Dokar ƴancin aiki

Dokar ƴancin aiki
Asali
Characteristics

Kungiyoyin kwadago

Dangane da siyasar kwadago ta Amurka, " dokokin hakkin-aiki " suna nufin dokokin kasa wadanda suka hana yarjejeniyar tsaro tsakanin kungiyoyi tsakanin ma'aikata da kungiyoyi kwadago . A karkashin wadannan dokokin, an haramtawa ma’aikata a wuraren aiki na hadin kai daga tattaunawar kwangila wanda ke bukatar ma’aikatan da ba ‘dan kungiyar kwadagon ba da gudummawa ga farashin wakilcin kungiyar kwadago.

A cewar National Right to Work Legal Foundation, dokokin aikin-dama sun hana yarjejeniyar tsaro ta kungiyar, ko yarjejeniya tsakanin masu daukar ma'aikata da kungiyoyi kwadago, wadanda ke kula da kuma yadda kungiyar kwadago za ta iya bukatar mambobin kungiyar, biyan kudaden kungiyar, ko kudade a matsayin yanayin aikin, ko dai kafin ko bayan haya. Kuma Dokokin hakkin-aiki ba sa nufin samar da garantin daukan aiki gaba daya ga mutanen da ke neman aiki, amma a maimakon haka haramcin gwamnati ne kan yarjejeniyar kwangila tsakanin ma'aikata da ma'aikatan kungiyar da ke bukatar ma'aikata su biya kudin wakilcin kungiyar.

Dama-ta-aiki dokokin (ko dai ta hanyar dokoki, ko da kundin tsarin mulkin arziki) wanzu a 27 Jihohi US, a cikin Southern, Midwestern, kuma ciki Yammacin jihohi. An yarda da irin wadannan dokokin a karkashin Dokar Taft – Hartley ta tarayya a shekarar 1947. Ana samun karin bambanci tsakanin doka tsakanin mutanen da gwamnatocin jihohi da na birni ke aiki da wadanda ke aiki da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, tare da jihohin da ba na shagon kungiyar ba (watau, dole ne ma'aikata su biya kudin wakilcin kungiyar don samun ko rike aiki) samun hakkin aiki da dokokin aiki ga ma'aikatan gwamnati; amma, dokar ta kuma bada izinin "shagon hukuma" inda ma'aikata ke biyan kasonsu don wakilci (kasa da kudin kungiya), yayin da ba sa shiga kungiyar a matsayin mambobi.

Tarihi

Asali

Wuraren aiki

A cewar masani Slate, an samar da dokar-zuwa-aiki daga dokar da ta hana kungiyoyin kwadago tilasta yajin aiki a kan ma’aikata, da kuma ka’idojin shari’a kamar ‘yanci na kwangila, wanda kuma kamar yadda aka yi amfani da shi a nan aka nemi a hana zartar da dokokin da ke tsara yanayin wuraren aiki.

A cewar masani PandoDaily da NSFWCORP , Vance Muse, wani jami'in Republican ne ya kirkiro kalmar ita kanta wacce ta jagoranci wata kungiyar dama da aiki, "Kungiyar Kiristocin Amurka", don maye gurbin kalmar "American Plan" bayan ta kasance tana da dangantaka da rikice-rikicen kungiyoyi na Red Scare na Farko .

A cewar Cibiyar Kasuwancin Amurka, marubucin editan jaridar Dallas Morning News ne William Ruggles ya kirkiro kalmar "'yancin yin aiki" (Amfani mara nasaba da kalmar dama aiki ya samu ne daga shugaban gurguzu na Faransa Louis Blanc kafin 1848. )

Dokar Wagner shekara ta (1935)

Dokar Hulda da Laboran kwadago ta ,asa, wacce aka fi sani da Wagner Act, an zartar da ita a cikin 1935 a matsayin wani bangare na Shugaba " Franklin D. Roosevelt " " Sabon Sa hannu na Biyu ". Daga cikin wasu abubuwa, aikin ya tanadi cewa kamfani zai iya amincewa da bin doka ya zama daya daga cikin wadannan:

• Rufe shago, wanda ma'aikata dole ne ya zama membobin kungiyar a matsayin yanayin aiki. Karkashin rufaffen shago, ma'aikacin da ya daina kasancewa dan kungiyar kwadago saboda kowane irin dalili, daga kin biyan hakki zuwa kora daga kungiyar a matsayin ladabtarwa na cikin gida, an bukaci kora daga aiki ko da kuwa ma'aikacin bai keta wata doka ba dokokin mai aiki.
• Wani shagon kungiyar kwadago, wanda ke ba da damar daukar ma’aikatan da ba na kungiya ba, in har ma’aikatan sun shiga kungiyar a cikin wani lokaci.
• Shagon hukuma, wanda ma'aikata dole ne su biya kwatankwacin kudin wakilcin kungiyar, amma ba lallai bane su shiga kungiyar kwata-kwata.
• Shago bude, wanda ba za a tilasta wa ma'aikaci shiga ko biyan kwatankwacin abin da ya hau kan kungiyar kwadago ba ko kuma a kore shi daga shiga kungiyar.

Dokar ta dorawa Hukumar Hulda da Ma’aikata ta Kasa, wacce ta kasance tun 1933, tare da kula da dokokin.

Dokar Taft – Hartley (1947)

A 1947 Majalisa ta zartar da Dokar Hulda da Gudanar da Aiki na 1947, wanda aka fi sani da Dokar Taft – Hartley, kan veto Shugaba Harry S. Truman. Dokar ta soke wasu sassa na Dokar Wagner, gami da haramta shagon da aka rufe. Sashe na 14 (b) na Dokar Taft – Hartley ya kuma ba da izini ga jihohin daban-daban (amma ba kananan hukumomi ba, kamar su birane ko kananan hukumomi) su haramta shagon kungiyar kwadago da na shagunan wakilai na ma’aikatan da ke aiki a kananan hukumominsu. Duk wata dokar jihar da ta haramta irin wadannan shirye-shiryen sanannu ne da hakkin-aiki .

A farkon habaka manufofin hakkin aiki, an yi amfani da ra'ayin rarrabuwa a matsayin hujja, saboda yawancin mutane a Kudu sun ji cewa ba daidai ba ne bakar fata da farar fata su kasance cikin kungiyoyi daya. Vance Muse, dayan farkon masu kirkirar manufofin a Texas, yayi amfani da waccan hujja wajen habaka dokokin adawa da kungiyar a Texas a cikin shekarun 1940.

Matsayin yanzu

Gwamnatin tarayya tana aiki a karkashin dokokin bude shago a duk fadin kasar, amma yawancin ma'aikatanta suna da wakilcin kungiyoyi. Kungiyoyin kwadago da ke wakiltar kwararrun ‘yan wasa sun rubuta kwangila wadanda suka hada da wasu tanade-tanaden wakilci (kamar na Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Kasa ), amma aikace-aikacensu ya takaita ga“ duk inda da kuma duk lokacin da doka ta yarda, ”kamar yadda Kotun Koli ta bayyana karara cewa aikace-aikacen doka ce ta hakkin-aiki ta kaddara ta ma'aikacin "mafi fifikon aikin situs". 'Yan wasa a cikin kungiyoyin wasanni na kwararru a cikin jihohin da ke da ka'idojin aiki-aiki suna karkashin wadannan dokokin kuma ba za a iya bukatar su biya duk wani kaso na kudin kungiyar kwadago a matsayin yanayin ci gaba da aiki.

Muhawara don da adawa

'Yancin rarrabuwar' yan tsiraru da tsarin shari'a

Hujjojin farko game da 'yancin yin aiki sun ta'allaka ne akan' yancin wasu tsirarun 'yan adawa dangane da yarjejeniyar cinikayya ta manyan masu adawa. Sabon Dokar ta Shugaba Franklin Roosevelt ya jawo wa Kotun Koli ta Amurka da dama kalubale, daga ciki akwai kalubale dangane da tsarin mulki na Dokar Maido da Masana'antu ta Kasa ta 1933 (NIRA). A cikin 1936, a matsayin wani bangare na hukuncinsa a Carter v. Carter Coal Co. Kotun ta yanke hukunci game da yarjejeniyar gama gari ta dole, tana mai cewa:

Tasirin, dangane da albashi da awanni, shine a sanya marasa rinjaye marasa rinjaye ... ga nufin yawancin da aka fada. . . . 'Amincewa' a cikin wadannan yanayi, ba a aiwatar da zabi ba, amma Mika wuya don tilastawa. Ikon da aka ba mafiya rinjaye, a zahiri, shine ikon daidaita al'amuran 'yan tsirarun da ba sa so. Wannan tawaga ce ta majalisar dokoki a cikin mafi munin tsarinta; domin ba ma wakilai ba ne ga jami'in hukuma ko hukuma ... amma ga masu zaman kansu. . . . [A] ka'idar wacce ke kokarin ba da irin wannan ikon yana daukar tsangwama mara hakkin tsarin mulki tare da 'yanci na mutum da dukiyar mutum. Wakilan suna nuna son kai a fili, kuma don haka a bayyane take ta hana Hakkokin da aka kiyaye ta hanyar ka'idar doka ta Kwaskwarimar ta Biyar, don haka ba shi da bukata a yi fiye da komawa ga hukuncin wannan Kotun da ke ba da izinin wannan tambayar.

'Yancin tarayya

Baya ga Kotun Koli ta Amurka, sauran masu goyon bayan dokokin 'yancin aiki sun kuma nuna Kundin Tsarin Mulki da' yancin walwala . Suna jayayya cewa ma'aikata su kasance duka suna da 'yanci su shiga kungiyoyi kwadago ko su guji, sabili da haka, wani lokacin suna nufin jihohi ba tare da dokokin hakkin aiki ba kamar jihohin tilasta kungiyoyi. Wadannan masu ra'ayin suna jayayya cewa ta hanyar tilasta su zuwa cikin yarjejeniyar gama gari, abin da kungiyoyin kwadagon da ke kira raba kaso mai tsoka na cinikin gama gari a zahiri shi ne tilasta doka da keta hakkin ofancin zabi . An tilasta wa mai adawa da cinikin kungiyar tallafawa kudi ga kungiyar da ba su zabe ta ba, don karbar wakilcin da ba su da zabi.

Cocin Adventist Church na ranar bakwai yana hana shiga kungiyoyin kwadago, inda ya ambaci rubuce-rubucen Ellen White, daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa cocin, kuma abin da marubuciya Diana Justice ta kira "asarar 'yancin zabi" wanda ke faruwa yayin da mutum ya shiga kungiyar kwadago .

Rashin adalci

Masu fafutuka kamar Mackinac Center for Public Policy sun nuna cewa rashin adalci ne cewa kungiyoyin kwadago na iya bukatar sabbin ma'aikata da ke akwai ko dai su shiga kungiyar kwadagon ko kuma su biya kudade domin hada-hadar hada-hada a matsayin yanayin aiki a karkashin kwangilar yarjejeniyar tsaro ta kungiyar. Sauran masu goyon bayan sun yi ikirarin cewa ana iya bukatar kungiyoyin kwadago a sabbin bangarori masu tasowa na tattalin arziki, misali, bangarorin sa kai da na wasu bangarori, don tabbatar da wadatattun fa'idodi ga sabbin bakin haure, mataimakan lokaci-lokaci a Amurka (misali, Taimakon Amurka Kai Tsaye Ma'aikata).

Gudummawar siyasa

Masu bada shawara kan hakkin-aiki, gami da Center for Union Facts, sun yi ikirarin cewa gudummawar siyasa da kungiyoyi ke bayarwa ba wakilan ma'aikatan kungiyar ba ne. Portionangaren shagon hukumar wannan ya sha gwagwarmaya tare da tallafi na ofungiyar 'Yancin toasa don Aikin Shari'a a Ma'aikatan Sadarwa na Amurka v. Beck, wanda ke haifar da "hakkin Beck" yana hana a yi amfani da kudin hukumar don biyan kudi a waje da yarjejeniyar gama gari idan ma'aikacin da ba na kungiyar ba ya sanar da kungiyar din amincewarsu. Hakkin kalubalantar kudaden dole ne ya hada da 'yancin sanya shi ta hanyar mai binciken gaskiya ba tare da nuna son kai ba. Beck ya shafi kungiyoyin kwadago ne a cikin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, saboda an cire kudin hukumomin don kungiyoyin kungiyoyin jama'a a Janus v. AFSCME a cikin 2018.

Free mahaya

Masu adawa kamar Richard Kahlenberg sun yi iƙirarin cewa dokokin hakkin-aiki kawai "ya ba wa ma'aikata 'yancin kasancewa mahaya' yanci- don cin gajiyar ciniki ba tare da biyan shi ba". Fa'idodi da membobin kungiyar da ba su yarda da su ba za su samu duk da cewa ba su biyan kudin kuma ya hada da wakilci yayin aiwatar da sulhu. A cikin Abood v. Detroit BoE, Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta ba da izinin kungiyoyin kwadago na gwamnati su caji kudaden wadanda ba membobin kungiyar ba don a nemi ma’aikata a bangaren gwamnati su biya kudin wakilcin, duk da cewa sun zabi kada su kasance memba, matukar dai ba a kashe wadannan kudade kan tsarin siyasa ko akidar kungiyar kwadago ba. Wannan shawarar an juya ta, duk da haka, a cikin Janus v. AFSCME, tare da hukuncin da Kotun Koli ta yanke cewa irin wadannan kudade sun sabawa kwaskwarimar farko a batun kungiyoyin kwadago, tunda duk wata yarjejeniya ta kungiyar kwadago za a iya daukarta a matsayin siyasa.

'Yancin kwangila da tarayya

Masu adawa suna jayayya cewa dokokin-aiki na aiki sun takaita 'yancin yin tarayya, da kuma takaita irin yarjeniyoyin da daidaikun mutane da ke aiki tare za su iya kullawa tare da mai aikinsu, ta hanyar hana ma'aikata da masu daukar aiki amincewa da kwantiragin da suka hada da kudin raba daidai . Bugu da Kari, dokar Amurkawa tana dora alhakin wakilcin adalci a kan kungiyoyi; saboda haka wadanda ba mambobi ba a cikin ikon aiki jihohi na iya tilasta kungiyoyin kwadago su bayar ba tare da biyan korafin biyan kudi ba wanda mambobin kungiyar ke biya.

A watan Disamba na shekarar 2012, sassaucin raayi marubuci JD Tuccille, a Reason mujallar, ya rubuta: "I la'akari da hane-hane dama-to-aiki dokokin kallafa ciniki tsakanin kungiyoyin kwadago da kuma kasuwanci to karya da 'yanci na kwangila da kuma jam'iyya . . . . Na yi takaici cewa jihar ta sake sanya kanta a kasuwa don sanya babban yatsan ta a sikeli a cikin wasan da ba ya karewa na wasa da kasuwanci da juna. . . . Wannan baya nufin kungiyoyin kwadago suna da kyau koyaushe. Yana nufin cewa, lokacin da jihar ba ta cikin lamarin, kungiyoyi ne masu zaman kansu wadanda zasu iya ba mambobinsu darajar su. ”

Kahlenberg da Marvit suma suna jayayya cewa, akalla a kokarin zartar da doka ta hakkin-aiki a Michigan, ban da 'yan sanda da kungiyoyin kashe gobara-a al'adance ba sa nuna adawa ga' yan Republican - daga dokar ya sa wasu yin tambaya game da ikirarin cewa dokar kawai ƙoƙari ce don inganta yanayin kasuwancin Michigan, ba don neman fa'idar bangaranci ba.

Nazarin tasirin tattalin arziki

Dangane da nazarin 2020 da aka buga a cikin American Journal of Sociology, dokokin hakkin-aiki na haifar da rashin daidaiton tattalin arziki ta hanyar kai tsaye rage karfin kungiyoyin kwadago.

ayyukan gudanarwa

Takardar 2019 a <i id="mwzg">cikin Nazarin Tattalin Arzikin Amurka</i> daga masana tattalin arziki daga MIT, Stanford, da Ofishin kidayar Amurka wanda ya binciki masana'antun masana'antun Amurka 35,000 ya gano cewa dokokin dama-da-aiki "suna haɓaka ayyukan gudanarwa."

A cewar Tim Bartik na Cibiyar WE Upjohn ta Cibiyar Nazarin Aikin yi, nazarin tasirin tasirin hakkin-aiki ya yawaita, amma ba su daidaita ba. Karatuttukan bincike sun gano duka "wasu sakamako masu kyau akan ci gaban aiki," kuma babu wani sakamako. Thomas Holmes ya ce yana da wahala a binciki dokokin aikin-aiki ta hanyar kwatanta jihohi saboda wasu kamanceceniya tsakanin jihohin da suka zartar da wadannan dokokin. Misali, jihohin dama-da-aiki galibi suna da wasu manufofi masu karfi na kasuwanci, wanda ke sa ya zama da wahala a kebe tasirin dokokin-dama-da-aiki. Idan aka duba ci gaban jihohi a Kudu maso Gabas bayan yakin duniya na biyu, Bartik ya lura cewa yayin da suke da dokokin dama-da-aiki su ma sun amfana daga "abubuwa kamar yaduwar amfani da kwandishan da kuma hanyoyin sufuri daban-daban wadanda suka taimaka wajen rarraba masana'antu" .

Masanin tattalin arziki Thomas Holmes ya kwatanta kananan hukumomi kusa da kan iyaka tsakanin jihohi tare da kuma ba tare da dokokin dama-da-aiki ba (ta haka yana rike da tarin abubuwa masu nasaba da yanayin kasa da yanayi). Ya gano cewa jimillar karuwar aikin yi a masana'antu a jihohin da ke da hakkin yin aiki ya ninka da kashi 26 cikin dari fiye da na jihohin da ba su da aikin yi. Koyaya, ganin yadda aka tsara nazarin, Holmes ya nuna "sakamakon na bai ce doka ce ta hakkin-aiki ba, a'a sai dai 'kunshin fa'idar' da jihohin dama-da-aiki ke bayarwa yana da ma'ana." Bugu da Kari, kamar yadda Kevin Drum da sauransu suka lura, wannan sakamakon na iya yin nuni da ƙaurawar kasuwanci maimakon inganta haɓakar tattalin arziki gaba daya, tun da "kamfanoni sun fi son ganowa a jihohin da farashin ya yi kasa kadan kuma ka'idojin ba su da karfi."

Wani bincike na watan Fabrairun 2011 da Cibiyar Nazarin Tattalin Arziki ta gano:

• Albashi a jihohin da ke kan aiki zuwa aiki ya kasa da kashi 3.2 bisa dari fiye da waɗanda ke jihohin da ba na RTW ba, bayan sarrafawa don cikar daidaitattun daidaikun mutane da zamantakewar tattalin arziki da kuma alamomin tattalin arzikin ƙasa. Amfani da matsakaicin albashi a cikin jihohin da ba RTW ba a matsayin tushe ($ 22.11), matsakaicin cikakken lokaci, mai cikakken aiki a cikin jihar RTW yana yin kusan $ 1,500 kasa da kowace shekara fiye da makamancin ma'aikacin a cikin kasar da ba RTW ba. Binciken ya ci gaba da cewa "Nawa ne wannan bambancin za a iya danganta shi da matsayin RTW kanta? Akwai matsalar rashin daidaituwar dabi'a a kowane yunkurin amsa wannan tambayar, wato cewa RTW da jihohin da ba RTW ba sun banbanta kan matakai daban-daban wadanda kuma suke da alaqa da biyan diyya, yana mai da wuya a ware tasirin matsayin RTW. "
• Adadin inshorar kiwon lafiya mai daukar ma'aikata (ESI) ya ragu da kaso 2.6 a cikin jihohin RTW idan aka kwatanta da jihohin da ba RTW ba, bayan sarrafawa don halaye na mutum, aiki, da na matakin jiha. Idan ma'aikata a cikin jihohin da ba RTW ba zasu karbi ESI a wannan kananan kudaden, kananan ma'aikata miliyan 2 ne zasu sami biyan kudin kasa.
• Adadin fanshon da mai daukar nauyi ya ba da kashi 4.8 cikin dari a cikin jihohin RTW, ta yin amfani da cikakken hadin masu canjin sarrafawa a cikin kirar koma baya [nazarin]. Idan ma'aikata a jihohin da ba RTW ba zasu karbi fansho a wannan kananan kudin, kananan ma'aikata miliyan 3.8 na kasa zasu sami fansho.

Jefa kuri'a

A cikin watan Janairun 2012, nan da nan bayan an zartar da dokar-ta-aiki ta Indiana, wani rahoton Rasmussen (wani dan takarar jam'iyyar Republican) wayar tarho ya gano cewa kashi 74 cikin dari na masu jefa kuri'a Amurkawa ba su yarda da wannan tambayar ba, "Shin ya kamata ma'aikatan da suka ba sa cikin kungiyar kwadago da doka ta bukaci ta biya kudin kungiyar kwadago idan kamfanin da suke aiki yana hade? " amma "yawancin ma ba sa tunanin ma'aikacin da ba na ƙungiya ba ya kamata ya ji dadin fa'idodin da ƙungiyar ta tattauna."

A cikin Michigan a watan Janairu zuwa Maris 2013, wani binciken jin ra’ayi da aka gudanar ya nuna cewa kashi 43 cikin 100 na wadanda aka tambaya sun yi tunanin dokar za ta taimaka wa tattalin arzikin Michigan, yayin da kashi 41 suka yi tunanin zai cutar da su.

Tallafin siyasa

A shekarar 2012, Shugaba Barack Obama ya yi adawa da dokar-ta-aiki a Michigan. A cikin 2017, 'Yan Majalisar Republican sun gabatar da doka don dokar' yancin yin aiki ta kasa.

Jihohin Amurka masu dokokin-dama-da aiki

Wadannan jihohi 27 masu zuwa suna da dokokin-aiki-aiki:

• Alabama (wanda aka zartar a 1953, Tsarin Mulki na 2016)
• Arizona ( Tsarin Mulki, wanda aka zartar a 1946)
• Arkansas ( Tsarin Mulki, an zartar da shi a 1947)
• Florida ( Tsarin mulki, wanda aka zartar a 1944, ya sake yin gyare-gyare a 1968)
• Georgia (an karɓa a 1947)
• Idaho (wanda aka karba a shekara ta 1985)
• Indiana (wanda aka karba 2012)
• Iowa (wanda aka karba a 1947)
• Kansas ( Tsarin Mulki, wanda aka karɓa a 1958)
• Kentucky (wanda aka karɓa a 2017)
• Louisiana (an karba a 1976)
• Michigan (wanda aka karɓa 2012)
• Mississippi ( Tsarin Mulki, wanda aka karba a 1954)
• Nebraska ( Tsarin Mulki da ƙa'ida, wanda aka karba a 1946)
• Nevada (an karba a 1951)
• North Carolina (wanda aka karɓa a 1947)
• North Dakota (wanda aka karɓa a 1947)
• Oklahoma ( Tsarin Mulki, wanda aka karɓa a 2001)
• Kudanci Carolina (wanda aka karɓa a 1954)
• Kudancin Dakota (wanda aka karɓa a 1946)
• Tennessee (wanda aka karba a 1947)
• Texas (wanda aka karba a 1947, ya sake nazarin 1993)
• Utah (an karba a 1955)
• Virginia (an karba a 1947)
• West Virginia (wanda aka karba a shekara ta 2016)
• Wisconsin (wanda aka karba a 2015)
• Wyoming (wanda aka karba a 1963)

Bugu da kari, yankin na Guam din ma yana da dokokin aikin-yi, kuma ma'aikatan gwamnatin tarayyar Amurka suna da 'yancin zabar ko su shiga kungiyoyin kwadagon nasu ko a'a.

Ohio tana bawa ma'aikata damar ficewa daga shiga kungiya, amma ana barin kungiyoyi suyi cajin karami mafi karanci don ma'aikatan da suka daina.

Dokokin cikin gida ko wadanda aka soke

Wasu jihohin suna da dokokin hakkin aiki a da, amma sun soke su ko kuma sun ayyana su marasa aiki.  Akwai ma wasu kananan hukumomi da kuma municipalities located in jihohi ba tare dama-to-aiki dokokin da suka shige dokokin gida don ban kungiyar tsaro yarjejeniyar. 

Shirya

Seaford ya zartar da dokar haƙƙin-aiki a cikin shekarar 2018.

Jihar Illinois

Lincolnshire ya zartar da dokar hakkin-aiki in-aiki, amma Kotun Apaukaka Cirara ta Bakwai ta buge shi. Appealaukaka kara zuwa Kotun resultedoli ya haifar da shari'ar da aka bari kamar yadda aka dauka saboda a cikin tsaka-tsakin lokacin da Illinois ta wuce Dokar 'Yancin Yarjejeniya ta Illinoisungiyar Yankin Illinois don ta bata irin wadannan hukunce-hukuncen na gida.

Indiana

Kafin wucewarsa a cikin 2012, Babban taron Majalisar Indiana da ke karkashin Jam’iyyar Republican ya zartar da kudurin dokar-aiki a shekarar 1957, wanda ya kai ga karbe mulkin dimokuradiyya na Gwanin Gwamnan Indiana da Babban Taron Majalisar a zabuka masu zuwa, kuma daga karshe, sabon mulkin Demokrat din.

 

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Baird, Charles W. "Right to work before and after 14 (b)." Journal of Labor Research 19.3 (1998): 471-493.

"The South Carolina Governance Project — Interest Groups in South Carolina," Center for Governmental Services, Institute for Public Service and Policy Research, University of South Carolina, Accessed July 6, 2007.

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Campbell, Simon. "Right-to-Work vs Forced Unionism". StopTeacherStrikes, Inc. Retrieved November 14, 2012. Fair share is compulsory dues. A non-union employee is forced to financially support an organization they did not vote for, in order to receive monopoly representation they have no choice over. It is financial coercion and a violation of freedom of choice. Money is forcibly withheld from non-union employees' paychecks and sent to a private organization. When an agency-shop agreement exists in a school district or county, every employee must pay dues to the union as a condition of their employment. They must pay-up or leave. Should anyone's ability to get or keep a job depend on whether they pay dues to a union? Non-union teachers have struggled in court to try and stop their forced dues from being used for political activity by the union.

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https://statelaws.findlaw.com/ohio-law/ohio-right-to-work-laws.html. Although Ohio is part of America's "Rust Belt," with a long history of labor organizations, the state has adopted a very limited right-to-work law. Specifically, the law states that union membership or non-membership employment conditions are "contrary to public policy and void." So employees are not required to join a union. Missing or empty |title= (help)

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Petrella, Dan. "In yet another rebuke to his Republican predecessor, Gov. J.B. Pritzker signs bill banning local 'right-to-work' zones". chicagotribune.com. Retrieved February 5, 2020.

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majalisar dokoki ta soke dokar-aiki-aiki a 1965. Daga baya an sake nuna hakkin-aiki a cikin shekarar 2012.

Kentucky

A ranar 18 ga Nuwamba, 2016, Kotun Daukaka Kara na Kotun Daukaka Kara ta shida ta goyi bayan hakkin kananan hukumomi su yi dokokin kirkirar-aiki a Kentucky . Kentucky tana da dokoki na gida 12. Daga baya aka kafa wata doka a cikin jihar a shekara ta 2017.

Missouri

Majalisar dokoki ta zartar da kudurin dokar-aiki a shekarar 2017, amma an ci karfin dokar a zaben raba gardama na shekarar 2018 kafin ta fara aiki.

Sabuwar Hampshire

New Hampshire ta amince da kudurin dokar-aiki a 1947, amma majalisar dokoki da gwamnan jihar sun soke shi a 1949.

A cikin 2017, an kayar da kudirin yin aiki na doka a cikin Majalisar Wakilai ta New Hampshire 200-177. A cikin 2021, an sake gabatar da kudirin doka amma an sake kayar dashi a Majalisar Wakilai, 199-175.

Sabuwar Mexico

Sabuwar dokar Mexico ta kasance ba ta magana a kan dokokin hakkin-aiki na gari, kuma Chaves, Eddy, Lea, Lincoln, McKinley, Otero, Roosevelt, Sandoval, San Juan, da Saliyo, ban da kauyen Ruidoso sun karbi irin wadannan dokokin. Amma a cikin 2019 Majalisar Dokokin New Mexico ta amince kuma Gwamna Grisham ya sanya hannu kan dokar da ta hana dokokin hakkin-aiki aiki na cikin gida sannan kuma ya ci gaba da bayyana cewa ana iya bukatar membobin kungiyar da kuma biyan kuɗin kungiyar a matsayin yanayin aiki a wuraren aiki wanda ke karkashin yarjejeniyar yarjejeniya. .

Duba kuma

• A-nufin aiki
• Kungiyoyin kwadago a Amurka
• Dokar kwadago ta Amurka