Yancin Tunani

Yancin Tunani
Ƴancin Jama'a
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	Ƴancin Jama'a da intellectual freedom (en)
Bangare na	psychological terminology (en) da Gamayyar Sanarwa na Yancin Dan'adam

"Ba tare da 'yancin tunani ba za a iya samun irin wannan abu kamar hikima & babu wani abu kamar' yancin jama'a ba tare da' yancin magana ba", Benjamin Franklin, 1722

'Yanci na tunani shine' yancin mutum don riƙe ko la'akari da gaskiyar, ra'ayi, ko tunani, ba tare da la'akari na ra'ayoyin wasu ba.

Bayani na gaba ɗaya

Kowane mutum yana ƙoƙari ya sami ƙwarewar fahimta ta hanyar haɓaka ilimi, ra'ayoyi, ra'ayi da kuma tantance su a cikin yanayin da aka ba su. Wannan ƙwarewar fahimta tana ba da jin daɗin gamsuwa kuma tana maye gurbin jin rashin taimako. Baya ga kawo sauƙin kai ga son kai na mutum, sabon ilmi da ra'ayoyi suma suna kawo bege ga nan gaba.

'Yanci na tunani shine farkon kuma magajin - kuma saboda haka yana da alaƙa da - wasu' yanci, gami da' 'yancin addini,' yancin magana, da' yanci na faɗar albarkacin baki. Kodayake 'yancin tunani yana da mahimmanci ga wasu' yanci da yawa, ba a buƙatar su ba don su yi aiki kuma su wanzu. Tunanin 'yanci ko haƙƙi ba ya tabbatar da shigar da shi, doka, ko kariya ta hanyar gargadi na falsafa. Yana da muhimmiyar ra'ayi a kasashen Yamma kuma kusan dukkanin kundin tsarin mulkin demokraɗiyya suna kare waɗannan 'yanci.

Misali, Dokar 'Yancin Amurka ta ƙunshi sanannen tabbacin a cikin Kwaskwarimar Farko cewa ba za a iya yin dokoki da ke tsoma baki da addini "ko hana yin amfani da shi kyauta ba". Mai Shari'a na Kotun Koli na Amurka Benjamin Cardozo ya yi tunani a cikin Palko v. Connecticut (1937):

Tarihin ci gaba da murkushewa

Ba zai yiwu a san abin da wani yake tunani ba, yana mai da wahalar hanawa. An haɓaka ra'ayin a cikin Littafi Mai-Tsarki, mafi cikakke a cikin rubuce-rubucen Saul na Tarsus (misali, "Saboda ya sa ya kamata a hukunta 'yanci [Eleutheria] ta lamirin wani [suneideseos]?" 1 Korantiyawa 10:29).

Hoton tagulla na Giordano Bruno a Roma

Kodayake Magana falsafa na Girka Plato da Socrates sun tattauna 'yancin tunani kaɗan, an kira umarnin Sarki Ashoka (karni na 3 BC) doka ta farko da ta mutunta' yancin lamiri. A cikin al'adun Turai, ban da dokar haƙuri ta addini ta Constantine I a Milan a cikin 313, masana falsafa Themistius, Michel de Montaigne, Baruch Spinoza, John Locke, Voltaire, Alexander Vinet, da John Stuart Mill da masu ilimin tauhidi Roger Williams da Samuel Rutherford an dauke su manyan masu goyon bayan ra'ayin 'yancin lamiri (ko "yancin rai" a cikin kalmomin Williams).

Sarauniya Elizabeth I ta soke dokar tantance tunani a ƙarshen karni na sha shida, saboda, a cewar Sir Francis Bacon, ba ta yi "ba kamar] don yin windows cikin rayukan mutane da tunanin sirri ba". A lokacin mulkinta, duk da haka, littattafai da yawa da masanin ilimin Giordano Bruno ya buga sun haifar da gardama, suna ambaton batutuwan da Cocin Katolika ya haramta kamar yiwuwar sararin samaniya mara iyaka. Ba tare da son karkatar da waɗannan ra'ayoyin ba, Bruno ya ƙonewa shi a matsayin mai ridda a Roma ta hanyar Inquisition na Italiya, sannan ya zama shahidai don tunani kyauta.

Ignaz von Döllinger ya bayyana Oliver Cromwell a matsayin "na farko daga cikin manyan mutane na duniya don kafa ka'idar addini ta musamman, da kuma tilasta shi har zuwa gare shi ya kasance: ... Ka'idar 'yancin lamiri da ƙin tilasta addini".

Koyaya, ana iya iyakance 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki ta hanyar tantancewa, kamawa, ƙone littattafai, ko farfaganda, kuma wannan yana hana' yancin tunani. Misalan kamfen ɗin da ya shafi 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki sune murkushewar Soviet na binciken kwayoyin halitta don tallafawa ka'idar da aka sani da Lysenkoism, kamfen ɗin ƙone littattafai na Nazi Jamus, tsattsauran ra'ayi da aka tilasta a Cambodia a ƙarƙashin Pol Pot da Nazi Jamus a ƙarƙashin Adolf Hitler, tsananin iyakokin' yancin faɗakarwa da gwamnatocin Kwaminisanci na Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin da Cuba suka sanya ko kuma mulkin kama-karya irin su na Augusto Pinochet a Chile da Francisco Franco a Spain.

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