'Yancin Addini a Afghanistan
 'Yancin Addini a Afghanistan | |
|---|---|
freedom of religion by country (en)  | |
| Bayanai | |
| Facet of (en) |
'Yancin addini da religion in Afghanistan (en) |
| Ƙasa | Afghanistan |
'Yancin addini a Afghanistan ya canza a lokacin Jamhuriyar Musulunci da aka kafa a shekara ta 2002 bayan mamayewar da Amurka ta yi wanda ya raba tsohuwar gwamnatin Taliban.
'Yancin addini ya sake canzawa bayan da Taliban suka karbe iko a watan Agustan 2021.
Dubawa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Abubuwan farko guda uku na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Afganistan ranar 23 ga Janairu, 2004, sun wajabta:
- Afganistan za ta zama Jamhuriyar Musulunci, mai cin gashin kanta, kasa mai hadin kai, kuma ba za a iya rarrabawa ba.
- Addinin Musulunci mai tsarki shi ne addinin Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Afghanistan. Mabiya sauran addinai za su kasance masu 'yanci a cikin iyakokin doka wajen aiwatar da hakkokinsu na addini.
- Babu wata doka da za ta saba wa ka'idoji da tanade-tanaden addinin Musulunci mai tsarki a Afghanistan.[1]
Sashi na bakwai na kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya baiwa kasa damar yin biyayya ga yarjejeniyar kare hakkin dan adam ta duniya (UDHR) da sauran yarjejeniyoyin kasa da kasa da yarjejeniyoyin da kasar ke ciki.[2] Labari na 18 da 19 na UDHR, an haɗa su tare, sun bayyana yadda ya kamata cewa haƙƙin ɗan adam ne na duniya baki ɗaya yin saɓani na addini.[3]
A da, ƙananan al'ummomin Hindu, Sikhs, Yahudawa, da Kirista sun zauna a cikin ƙasar; akasarin mutanen wadannan al'ummomi sun fice. Ko da a lokacin da suke da kololuwa, wadannan tsiraru wadanda ba musulmi ba sun zama kashi daya ne kacal na al’ummar kasar. Kusan dukkanin mabiya addinin Hindu da Sikh na kasar, wadanda a da sun kai kimanin 50,000, sun yi hijira ko kuma suka yi hijira zuwa kasashen waje. Wadanda ba musulmi ba irin su Hindu da Sikhs yanzu sun kai dari kawai, galibi suna aiki a matsayin yan kasuwa. Kiristoci da Yahudawa kaɗan da ke zaune a ƙasar galibi baƙi ne da ke ƙasar don gudanar da ayyukan agaji a madadin ƙungiyoyin sa-kai na ƙasashen waje.
'Yancin Addini kafin 2002[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Tarihi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Taliban ta sanya dokar ta tafsirin shari'ar Musulunci, inda ta kafa "Ma'aikatar inganta kyawawan dabi'u da hana mummuna" don dalilai na tilastawa. Ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan Ma’aikatar shi ne gudanar da ’yan sanda na addini waɗanda ke aiwatar da doka a kan ka'idojin tufafi, yin aiki, samun kulawar likita, ɗabi'a, ayyukan addini, da bayyana ra'ayi. Mutanen da aka samu da laifin karya dokar, ana yawan fuskantar hukuncin da aka yanke musu a wurin da suka hada da duka da tsare su.
'Yan Taliban sun tsananta wa 'yan wasu kungiyoyin Musulunci da kuma wadanda ba musulmi ba. A al'adance, Musuluncin Sunna na mazhabar Hanafiyya shi ne mafi girman nau'in Musulunci a Afghanistan. Wannan makaranta tana lissafin Taliban a cikin mabiyanta. Madrassa Deoband (makarantar addini) kusa da Delhi, Indiya, ta kasance tushen tasiri ga waɗannan Sunni kusan shekaru 200. Yawancin shugabannin Taliban sun halarci makarantun hauza da ke da tasirin Deobandi a Pakistan. Makarantar Deoband ta dade tana neman "tsarkake" Musulunci ta hanyar watsar da abubuwan da ake zaton ba su dace da Musulunci ba ga imani tare da jaddada tsarin da aka kafa a Kur'ani da Hadisi. Malaman Deobandi sau da yawa suna adawa da abin da suke gani a matsayin tasirin yamma. Yawancin jama'a suna bin tafarkin Sunnar Hanafiyya ta Deobandi, amma ƴan tsiraru masu yawa suna manne da wani nau'in sufi na Hanafi Sunnism wanda aka fi sani da Sufanci. Sufanci ya ta'allaka ne akan umarni ko 'yan'uwantaka da ke bin shugabannin addini masu kwarjini.
‘Yan Shi’a a karkashin kungiyar Taliban na daga cikin kungiyoyin da suka fi fama da matsalar tattalin arziki a kasar. Wata kabila da aka fi sani da Hazara, galibin ‘yan Shi’a ne. Haka kuma akwai ‘yan Ismailiyya kadan da ke zaune a tsakiya da arewacin kasar. Isma'ilawa Musulmi ne na Shi'a, amma ku ɗauki Aga Khan shugabansu na ruhaniya.
'Yancin fadin albarkacin baki, gami da kan al'amuran addini[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Taliban ta hana 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki game da batutuwan addini ko tattaunawa da ke kalubalantar ra'ayin musulmin Sunni. Bugawa da rarraba wallafe-wallafen kowane iri, gami da kayan addini, ya kasance ba kasafai ba. A shekara ta 1998, an haramta kaset na talabijin, na’urar rikodin bidiyo, kaset na bidiyo, kaset na sauti, da jita-jita na tauraron dan adam don aiwatar da haramcin. Sai dai rahotannin da suka biyo baya sun nuna cewa mutane da dama a biranen kasar na ci gaba da mallakar irin wadannan na'urorin duk da haramcin. Taliban na ci gaba da haramta kade-kade, fina-finai, da talabijin bisa dalilan addini a yankunan da har yanzu take rike da su.
Bambancin addini[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Wariya ga wadanda ba musulmi ba[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A cewar kungiyar kare hakkin bil adama ta Human Rights Watch, a watan Satumban shekarar 1998, kungiyar Taliban ta fitar da wasu dokoki da suka haramta wa wadanda ba musulmi ba su gina sabbin wuraren ibada amma sun ba su damar yin ibada a wurare masu tsarki da ake da su, tare da sukar musulmi da kuma zama a gida daya da musulmi, kamar yadda ya saba. haka kuma ya umurci wadanda ba musulmi ba da su tantance gidajensu ta hanyar sanya wani kyalle mai ruwan dorawa a saman rufin gidansu da kuma bukatar matan da ba musulmi ba su sanya rigar rawaya mai alama ta musamman domin musulmi su nisanta kansu.
Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya takaita ‘yancin siyasa na wadanda ba musulmi ba na Afghanistan, kuma musulmi ne kawai aka amince su zama shugaban kasa.[4]
Wariya ga Sikhs[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A cikin watan Mayun 2001, a cewar rahotannin labarai, Taliban sun yi la'akari da wata doka da ke buƙatar Sikhs su sanya bajojin tantance tufafinsu. A ranar 23 ga watan Mayu, 2001, gidan rediyon Taliban ya ba da sanarwar cewa jami’an addini sun amince da dokar. Sai dai rahotanni sun ce Mullah Omar bai sanya hannu kan dokar ba kuma kungiyar Taliban ba ta aiwatar da shi ba.
Wariya ga Musulman Shi'a Hazara[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Danniya da 'yan Taliban na kabilar Hazara, wadanda galibinsu 'yan Shi'a ne, ya yi tsanani. Ana zargin kungiyar Taliban da aikata kisan gilla ga Hazaras musamman a arewacin kasar. An yi iƙirarin cewa Taliban ta kashe dubban fararen hula da fursunoni a lokacin da kuma bayan kame Mazar-i-Sharif a watan Agustan 1998.
Bayan da'awar kisan kiyashi, akwai kuma ikirarin korar 'yan kabilar Hazaras da Tajik na tilastawa daga yankunan da Taliban ke iko da su, da kuma cin zarafin wadannan tsiraru a duk yankunan da Taliban ke iko da su.
'Yancin yin tuba[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
An ba wa ƙananan ƙungiyoyin Kirista na ƙasashen waje damar ba da agajin jin kai a cikin ƙasar; duk da haka, 'yan Taliban sun hana su yin ridda. Wata doka a watan Yunin 2001 ta bayyana cewa yin ridda da waɗanda ba musulmi ba yana da hukuncin kisa ko kuma a kore su daga ƙasashen waje. Daga baya jami'an Taliban sun bayyana cewa dokar ta kasance jagora ce kawai.
A ranar 3 ga watan Agusta, 2001, Dayna Curry da Heather Mercer ne Taliban suka kama tare da wasu mutane 22 saboda aikinsu tare da Shelter Now, kungiyar agaji ta Kirista da ke a Jamus. Har ila yau, Taliban ta kwace Littafi Mai Tsarki da bidiyo da kaset na 'ya'yan kungiyar. An yi wa ma’aikatan shari’a ne saboda karya haramcin da kungiyar Taliban ta yi na shigar da addini. A ranar 15 ga watan Nuwamba, 2001, sojojin Operation Enduring Freedom sun 'yantar da Curry da Mercer, bayan da Taliban suka tsere daga Kabul.
'Yancin yin addini[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Addu’a ta wajaba a kan kowa, kuma waɗanda aka samu ba sa yin addu’a a ƙayyadadden lokaci ko kuma waɗanda suka makara wajen halartar sallah ana azabtar da su, sau da yawa ta hanyar dukansu. Akwai rahotanni a shekarar 1998 cewa membobin ma'aikatar a Kabul sun tsayar da mutane akan titi kuma suna buƙatar su karanta addu'o'in kur'ani daban-daban don sanin girman ilimin addininsu.
Rushewar mutum-mutumin Buddha[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A watan Maris na shekara ta 2001, 'yan Taliban sun lalata wasu manya-manyan mutum-mutumin Buddha guda biyu da aka sassaka a cikin wani dutse a lardin Bamiyan, bisa dalilin cewa mutum-mutumin na bautar gumaka ne.[5] 'Yan Taliban sun lalata mutum-mutumin duk da kiraye-kirayen da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, da al'ummar duniya, ciki har da kasashen musulmi da dama, suka yi, na a kiyaye wadannan mutum-mutumin da aka kwashe shekaru dubu biyu ana yi.
'Yancin Addini bayan 2002[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A shekara ta 2002 an kori Taliban daga mulki. Koyaya, rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa yana nufin cewa haƙƙin ɗan adam da yancin addini sun yi jinkirin haɓakawa. Wani rahoto a shekarar 2021 ya nuna cewa duk da wasu sauye-sauye da aka samu a gwamnati da al’umma, kananan al’ummomin kananan kabilu (da suka hada da Hindu, Sikhs, Kirista, Musulmi Ahmadi da Baha’is) sun kasance cikin hadari, ba tare da ikon kiyaye imaninsu a bainar jama’a ba saboda tsoron tashin hankali. ramuwar gayya. [6]
Wani rahoto da Pew Forum ya fitar a shekarar 2009 ya bayyana cewa Musulmi ‘yan Sunni ne ke da kashi 80-85% na al’ummar kasar, inda Musulmin Shi’a ke da kashi 10-15%. Sauran kungiyoyin addinai, galibi mabiya addinin Hindu, Sikhs, Baha'is da Kirista, tare ba su kai kashi 0.3 na al'ummar kasar ba. Akwai ‘yan darikar musulmin Ahmadiyya babu yahudawa a kasar. [7]
A watan Maris din shekarar 2015, wasu ’yan zanga-zanga sun kashe wata mata 'yar kasar Afganistan mai shekaru 27 a birnin Kabul bisa zargin kona kur'ani. [8] Bayan sun buge Farkhunda Malikzada da bugun ta, sai mutanen suka jefa ta a kan wata gada suka cinna mata wuta suka jefa a cikin kogin. [9]
'Yancin Addini Bayan 2021[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Taliban ta karbe mulki a watan Satumban 2021. Wani rahoto da aka fitar a shekarar 2022 ya nuna cewa sun bayyana cewa kasar Masarautar Musulunci ce wadda dole ne dokokinta da tsarin mulki su yi daidai da tsarin shari'a. Sikhs, Hindu, Kiristanci, da sauran tsiraru marasa rinjaye sun ba da rahoton ci gaba da cin zarafi daga Musulmai. Baha'is da kiristoci sun ci gaba da rayuwa cikin tsoron fallasa. [10]
A shekara ta 2022, Freedom House ta kimanta 'yancin addini na Afghanistan a matsayin 1 cikin 4. [11]
A shekara ta 2023, an ba da rahoton cewa cin zarafi ga tsiraru ya karu bayan Satumba 2021. Musamman ma, ƴan tsiraru na addini, mazhaba, da ƙabilanci da suka haɗa da Shi'a Hazaras da Ahmadiya sun yi gudun hijira zuwa ƙasashe makwabta kamar Iran da Pakistan. [12]
Duba kuma[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- Addini a Afghanistan
- Hakkin dan Adam a Afghanistan
- Abdul Rahman (mutuwa)
Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- ↑ "The Constitution of Afghanistan" (PDF). Joint Electoral management Body (JEMB). 2004-01-23. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-04-25. Retrieved 2006-11-09.
- ↑ "International Religious Freedom Report 2006 - Afghanistan" . United States Department of State. Retrieved 2006-11-08.
- ↑ "Universal Declaration of Human Rights" . U.N. High Commissioner for human Rights. Archived from the original on 2006-11-08. Retrieved 2006-11-09.
- ↑ "The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan" . Government of Afghanistan . Archived from the original on 5 March 2009. Retrieved 5 February 2013.
- ↑ Behzad, Nasir (2015). "The man who helped blow up the Bamiyan Buddhas" . BBC News . Archived from the original on 16 August 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2019.
- ↑ / USCIRF 2020 report
- ↑ US State Dept 2021 report
- ↑ Rasmussen, Sune Engel (23 March 2015). "Farkhunda's family take comfort from tide of outrage in wake of her death" . The Guardian . Retrieved 23 March 2015.
- ↑ Whiteman, Hilary (23 March 2015). "26 arrests after mob beats, burns Afghan woman" . CNN. Retrieved 23 March 2015.
- ↑ US State Dept 2021 report
- ↑ Freedom House, Retrieved 2023-04-25
- ↑ Christian Solidarity Worldwide, March 2023 report