsaloli, saboda ana iya busa su cikin sauƙi daga wurin ta hanyar iska, kamar yadda ya faru a Skouriotissa, ma'adinan jan karfe da aka watsar a Cyprus . Canje-canjen muhalli kamar ɗumamar yanayi da ƙara yawan ayyukan hakar ma'adinai na iya ƙara abun ciki na karafa masu nauyi a cikin rafi.[19]

Tasiri akan bambancin halittu

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Kogin Ok Tedi ya gurɓata da wutsiya daga wata ma'adanin da ke kusa.

Dasa ma'adinan babban gyare-gyaren wurin zama, kuma ƙananan rikice-rikice suna faruwa akan sikeli mafi girma fiye da wurin cin abinci, ragowar sharar ma'adanan nawa misali. Za'a iya lura da illolin da ba daidai ba bayan ƙarshen aikin ma'adinan.[20] Rushewa ko gyare-gyare mai tsauri na asalin wurin da sakin abubuwa na ɗan adam na iya yin babban tasiri akan bambancin halittu a yankin.[21] Rushewar wurin zama shine babban ɓangaren hasara na biodiversity, amma guba kai tsaye lalacewa ta hanyar abin da aka cire nawa, da guba ta kai tsaye ta hanyar abinci da ruwa, kuma na iya shafar dabbobi, ciyayi da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta. Gyaran wurin zama kamar pH da canjin yanayin zafi suna damun al'ummomin da ke kewaye. Dabbobin da ke da alaƙa suna da mahimmanci musamman, tunda suna buƙatar takamaiman yanayin muhalli. Lalacewa ko ƴan gyare-gyaren mazauninsu ya sa su cikin haɗarin halaka . Za a iya lalata wuraren zama idan babu isassun samfuran ƙasa da kuma samfuran da ba na sinadarai ba, kamar manyan duwatsu daga ma'adinan da aka jefar da su a cikin yanayin da ke kewaye ba tare da damuwa ga tasirin muhallin halitta ba.[22]

An san abubuwan da ke tattare da karafa masu nauyi suna raguwa tare da nisa daga ma'adinan,[23] da kuma tasiri akan bambancin halittu suna bin tsari iri ɗaya. Tasirin na iya bambanta da yawa dangane da motsi da kuma bioavailability na gurɓataccen abu : ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta za su kasance marasa ƙarfi a cikin muhalli yayin da ƙwayoyin hannu masu yawa za su shiga cikin wani ɗaki cikin sauƙi ko kuma kwayoyin halitta su ɗauke su. Alal misali, ƙayyadaddun karafa a cikin sediments na iya canza yanayin rayuwarsu, kuma ta haka gubarsu ga halittun ruwa.

Biomagnification yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin gurɓataccen wuraren zama: tasirin hakar ma'adinai akan bambance-bambancen halittu, tsammanin cewa matakan maida hankali ba su da girma don kashe kwayoyin da aka fallasa kai tsaye, ya kamata ya fi girma ga nau'in da ke saman sarkar abinci saboda wannan lamari.[24]

Mummunan illar hakar ma'adinai a kan halittu masu rai sun dogara sosai kan yanayin gurɓataccen abu, matakin maida hankali a cikin muhalli, da yanayin yanayin yanayin da kanta. Wasu nau'ikan suna da tsayayya da rikice-rikice na anthropogenic, yayin da wasu za su ɓace gaba ɗaya daga gurɓataccen yanki. Lokaci kaɗai ba ze ƙyale mazaunin ya warke gaba ɗaya daga gurɓataccen abu ba.[25] Ayyukan gyaran gyare-gyare suna ɗaukar lokaci,[26] kuma a mafi yawan lokuta ba zai ba da damar dawo da bambance-bambancen asali ba kafin aikin hakar ma'adinai ya faru.

Ƙwayoyin ruwa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Masana'antar hakar ma'adinai na iya yin tasiri ga bambancin halittun ruwa ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Hanya ɗaya na iya zama guba kai tsaye; mafi girman haɗari ga wannan yana faruwa ne lokacin da gurɓataccen abu ke tafi da ruwa a cikin ruwa ko kuma babu ruwa a cikin ruwa. Magudanar ruwa na na iya canza pH na ruwa, yana da wahala a bambanta tasiri kai tsaye akan kwayoyin halitta daga tasirin da canje-canjen pH ke haifarwa. Ana iya lura da tasirin duk da haka kuma an tabbatar da cewa gyare-gyaren pH ya haifar. Hakanan gurɓatawa na iya shafar halittun ruwa ta hanyar tasirin jiki: rafukan da ke da yawan adadin da aka dakatar da iyakataccen haske, don haka yana rage ƙwayoyin algae biomass. Ƙarfe oxide jijiya na iya iyakance biomass ta hanyar shafa algae ko abin da ke cikin su, don haka hana mulkin mallaka.

gurɓataccen tafkin Osisko a cikin Rouyn-Noranda

Abubuwan da ke tasiri ga al'ummomi a wuraren magudanar ruwa na ma'adinan acid sun bambanta na ɗan lokaci da na lokaci: zafin jiki, ruwan sama, pH, salinization da adadin ƙarfe duk suna nuna bambancin akan dogon lokaci, kuma suna iya yin tasiri sosai ga al'ummomi. Canje-canje a cikin pH ko zafin jiki na iya shafar narkewar ƙarfe, kuma ta haka ne adadin da ake samu wanda ke tasiri kai tsaye ga kwayoyin halitta. Bugu da ƙari, gurɓatawa yana ci gaba a cikin lokaci: shekaru casa'in bayan rufewar ma'adinan pyrite, pH na ruwa har yanzu yana da ƙasa sosai kuma yawancin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta sun ƙunshi yawancin kwayoyin acidophil . Wani babban binciken da aka yi la'akari da shi mai guba ga halittun ruwa shine gurbataccen yanayi da ya faru a Minamata Bay . Kamfanin sinadarai na masana'antu ya saki Methylmercury cikin ruwan datti kuma an gano wata cuta mai suna Minamata a Kumamoto, Japan. Wannan ya haifar da gubar mercury a cikin kifaye da kifin harsashi kuma yana gurɓata nau'ikan da ke kewaye da shi kuma da yawa sun mutu daga gare ta kuma yana shafar duk wanda ya ci gurɓataccen kifin.

Ƙwayoyin halitta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Al'ummomin algae ba su da bambance-bambance a cikin ruwan acidic wanda ke ɗauke da babban sinadarin zinc,[27] da damuwa na magudanar ruwa na rage yawan samar da su na farko. Al'ummar Diatoms suna canzawa sosai ta kowace irin canjin sinadarai, pH phytoplankton assemblage, da babban taro na ƙarfe yana rage yawan nau'in planktonic. Wasu nau'in diatoms na iya girma a cikin ɓangarorin ƙarfe-ƙarfe. A cikin sediments kusa da saman, cysts suna fama da lalata da kuma rufi mai nauyi. A cikin gurɓataccen yanayi, jimillar biomass na algae ya yi ƙasa kaɗan, kuma al'ummar diatom ɗin planktonic sun ɓace. Hakazalika ga phytoplankton, al'ummomin zooplankton suna canzawa sosai a lokuta inda tasirin hakar ma'adinai ya yi tsanani. Idan akwai ƙarin aiki, duk da haka, yana yiwuwa phytoplankton da taro na zooplankton sun kasance barga.

Macro-kwayoyin halitta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

An gyare-gyaren ƙwarin ruwa da al'ummomin crustacean a kusa da mahakar ma'adinai,[28] yana haifar da ƙarancin yanayin zafi kuma maharan sun mamaye al'ummarsu. Duk da haka, bambancin halittu na macroinvertebrates na iya kasancewa mai girma, idan an maye gurbin jinsuna masu mahimmanci da masu haƙuri. Lokacin da aka rage bambance-bambance a cikin yankin, wani lokaci babu wani tasiri na gurɓataccen rafi akan yawa ko ƙwayoyin halitta, [29] yana ba da shawarar cewa nau'ikan juriya waɗanda ke cika aikin iri ɗaya suna maye gurbin jinsuna masu ma'ana a cikin gurɓatattun wurare. Ragewar pH baya ga haɓakar ƙarfin ƙarfe na iya haifar da mummunan tasiri akan halayen macroinvertebrates, yana nuna cewa guba kai tsaye ba shine kawai batun ba. Kifi kuma yana iya shafar pH,[30] bambancin zafin jiki, da yawan adadin sinadarai.

Ƙwayoyin halitta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tsire-tsire

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Za a iya gyaggyara nau'in ƙasa da abun cikin ruwa sosai a cikin wuraren da ba su da damuwa, yana haifar da sauye-sauyen tsire-tsire a yankin. Yawancin tsire-tsire suna da ƙarancin juriya ga karafa a cikin ƙasa, amma hankali ya bambanta tsakanin nau'ikan. Bambance-bambancen ciyawa da jimillar ɗaukar hoto ba su da tasiri sosai ta yawan gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu fiye da ganyaye da ciyayi . Ana iya samun abubuwan sharar ma'adinan da aka ƙi ko ganowa saboda ayyukan hakar ma'adinai a kusa da ma'adinan, wani lokacin nesa da tushen. Tsire-tsire da aka kafa ba za su iya kawar da damuwa ba, kuma za su mutu a ƙarshe idan mazauninsu ya gurɓata da manyan karafa ko metalloids a wani taro wanda ya fi girma ga ilimin halittarsu. Wasu nau'ikan sun fi juriya kuma za su tsira daga waɗannan matakan, kuma wasu nau'ikan da ba na asali ba waɗanda za su iya jure wa waɗannan ƙima a cikin ƙasa, za su yi ƙaura a cikin ƙasashen da ke kewaye da ma'adinan don mamaye yanayin muhalli . Wannan kuma zai iya barin ƙasa ta zama mai rauni ga yuwuwar zaizayar ƙasa, wanda zai sa ta zama ta ga tsirrai.

Ana iya shafar tsire-tsire ta hanyar guba kai tsaye, misali abun ciki na ƙasa arsenic yana rage bambancin bryophyte . Hakanan ana iya gurbata ciyayi daga wasu karafa kamar su nickel da tagulla. Rashin acidification na ƙasa ta hanyar rage pH ta hanyar gurɓatar sinadarai kuma zai iya haifar da raguwar adadin nau'in. Masu gurɓatawa na iya canzawa ko dagula ƙwayoyin cuta, don haka canza wadatar abinci mai gina jiki, haifar da asarar ciyayi a yankin. Wasu tushen bishiyar suna karkata daga zurfin ƙasa mai zurfi don guje wa gurɓataccen yanki, don haka rashin tushe a cikin zurfin ƙasa, wanda ke haifar da yuwuwar kawar da iska lokacin da tsayin su da harbin nauyi ya karu. Gabaɗaya, binciken tushen yana raguwa a cikin gurɓatattun wurare idan aka kwatanta da waɗanda ba su da gurɓatacce. Bambancin nau'in tsire-tsire zai kasance ƙasa da ƙasa a wuraren da aka kwato fiye da wuraren da ba su da damuwa. Dangane da takamaiman nau'in hakar ma'adinai, ana iya cire duk ciyayi da farko daga wurin kafin a fara haƙar ma'adinai na ainihi.

Noman amfanin gona na iya zama matsala kusa da ma'adinai. Yawancin amfanin gona na iya girma a wuraren da ba su da rauni, amma yawan amfanin gona gabaɗaya ya yi ƙasa da yadda yake a cikin yanayin girma na yau da kullun. Tsire-tsire kuma sukan tara karafa masu nauyi a cikin gabobin su na iska, mai yiyuwa kai ga cin mutum ta hanyar 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari. Cin gurɓataccen amfanin gona na yau da kullun na iya haifar da matsalolin lafiya da ke haifar da dogon lokaci da ƙarfe. Sigari da aka yi daga shukar taba akan gurɓataccen wuraren yana iya yin illa ga yawan ɗan adam, saboda taba yana ƙoƙarin tara cadmium da zinc a cikin ganyen sa.

Dabbobi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Malartic mine - Osisko

Rushewar matsuguni na ɗaya daga cikin manyan batutuwan ayyukan hakar ma'adinai. An lalata manyan wuraren zama na yanayi a lokacin aikin ma'adinai da kuma amfani da su, wanda ya tilasta wa dabbobi barin wurin.

Ana iya cutar da dabbobi kai tsaye ta samfuran nawa da sauran abubuwan nawa. Kwayoyin halitta a cikin tsire-tsire ko ƙananan ƙwayoyin da suke ci na iya haifar da guba: dawakai, awaki da tumaki suna fallasa su a wasu wurare zuwa yuwuwar tattarawar jan ƙarfe da gubar a cikin ciyawa. Akwai ƙarancin nau'in tururuwa a cikin ƙasa mai ɗauke da manyan matakan tagulla, a kusa da ma'adinan tagulla. Idan an sami ƴan tururuwa kaɗan, to akwai yuwuwar cewa sauran halittun da ke zaune a kewayen suna da tasiri sosai da babban matakan tagulla. Tururuwa suna da kyakkyawan hukunci ko yanki ya saba yayin da suke rayuwa kai tsaye a cikin ƙasa kuma don haka suna da damuwa ga rushewar muhalli.

Kwayoyin halitta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Kwayoyin halitta suna da matuƙar kula da gyare-gyaren muhalli, kamar pH da aka gyara, canjin yanayin zafi ko yawan sinadarai saboda girmansu. Misali, kasancewar arsenic da antimony a cikin ƙasa sun haifar da raguwa a cikin ƙwayoyin ƙasa gabaɗaya. Kamar yadda ruwa ke da hankali, ƙaramin canji a cikin ƙasa pH na iya haifar da gyare-gyaren gurɓataccen abu, baya ga tasirin kai tsaye ga ƙwayoyin pH masu hankali.

Kwayoyin halitta suna da nau'o'in kwayoyin halitta iri-iri a tsakanin yawan jama'arsu, don haka akwai damar da za a iya rayuwa na nau'in saboda tsayin daka ko juriya a cikin abin da wasu yankuna suka mallaka, gyare-gyaren ba su wuce iyaka ba. Duk da haka, rayuwa a cikin waɗannan yanayi zai nuna babban hasara na bambancin jinsi, wanda zai haifar da raguwar yuwuwar daidaitawa ga canje-canje masu zuwa. Ƙasar da ba ta ci gaba ba a cikin gurɓataccen ƙarfe mai nauyi na iya zama alamar rage ayyukan ƙasa microfauna da microflora, yana nuna raguwar adadin mutane ko raguwar ayyukan. Shekaru 20 bayan tashin hankali, ko da a yankin gyarawa, ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta suna raguwa sosai idan aka kwatanta da mazaunin da ba su da damuwa.

Arbuscular mycorrhiza fungi suna da damuwa musamman ga kasancewar sinadarai, kuma ƙasa a wasu lokuta takan damu sosai ta yadda ba za su iya haɗawa da tsire-tsire ba. Duk da haka, wasu fungi suna da ƙarfin tattara gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu da ikon tsaftace ƙasa ta hanyar canza yanayin ƙazanta masu ƙazanta, wannan na iya kare tsire-tsire daga yuwuwar lalacewar da sinadarai za su iya haifarwa. Kasancewarsu a cikin gurɓatattun wuraren zai iya hana asarar ɗimbin halittu saboda gurɓataccen gurɓataccen ma'adinai, ko ba da izinin haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta, kawar da sinadarai da ba a so daga gurɓataccen ƙasa. Akasin haka, wasu ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta na iya lalata muhalli: wanda zai iya haifar da haɓakar SO4 a cikin ruwa kuma yana iya haɓaka samar da ƙwayoyin cuta na hydrogen sulfide, guba ga tsire-tsire na ruwa da yawa.

Kayan sharar gida

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Wutsiya

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

  Hanyoyin hakar ma'adinai suna haifar da wuce haddi na kayan sharar gida da aka sani da wutsiya . Abubuwan da suka rage bayan sun kasance sakamakon raba juzu'i mai mahimmanci daga rashi maras ƙarfi na ma'adinai. Waɗannan ɓangarorin da yawa sune cakuda ruwa, yashi, yumbu, da ragowar bitumen. Ana adana wutsiya da yawa a cikin tafkunan wutsiya waɗanda aka yi daga kwaruruka na zahiri ko manyan injinan madatsun ruwa da tsarin dyke. Tailings tafkunan na iya zama wani ɓangare na aiki na ma'adinai na tsawon shekaru 30-40. Wannan yana ba da damar ajiyar wutsiya don daidaitawa, ko don ajiya da sake amfani da ruwa.

Wutsiya na da babban yuwuwar lalata muhalli ta hanyar sakin karafa masu guba ta hanyar magudanar ruwa na acid ko ta lalata namun dajin ruwa; waɗannan duka suna buƙatar kulawa akai-akai da kuma kula da ruwan da ke wucewa ta dam. Koyaya, babban haɗarin tafkunan wutsiya shine gazawar dam. Yawancin tafkunan wutsiya ana yin su ne ta hanyar cikewar gida (ƙasa, sharar ƙasa, ko nauyi daga ayyukan hakar ma'adinai da wutsiya) kuma galibi ana gina bangon dam ɗin don ɗaukar wutsiya masu yawa. Rashin ƙa'ida don ƙirar ƙira na tafkunan wutsiya shine abin da ke jefa muhalli cikin haɗari don ambaliya daga tafkunan wutsiya.

Tushen lalacewa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tulin ganima tulin nauyi ne wanda aka cire daga wurin hakar ma'adinai yayin hakar gawayi ko tama. Waɗannan kayan sharar sun ƙunshi ƙasa na yau da kullun da duwatsu, tare da yuwuwar gurɓata da sharar sinadarai. Lalacewar ta bambanta da wutsiya, domin ana sarrafa ta da kayan da ke saura bayan an fitar da abubuwa masu mahimmanci daga tama. Konewar ƙonawa na iya faruwa sau da yawa kamar yadda, tsofaffin nasihun ganima sukan zama sako-sako kuma suna kan gefen tari. Kamar yadda ganimar ta ƙunshi abu ne na carbonaceous da ke da zafi sosai, ana iya kunna shi da gangan ta hanyar kunna wuta ko kuma toka mai zafi. Tushen ɓarna na iya kama wuta sau da yawa kuma a bar shi yana ƙonewa a ƙarƙashin ƙasa ko cikin tarin ganima na shekaru da yawa.

Ayyukan hakar ma'adinai

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Ayyukan hakar ma'adinai, ciki har da bincike, bincike, ginawa, aiki, kiyayewa, fadadawa, watsi, ƙaddamarwa da sake fasalin ma'adinai na iya tasiri ga tsarin zamantakewa da muhalli a cikin kewayon hanyoyi masu kyau da mara kyau, da kuma kai tsaye da kuma kai tsaye hanyoyi.

Illar gurbacewar nawa akan mutane

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Haka ma hakar ma’adinai na shafar mutane. Akwai cututtuka da yawa da za su iya fitowa daga gurɓatattun abubuwan da ke fitowa cikin iska da ruwa yayin aikin hakar ma'adinai. Misali, yayin aikin narkewar abubuwa masu yawa na gurɓataccen iska, kamar su gurɓataccen abu da aka dakatar, SO, arsenic particles da cadmium, suna fitarwa. Karfe ana fitar da su a cikin iska kamar yadda kuma. Hakanan akwai haɗarin lafiyar sana'a da yawa waɗanda masu hakar ma'adinai ke fuskanta. Yawancin masu hakar ma'adinai suna fama da cututtuka daban-daban na numfashi da na fata kamar asbestosis, silicosis, ko cutar huhu.[31]

Bugu da ƙari kuma, ɗaya daga cikin manyan ɓangaren ma'adinai da ke tasiri ga mutane shine gurɓataccen gurɓataccen ruwa da ke ƙarewa a cikin ruwa, wanda ke haifar da rashin ingancin ruwa. Kimanin kashi 30 cikin 100 na duniya na da damar samun ruwan da za a iya sabuntawa wanda masana’antu ke amfani da su da ke samar da ɗimbin sharar da ke ɗauke da sinadarai a wurare daban-daban waɗanda ake sakawa cikin ruwan. Damuwar sinadarai masu aiki a cikin ruwa na iya haifar da babban haɗari ga lafiyar ɗan adam saboda yana iya taruwa a cikin ruwa da kifi. Akwai wani bincike da aka yi kan mahakar da aka yi watsi da ita a kasar Sin, ma'adinan Dabaoshan kuma wannan ma'adanin ba ta yi aiki ba tsawon shekaru da yawa duk da haka tasirin yadda karafa ke taruwa a cikin ruwa da kasa ya kasance babban abin damuwa ga kauyukan makwabta. Sakamakon rashin kulawa da kayan sharar gida an kiyasta kashi 56% na yawan mace-mace a cikin yankunan da ke kusa da wannan wuraren hakar ma'adinai, kuma da yawa sun kamu da ciwon daji na esophageal da ciwon hanta. Ya haifar da cewa wannan ma'adanin har zuwa yau yana da mummunan tasiri ga lafiyar ɗan adam ta hanyar amfanin gona kuma a bayyane yake cewa akwai buƙatar ƙarin matakan tsaftacewa a kewayen yankunan da ke kewaye.

Tasirin dogon lokaci da ke da alaƙa da gurɓataccen iska suna da yawa ciki har da asma na yau da kullun, ƙarancin huhu, da mace-mace na zuciya da jijiyoyin jini. A cewar wani binciken ƙungiyar Sweden, da alama ana haifar da ciwon sukari bayan bayyanar gurɓataccen iska na dogon lokaci. Bugu da ƙari kuma, gurɓataccen iska yana da alama yana da illolin rashin lafiya iri-iri a farkon rayuwar ɗan adam, kamar su na numfashi, da jijiyoyin jini, da tabin hankali, da na mahaifa, wanda ke haifar da mace-macen jarirai ko cututtuka na yau da kullun a cikin tsufa. Tattaunawa gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu yana shafar waɗanda ke zaune a cikin manyan yankuna na birane, inda ɓarkewar tituna ke ba da gudummawa kan gaba wajen lalata ingancin tattaunawa. Haka kuma akwai barazanar tabarbarewar injina, inda yaduwar hazo mai cutarwa ka iya yin illa ga al'ummar yankunan da ke kewaye. Ana yanke shawarar warwatsa guba ta sigogi da yawa, mafi kyawun sautin barometric da iska.

sare itatuwa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Tare da buɗaɗɗen ma'adinan simintin gyare- gyare, nauyin nauyi, wanda zai iya rufewa a cikin gandun daji, dole ne a cire shi kafin a fara hakar ma'adinai. Ko da yake saran gandun daji saboda hakar ma'adinai na iya zama kaɗan idan aka kwatanta da jimillar adadin zai iya haifar da ɓarnawar jinsuna idan akwai babban matakin ƙarancin gida. Rayuwar ma'adinan gawayi na daya daga cikin mafi kazanta da ke haifar da sare dazuzzuka saboda yawan guba, da kuma karafa masu nauyi da ke fitar da muhallin kasa da ruwa. Ko da yake sakamakon hakar kwal yana ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo don yin tasiri ga muhalli kona gawayi da gobara da za su iya ƙone har shekaru da yawa na iya sakin toka mai tashi tare da ƙara yawan iskar gas . Musamman cire ma'adinai wanda zai iya lalata shimfidar wurare, dazuzzuka, da namun daji da ke kusa da wuraren. Bishiyoyi, tsire-tsire da ƙasa na sama suna sharewa daga yankin ma'adinai kuma wannan na iya haifar da lalata ƙasar noma . Bugu da ƙari, lokacin da ruwan sama ya faru, toka da sauran kayan ana wanke su cikin koguna da za su iya cutar da kifi. Har ila yau waɗannan tasirin na iya faruwa bayan an kammala wurin hakar ma'adinan wanda ke damun kasancewar ƙasar kuma maido da sare itatuwa yana ɗaukar lokaci fiye da yadda aka saba saboda ingancin ƙasar ya lalace. Haƙar ma'adinai na shari'a, duk da cewa an fi sarrafa muhalli fiye da hakar ma'adinai ba bisa ka'ida ba, yana ba da gudummawa ga wani kaso mai tsoka ga sare gandun daji na ƙasashe masu zafi.[32][33]

Tasirin da ke da alaƙa da takamaiman nau'ikan hakar ma'adinai

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

hakar kwal

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Abubuwan muhalli na masana'antar kwal ba wai kawai suna yin tasiri ga gurɓataccen iska, sarrafa ruwa da amfani da ƙasa ba amma har ma suna haifar da mummunar illa ga lafiya ta hanyar kona gawayi.[34] Gurbacewar iska na karuwa a adadin gubobi kamar su mercury, gubar, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides da sauran karafa masu nauyi. Wannan yana haifar da al'amurran kiwon lafiya da suka shafi matsalolin numfashi kuma yana tasiri namun daji a kewayen yankunan da ke buƙatar iska mai tsabta don tsira. Har yanzu ba a san makomar gurɓacewar iska ba yayin da Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta yi ƙoƙarin hana wasu hayaƙi amma ba ta da matakan kula da duk tsiron da ke haƙar kwal. Gurbacewar ruwa wani abu ne da ke lalacewa a duk tsawon wannan tsari na hakar gawayin, tokar kwal yawanci ana kwashewa a cikin ruwan sama wanda ke ratsawa zuwa manyan wuraren ruwa. Yana iya ɗaukar har zuwa shekaru 10 don tsaftace wuraren ruwa waɗanda ke da sharar gida da yuwuwar lalata ruwa mai tsafta na iya sa tacewa ta fi wahala kawai.

Ma'adinan teku mai zurfi

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Zurfafawar hakar ma'adinan teku don nodules na manganese da sauran albarkatu sun haifar da damuwa daga masana kimiyyar ruwa da kungiyoyin muhalli game da tasirin yanayin yanayin teku mai rauni. Ilimin tasirin tasiri yana da iyaka saboda iyakataccen bincike kan rayuwar teku mai zurfi.[35][36]

Lithium ma'adinai

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Lithium ma'adinai a Salar del Hombre Muerto, Argentina

Lithium baya faruwa a matsayin karfe ta halitta tun da yake yana da karfin gaske, amma ana samunsa a hade a cikin kadan kadan a cikin duwatsu, kasa, da jikunan ruwa. Ana iya fallasa fitar da lithium a sigar dutse zuwa iska, ruwa, da ƙasa.[37] Bugu da ƙari, ana buƙatar batura a duniya don ƙunshi lithium dangane da masana'antu, sinadarai masu guba da lithium ke samarwa na iya yin mummunan tasiri ga mutane, ƙasa, da nau'in ruwa.[38] Yawan samar da lithium ya karu da kashi 25 cikin 100 tsakanin 2000 zuwa 2007 don amfani da batura, kuma ana samun manyan hanyoyin lithium a cikin ma'adinan tafkin brine.[39] Ana gano Lithium kuma ana fitar da shi daga ma'adanai 150, yumbu, brines da yawa, da ruwan teku, kuma kodayake hakar lithium daga nau'in dutsen yana da tsada sau biyu daga na lithium da aka ciro daga brines, matsakaicin ajiyar brine ya fi idan aka kwatanta da matsakaita. lithium hard rock ajiya.[40]

Phosphate ma'adinai

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Karst na dutsen ƙasa a tsibirin Nauru wanda haƙar ma'adinan phosphate ya rinjayi

Ana hako duwatsu masu ɗauke da phosphorus don samar da phosphorus, wani muhimmin abu da ake amfani dashi a masana'antu da noma. Tsarin hakar ya haɗa da kawar da ciyayi na saman, ta yadda za a fallasa duwatsun phosphorus zuwa yanayin yanayin ƙasa, yana lalata yankin ƙasa tare da fallasa phosphorus, yana haifar da zazzagewar ƙasa.[41] Abubuwan da aka fitar daga ma'adinan phosphate sun kasance sharar gida, da wutsiya, wanda ke haifar da bayyanar ɗan adam ga ƙwayoyin cuta daga gurɓataccen wutsiya ta hanyar inhalation da abubuwa masu guba waɗanda ke tasiri lafiyar ɗan adam ( Cd, Cr, Zn, Cu da Pb ).

Haƙar ma'adinan mai

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Oil shale dutse ne mai ruɗi wanda ke ɗauke da kerogen wanda za'a iya samar da sinadarin hydrocarbons. Haƙar ma'adinan man da ke haƙar ma'adinai na yin tasiri ga muhallin da zai iya lalata ƙasa da yanayin halittu. Thermal dumama da konewa yana haifar da abubuwa da yawa da sharar gida wanda ya haɗa da carbon dioxide da iskar gas . Yawancin masana muhalli suna adawa da samarwa da amfani da shale mai saboda yana haifar da yawan iskar gas. Daga cikin gurɓataccen iska, gurɓataccen ruwa shine babban al'amari musamman saboda shal ɗin mai yana hulɗa da iskar oxygen da hydrocarbons. Akwai canje-canje a cikin shimfidar wuri tare da wuraren hakar ma'adinai saboda hakar ma'adinan mai da kuma samarwa ta amfani da samfuran sinadarai. Matsalolin ƙasa a cikin yankin ma'adinai na ƙarƙashin ƙasa matsala ce mai tsayi saboda yana haifar da wuraren da ba a daidaita ba. Ma'adinan karkashin kasa yana haifar da sabon tsari wanda zai iya dacewa da wasu tsiro, amma ana iya buƙatar gyarawa.[42]

Cire haƙar ma'adinai daga saman dutsen

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Aikin hakar ma'adinai na tsaunin tsaunuka (MTR) yana faruwa ne lokacin da aka sare bishiyu, kuma ana cire kutukan kwal da injina da abubuwan fashewa. Sakamakon haka shimfidar wuri ta fi saurin kamuwa da ambaliyar ruwa da haifar da gurɓatawar sinadarai. Yankin da ke da matukar damuwa da kawar da tsaunin dutse ya haifar da lalacewar ingancin ruwan rafi zuwa ga yanayin magudanar ruwa da na kasa don haka hakar ma'adinai ta saman tsaunuka tana shafar tasirin ruwa da magudanan ruwa na dogon lokaci.

Yashi hakar ma'adinai

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Hakar ma'adinan yashi da tsakuwa na haifar da manyan ramuka da fissures a saman duniya.[43] A wasu lokuta, hakar ma'adinai na iya fadada sosai har ya shafi ruwan ƙasa, maɓuɓɓugan ruwa, rijiyoyin ƙarƙashin ƙasa, da teburin ruwa. Manyan barazanar ayyukan hakar yashi sun hada da lalata gadon tashoshi, samuwar kogi da zaizayar kasa.[44] Hako ma'adinan yashi ya haifar da karuwar turbayawar ruwa a mafi yawan gabar tafkin Hongze, tafkin ruwa na hudu mafi girma a kasar Sin.[45]

Ragewa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

Don tabbatar da kammala aikin sakewa, ko maido da ma'adanan don amfani da su a nan gaba, gwamnatoci da yawa da hukumomi a duniya suna buƙatar kamfanonin hakar ma'adinai su sanya jinginar da za a gudanar da su ba tare da izini ba har sai an tabbatar da ingancin ƙasar da aka kwato, ko da yake idan hanyoyin tsaftacewa sun fi yawa. tsada fiye da girman haɗin gwiwa, za a iya watsar da bond ɗin kawai. Tun daga 1978 masana'antar hakar ma'adinai ta kwato fiye da kadada miliyan 2 (8,000) km 2 ) na kasa a Amurka kadai. Wannan fili da aka kwato ya sabunta ciyayi da namun daji a wuraren hakar ma'adinai na baya kuma ana iya amfani da su wajen noma da kiwo.

Manazarta

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
  1. ↑ Laura J., Sonter (December 5, 2018). "Mining and biodiversity: key issues and research needs in conservation science". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 285 (1892): 20181926. doi:10.1098/rspb.2018.1926. PMC 6283941. PMID 30518573.
  2. ↑ Rose, Calvin W.; Yu, Bofu; Ward, Douglas P.; Saxton, Nina E.; Olley, Jon M.; Tews, Errol K. (2014-05-24). "The erosive growth of hillside gullies". Earth Surface Processes and Landforms. 39 (15): 1989–2001. Bibcode:2014ESPL...39.1989R. doi:10.1002/esp.3593. ISSN 0197-9337. S2CID 129546751.
  3. ↑ Moreno-de las Heras, M. (March 2009). "Development of soil physical structure and biological functionality in mining spoils affected by soil erosion in a Mediterranean-Continental environment". Geoderma (in Turanci). 149 (3–4): 249–256. Bibcode:2009Geode.149..249M. doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2008.12.003.
  4. ↑ Wantzen, Karl; Mol, Jan (2013-09-30). "Soil Erosion from Agriculture and Mining: A Threat to Tropical Stream Ecosystems". Agriculture. 3 (4): 660–683. doi:10.3390/agriculture3040660. ISSN 2077-0472.
  5. ↑ Zhang, Ling; Wang, Jinman; Bai, Zhongke; Lv, Chunjuan (2015-05-01). "Effects of vegetation on runoff and soil erosion on reclaimed land in an opencast coal-mine dump in a loess area". CATENA (in Turanci). 128: 44–53. doi:10.1016/j.catena.2015.01.016. ISSN 0341-8162.
  6. ↑ Singh, Kalendra B. (1997). "Sinkhole subsidence due to mining". Geotechnical & Geological Engineering. 15 (4): 327–341. doi:10.1007/BF00880712. S2CID 140168064.
  7. ↑ Singh, Kalendra B.; Dhar, Bharat B. (December 1997). "Sinkhole subsidence due to mining". Geotechnical and Geological Engineering. 15 (4): 327–341. doi:10.1007/BF00880712. S2CID 140168064.
  8. ↑ "January 2009". ngm.nationalgeographic.com. Archived from the original on 2017-06-15. Retrieved 2023-05-08.
  9. ↑ "January 2009". ngm.nationalgeographic.com. Archived from the original on 2017-07-01. Retrieved 2023-05-08.
  10. ↑ "Mining and Water Quality". www.usgs.gov. Retrieved 2020-04-21.
  11. ↑ The principal federal laws are:
  12. ↑ Asante, Ramseyer (March 29, 2017). "Environmental Impact of Mining". Global Congress on Process Safety.
  13. ↑ Development, Office of Research &. "PLANT RESPONSE TO AIR POLLUTION". cfpub.epa.gov (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-03-31.
  14. ↑ "Mining conference 2008". itech.fgcu.edu. Archived from the original on 2017-12-17. Retrieved 2023-05-08.
  15. ↑ Maest et al. 2006. Predicted Versus Actual Water Quality at Hardrock Mine Sites: Effect of Inherent Geochemical and Hydrologic Characteristics.
  16. ↑ Tchounwou, Paul B.; Yedjou, Clement G.; Patlolla, Anita K.; Sutton, Dwayne J. (2012), Luch, Andreas (ed.), "Heavy Metal Toxicity and the Environment", Molecular, Clinical and Environmental Toxicology (in Turanci), Basel: Springer Basel, 101, pp. 133–164, doi:10.1007/978-3-7643-8340-4_6, ISBN 978-3-7643-8339-8, PMC 4144270, PMID 22945569
  17. ↑ Ayangbenro, Ayansina; Babalola, Olubukola (2017-01-19). "A New Strategy for Heavy Metal Polluted Environments: A Review of Microbial Biosorbents". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 14 (1): 94. doi:10.3390/ijerph14010094. ISSN 1660-4601. PMC 5295344. PMID 28106848.
  18. ↑ "Ottawa County, Oklahoma Hazardous Waste Sites". Archived from the original on 2008-02-20. Retrieved 2009-07-26.
  19. ↑ Huang, Xiang; Sillanpää, Mika; Gjessing, Egil T.; Peräniemi, Sirpa; Vogt, Rolf D. (2010-09-01). "Environmental impact of mining activities on the surface water quality in Tibet: Gyama valley". The Science of the Total Environment. 408 (19): 4177–4184. Bibcode:2010ScTEn.408.4177H. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.05.015. ISSN 1879-1026. PMID 20542540.
  20. ↑ Jung, Myung Chae; Thornton, Iain (1996). "Heavy metals contamination of soils and plants in the vicinity of a lead-zinc mine, Korea". Applied Geochemistry. 11 (1–2): 53–59. Bibcode:1996ApGC...11...53J. doi:10.1016/0883-2927(95)00075-5.
  21. ↑ Sonter, Laura J.; Dade, Marie C.; Watson, James E. M.; Valenta, Rick K. (December 2020). "Renewable energy production will exacerbate mining threats to biodiversity". Nature Communications (in Turanci). 11 (1): 4174. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.4174S. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-17928-5. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 7463236. PMID 32873789.
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  36. ↑ Halfar, Jochen; Fujita, Rodney M. (2007-05-18). "Danger of Deep-Sea Mining". Science (in Turanci). 316 (5827): 987. doi:10.1126/science.1138289. PMID 17510349. S2CID 128645876.
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  38. ↑ Sun, Ying; Wang, Qi; Wang, Yunhao; Yun, Rongping; Xiang, Xu (2021-02-01). "Recent advances in magnesium/lithium separation and lithium extraction technologies from salt lake brine". Separation and Purification Technology (in Turanci). 256: 117807. doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117807. ISSN 1383-5866. S2CID 224998132.
  39. ↑ Talens Peiró, Laura; Villalba Méndez, Gara; Ayres, Robert U. (2013-07-11). "Lithium: Sources, Production, Uses, and Recovery Outlook". JOM. 65 (8): 986–996. Bibcode:2013JOM....65h.986T. doi:10.1007/s11837-013-0666-4. ISSN 1047-4838.
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  42. ↑ Jiang, Zaixing; Zhang, Wenzhao; Liang, Chao; Wang, Yongshi; Liu, Huimin; Chen, Xiang (2016-12-01). "Basic characteristics and evaluation of shale oil reservoirs". Petroleum Research (in Turanci). 1 (2): 149–163. doi:10.1016/S2096-2495(17)30039-X. ISSN 2096-2495.
  43. ↑ Maliva, Robert G.; Coulibaly, Kapo; Guo, Weixing; Missimer, Thomas M. (December 2010). "Simulations of Impacts of Sand and Rock Mining on Florida Coastal Plain Water Resources". Mine Water and the Environment (in Turanci). 29 (4): 294–300. doi:10.1007/s10230-010-0119-z. ISSN 1025-9112. S2CID 129730028.
  44. ↑ Barman, Bandita; Kumar, Bimlesh; Sarma, Arup Kumar (2019-09-01). "Impact of sand mining on alluvial channel flow characteristics". Ecological Engineering (in Turanci). 135: 36–44. doi:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2019.05.013. ISSN 0925-8574. S2CID 182134705.
  45. ↑ Zou, Wei; Tolonen, Kimmo T.; Zhu, Guangwei; Qin, Boqiang; Zhang, Yunling; Cao, Zhigang; Peng, Kai; Cai, Yongjiu; Gong, Zhijun (December 2019). "Catastrophic effects of sand mining on macroinvertebrates in a large shallow lake with implications for management". Science of the Total Environment. 695: 133706. Bibcode:2019ScTEn.695m3706Z. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133706. ISSN 0048-9697. PMID 31419677. S2CID 201041232.
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