Haƙƙoƙi

Haƙƙoƙi
legal relationship (en) da legal term or legal concept (en)
Bayanai
Ƙaramin ɓangare na	yarjejeniya
Bisa	righteousness (en)
Karatun ta	jurisprudence (en)
Hannun riga da	duty (en)
Equivalent property (en)	http://purl.org/dc/terms/rights

Hakki sune ka'idoji doka, zamantakewa, ko ka'idoji na 'Yanci ko haƙƙin; wato, haƙƙoƙi sune ka'idodin ƙa'idodi game da abin da aka ba da izini ga mutane ko kuma ya kamata ga mutane bisa ga wasu tsarin doka, yarjejeniyar zamantakewa, yo ka'idar ɗabi'a. Hakki muhimmiyar ra'ayi ce a cikin doka da ɗabi'a, musamman ka'idodin adalci da deontology.

Tarihin rikice-Rikicin zamantakewa sau da yawa ya haɗa da ƙoƙari na bayyanawa da sake bayyana haƙƙoƙi. A cewar Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "yancin suna tsara nau'in gwamnatoci, abubuwan da ke cikin dokoki, da kuma siffar ɗabi'a kamar yadda ake fahimta a halin yanzu".

Nau'o'in haƙƙoƙi

Halitta da doka

Bisa ga wasu ra'ayoyi, wasu hakkoki sun samo asali ne daga alloli ko yanayi.

• Hakkin halitta hakkoki ne waɗanda suke "na halitta" a ma'anar "ba na wucin gadi ba, ba na mutum ba", kamar yadda yake a cikin hakkoki da suka samo asali daga Yanayin ɗan adam ko daga umarnin allah. Su na duniya ne; wato, suna aiki ga dukkan mutane, kuma ba su fito ne daga dokokin kowane takamaiman al'umma ba. Dole ne su kasance, a nan a cikin kowane mutum, kuma ba za a iya cire su ba. Misali, an yi jayayya cewa mutane suna da 'yancin rayuwa. Wadannan wasu lokuta ana kiransu hakkoki na ɗabi'a ko hakkoki marasa izini.
• Hakkin Shari'a, akasin haka, sun dogara ne akan al'adun al'umma, dokoki, dokoki ko ayyukan majalisun dokoki. Misali na Hakkin doka shine haƙƙin jefa kuri'a na 'yan ƙasa. Kasancewa ɗan ƙasa, da kansa, galibi ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin tushen samun haƙƙin doka, kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "yancin samun haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙi". Hakkin shari'a Dangi lokacin ana kiransa haƙƙin jama'a ko haƙƙin doka kuma suna da alaƙa da al'adu da siyasa tunda sun dogara da takamaiman mahallin al'umma don samun ma'ana.

Wasu masu tunani suna ganin haƙƙoƙi a ma'ana ɗaya kawai yayin da wasu suka yarda cewa duka hanyoyi biyu suna da ma'auni na inganci. An yi muhawara mai yawa game da waɗannan ma'anar a cikin tarihi. Alal misali, Jeremy Bentham ya yi imanin cewa haƙƙin doka shine ainihin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙoƙi, kuma ya musanta wanzuwar haƙƙin haƙƙi, yayin da Thomas Aquinas ya riƙe cewa haƙƙin da doka ta dace amma ba a kafa shi cikin dokar haƙƙin haƙƙa ba ne, amma kawai fuska ko ƙayyadaddun haƙƙin haƙki.

Da'awar da 'yanci

• HA A">da'awar haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙi ne wanda ke haifar da cewa wani mutum yana da aiki ga mai riƙe da haƙƙin. Wani dole ne ya yi ko ya guji yin wani aB ga ko ga mai da'awar, kamar yin hidima ko samar da samfurin a gare shi; wato, yana da'awar wannan saB ko samfurin (wani lokaci shine abu a cikin aiki). A cikin tunani, ana iya bayyana wannan ra'ayin kamar haka: "Mutumin A yana da da'awar cewa mutum B ya yi wani abu idan kuma kawai idan B yana da aikin A ya yi wannan abu. " Kowane da'awar-dama yana nufin cewa wani mai ɗaukar aiki dole ne ya yi wasu ayyuka don da'awar ta gamsu. Wannan aikin na iya zama yin aiki ko guje wa yin aiki. Misali, yankuna da yawa sun amince da haƙƙin da'awar abubuwa kamar "rayuwa, 'yanci, da dukiya"; waɗannan haƙƙoƙin suna ɗora wa wasu wajibai kada su kai hari ko hana mutum, ko amfani da dukiyarsu, ba tare da izinin mai da'awar ba. Hakazalika, a cikin hukunce-hukuncen da aka tabbatar da ayyukan jin dadin jama'a, 'yan ƙasa suna da' yancin da za a ba da waɗannan ayyukan.
• HA 'yA ko gata, akasin haka, 'yanci ne ko izini ga mai haƙƙin yin wani abu, kuma babu wani wajibai ga wasu jam'iyyun su yi ko a'a. Ana iya bayyana wannan a cikin tunani kamar haka: "Mutum A yana da damar yin wani abu idan kuma kawai idan A ba shi da aikin kada ya yi wannan abu. " Misali, idan mutum yana da 'yancin' yancin shari'a ga' yancin magana, wannan kawai yana nufin cewa ba a haramta su yi magana da yardar rai ba: ba yana nufin cewa kowa ya taimaka wajen ba da damar yin magana, ko kuma ya saurari jawabin su; ko ma, da kansa, ya guje su daga yin magana, kodayake wasu hakkoki, kamar haƙƙin samun 'yanci daga kai musu hari, na iya hana su sosai.

Hakkin 'yanci da' yancin da'awar sun saba da juna: mutum yana da' yanci wanda ke ba shi damar yin wani abu ne kawai idan babu wani mutum da ke da'awar da ke hana shi yin hakan. Hakazalika, idan mutum yana da'awar haƙƙin wani, to 'yancin wani yana da iyaka. Misali, mutum yana da 'yancin tafiya a kan titi kuma yana iya yanke shawara da yardar rai ko ya yi haka ko a'a, tunda babu wani wajibi ko dai ya yi haka yo kuma ya guji yin hakan. Amma masu tafiya na iya zama dole kada su yi tafiya a wasu ƙasashe, kamar dukiyar wasu mutane, wanda waɗancan sauran mutane ke da haƙƙin da'awar. Don haka 'yancin mutum na tafiya ya kai daidai har zuwa inda' yancin wani ya iyakance' yancinsa.

Kyakkyawan da mara kyau

A wata ma'ana, haƙƙi izini ne don yin wani abu ko haƙƙin takamaiman sabis ko magani daga wasu, kuma ana kiran waɗannan haƙƙoƙin haƙƙoƙi masu kyau. Koyaya, a wata ma'ana, haƙƙoƙi na iya ba da izini ko buƙatar rashin aiki, kuma ana kiran waɗannan haƙƙoƙin da ba daidai ba; suna ba da izinin ko buƙatar yin komai. Misali, a wasu ƙasashe, misali Amurka, 'yan ƙasa suna da haƙƙin jefa kuri'a kuma suna da haƙƙoƙin ƙin ƙin jefa kuri'u; mutane na iya zaɓar ƙin jefa jefa kuri' a cikin zaɓen da aka ba su ba tare da hukunci ba. A wasu ƙasashe, misali Ostiraliya, duk da haka, 'yan ƙasa suna da haƙƙin jefa kuri'a amma ba su da haƙƙin ƙyama na kada jefa kuri'u, tunda jefa kuri'aa tilas ne. Saboda haka:

• Hakki masu kyau shine izinin yin abubuwa, ko kuma haƙƙin da za a yi wa. Ɗaya daga cikin misalai na haƙƙin kirki shine "yancin jin dadin".
• Hakki mara kyau shine izinin kada a yi abubuwa, ko kuma haƙƙin da za a bar shi kadai. Sau da yawa masu sassaucin ra'ayi suna kiran bambancin waɗanda ke tunanin haƙƙin da ba shi da kyau a matsayin haƙƙin da ya dace da rashin tsoma baki kamar haƙƙin da aka yi wa hari.

Kodayake ana kiranta da irin wannan sunan, bai kamata a rikita haƙƙoƙi masu kyau da marasa kyau da haƙƙoƙin aiki ba (wanda ya haɗa da "birni" da "ikon") da haƙƙoƙin da ba a yarda da su ba (wanda ke haɗa da "ƙwarewa" da "rashin lafiya").

Mutum da rukuni

• Hakkin mutum hakkoki ne da mutane ke riƙewa ba tare da la'akari da membobin rukuni ba ko rashin su.

Shin kungiyoyi suna da 'yanci? Wasu suna jayayya cewa lokacin da sojoji suka haɗu a yaƙi, ƙungiyar ta zama kamar kwayar halitta a kanta kuma tana da haƙƙoƙin da suka fi haƙƙin kowane soja.

• Group rights, including the rights of nations, have been argued to exist when a group is seen as more than a mere composite or assembly of separate individuals but an entity in its own right. In other words, it is possible to see a group as a distinct being in and of itself; it is akin to an enlarged individual, a corporate body, which has a distinct will and power of action and can be thought of as having rights. Rights of nations, including a national right to self-determination have been argued for, and a platoon of soldiers in combat can be thought of as a distinct group, since individual members are willing to risk their lives for the survival of the group, and therefore the group can be conceived as having a "right" which is superior to that of any individual member; for example, a soldier who disobeys an officer can be punished, perhaps even killed, for a breach of obedience. But there is another sense of group rights in which people who are members of a group can be thought of as having specific individual rights because of their membership in a group. In this sense, the set of rights which individuals-as-group-members have is expanded because of their membership in a group. For example, workers who are members of a group such as a labor union can be thought of as having expanded individual rights because of their membership in the labor union, such as the rights to specific working conditions or wages.

There can be tension between individual and group rights. A classic instance in which group and individual rights clash is conflicts between unions and their members. For example, individual members of a union may wish a wage higher than the union-negotiated wage, but are prevented from making further requests; in a so-called closed shop which has a union security agreement, only the union has a right to decide matters for the individual union members such as wage rates. So, do the supposed "individual rights" of the workers prevail about the proper wage? Or do the "group rights" of the union regarding the proper wage prevail?

The Austrian School of Economics holds that only individuals think, feel, and act whether or not members of any abstract group. The society should thus according to economists of the school be analyzed starting from the individual. This methodology is called methodological individualism and is used by the economists to justify individual rights. Similarly, the author Ayn Rand argued that only individuals have rights, according to her philosophy known as Objectivism. However, others have argued that there are situations in which a group of persons is thought to have rights, or group rights.

Sauran hankula

Sauran bambance-bambance tsakanin haƙƙoƙi sun fi dacewa da haɗin tarihi ko kamanceceniya ta iyali fiye da ainihin bambance-mbance na falsafa. Wadannan sun hada da bambanci tsakanin 'yancin farar hula da na siyasa da' yancin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu, tsakanin abin da ake rarraba sassan Universal Declaration of Human Rights sau da yawa. Wani ra'ayi na haƙƙin ya haɗa su cikin ƙarni uku. Wadannan bambance-bambance suna da alaƙa da wannan tsakanin haƙƙoƙi marasa kyau da masu kyau, da kuma tsakanin haƙƙoƙin mutum da haƙƙoƙcin rukuni, amma waɗannan ƙungiyoyi ba su da cikakkiyar haɗin kai.

Siyasa

Ana buƙatar jami'an 'yan sanda a Amurka su karanta gargadi na Miranda tsakanin kamawa da fara tambayoyi. Gargaɗin ya sanar da mutumin da aka kama cewa suna da haƙƙoƙin da aka haɗa a cikin Kwaskwarimar Biyar. Rashin "karanta Miranda" ya hana shaidar da aka samu da farko a cikin tambayoyin.

Mai fafutukar kare hakkin fursunoni

Yawancin lokaci ana haɗa haƙƙoƙin cikin tambayoyin tushe waɗanda aka tsara gwamnatoci da siyasa don magance su.  Sau da yawa ci gaban waɗannan cibiyoyin zamantakewa da siyasa sun ƙulla dangantaka ta yare da haƙƙoƙi.

Hakkoki game da batutuwa na musamman, ko haƙƙin ƙungiyoyi na musamman, galibi wuraren da ke da damuwa na musamman.  Sau da yawa waɗannan damuwa suna tasowa ne lokacin da haƙƙoƙin suka yi karo da wasu batutuwa na shari'a ko na ɗabi'a, wani lokacin ma wasu haƙƙoƙi.  Abubuwan da ke damun su a tarihi sun haɗa da haƙƙin ƴan asalin ƙasar, haƙƙin ƙwadago, haƙƙin LGBTQ, haƙƙin haifuwa, haƙƙin nakasa, haƙƙin haƙuri da haƙƙin fursunoni.  Tare da karuwar sa ido da jama'ar bayanai, haƙƙoƙin bayanai, kamar haƙƙin keɓantawa suna zama mafi mahimmanci.

Wasu misalai na kungiyoyin da hakkinsu ke da damuwa sun hada da Dabbobi, kuma tsakanin mutane, kungiyoyi kamar yara da mata, Iyaye (mahaifiye da iyaye), da maza da mata.

Don haka, siyasa tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɓaka ko kuma fahimtar haƙƙoƙin da ke sama, kuma tattaunawa game da ɗabi'un da aka haɗa a matsayin ''haƙƙi'' batu ne na siyasa mai ci gaba mai mahimmanci.  Manufar haƙƙin ya bambanta da yanayin siyasa.  Haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙin an fi ƙarfafa su sau da yawa.".

Further, the term equality which is often bound up with the meaning of "rights" often depends on one's political orientation. Conservatives and right-wing libertarians and advocates of free markets often identify equality with equality of opportunity, and want what they perceive as equal and fair rules in the process of making things, while agreeing that sometimes these fair rules lead to unequal outcomes. In contrast, socialists see the power imbalance of employer-employee relationships in capitalism as a cause of inequality and often see unequal outcomes as a hindrance to equality of opportunity. They tend to identify equality of outcome as a sign of equality and therefore think that people have a right to portions of necessities such as health care or economic assistance or housing that align with their needs. 

Falsafa

A cikin falsafar, Meta-da'a ita ce reshe na ɗabi'a wanda ke neman fahimtar yanayin ɗabi'ar ɗabi'u, maganganu, halayen, da hukunce-hukunce. Meta-ethics yana daya daga cikin rassa uku na ɗabi'a da masana falsafa suka gane, sauran su ne ɗabi'ar ka'idoji da ɗabi'an da aka yi amfani da shi.

Duk da yake ka'idojin ka'idoji suna magance irin waɗannan tambayoyin kamar "Me ya kamata mutum ya yi?", don haka yana amincewa da wasu kimantawa na ka'idozi da ƙin wasu, meta-ethics yana magance tambayoyin kamar su "Mene ne nagarta?" da kuma "Ta yaya za mu iya gaya wa abin da ke da kyau daga menene mugunta?", neman fahimtar yanayin kaddarorin ka'idofi da kimantawa.

Ka'idojin haƙƙoƙi amsar tambaya ce ta meta-da'a game da abin da ka'idojin ka'idoji ke damuwa da shi (meta-da'idoji kuma sun haɗa da ƙungiyar tambayoyi game da yadda ka'idozi suka zama sanannun, gaskiya, da dai sauransu wanda ba a magance shi kai tsaye ta hanyar ka'idocin haƙƙo'i ba). Ka'idojin haƙƙoƙi suna riƙe da cewa ka'idojin ka'idoji sun damu da haƙƙofo. Sauran ra'ayoyin meta-da'a sune cewa ɗabi'a ta damu da ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan:

• Ayyuka (da'aikatar)
• Darajar (axiology)
• Kyakkyawan dabi'a
• Sakamakon (consequentialism, misali utilitarianism)

Ka'idojin haƙƙin mallaka sun yi tasiri sosai a kan tunanin siyasa da zamantakewa. Sanarwar Universal Declaration of Human Rights ta ba da wasu misalai na haƙƙin da aka yarda da shi.

Rashin amincewa

Some philosophers have criticised some rights as ontologically dubious entities.

Tarihi

Magna Carta ko "The Great Charter" yana ɗaya daga cikin takardun farko na Ingila waɗanda ke ɗauke da alkawuran da sarki ya yi wa mutanensa don mutunta wasu haƙƙoƙin doka. Ya rage ikon sarki.

Sanarwar 'Yancin Mutum da na Dan kasa a cikin 1789 a Faransa

Takamaiman lissafin haƙƙoƙi ya bambanta sosai a lokuta daban-daban na tarihi. A lokuta da yawa, tsarin haƙƙin da wata kungiya ta gabatar ya shiga cikin rikici mai tsanani da na wasu kungiyoyi. A fannin siyasa, wurin da haƙƙoƙi suka kasance muhimmiyar matsala a tarihi, tanadin kundin tsarin mulki na jihohi daban-daban wani lokacin suna magance tambayar wanda ke da haƙƙin doka.

A tarihi, ra'ayoyi da yawa na haƙƙoƙi sun kasance masu iko da Matsayi, tare da mutane daban-daban da aka ba su haƙƙofo daban-daban, kuma wasu suna da haƙƙoƙe fiye da wasu. Misali, haƙƙin uba da ɗansa ya girmama shi bai nuna haƙƙin ɗa ya karɓi wani abu ba don dawo da wannan girmamawa; kuma Hakkin allahntaka na sarakuna, wanda ya ba da izinin cikakken iko a kan talakawa, bai bar yiwuwar haƙƙoƙi da yawa ga talakawa da kansu ba.

Sabanin haka, ra'ayoyin zamani na haƙƙoƙi galibi suna jaddada 'yanci da daidaito a cikin mahimman al'amuran haƙƙofofi, kamar yadda ya bayyana a cikin juyin juya halin Amurka da Faransa.

Muhimman takardu a cikin Tarihin siyasa na haƙƙoƙi sun haɗa da:

• The Persian Empire of ancient Iran established unprecedented principles of human rights in the 6th century BC under Cyrus the Great. After his conquest of Babylon in 539 BC, the king issued the Cyrus cylinder, discovered in 1879 and seen by some today as the first human rights document.
• The Constitution of Medina (622 AD; Arabia) instituted a number of rights for the Muslim, Jewish, camp followers and "believers" of Medina.
• Magna Carta (1215; England) required the King of England to renounce certain rights and respect certain legal procedures, and to accept that the will of the king could be bound by law, after King John promised his barons he would follow the "law of the land". While Magna Carta was originally a set of rules that the king had to follow, and mainly protected the property of aristocratic landowners, today it is seen as the basis of certain rights for ordinary people, such as the right of due process.
• The Declaration of Arbroath (1320; Scotland) established the right of the people to choose a head of state (see popular sovereignty).
• The Henrician Articles (1573; Poland-Lithuania) or King Henry's Articles were a permanent contract that stated the fundamental principles of governance and constitutional law in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, including the rights of the nobility to elect the king, to meet in parliament whose approval was required to levy taxes and declare war or peace, to religious liberty and the right to rebel in case the king transgressed against the laws of the republic or the rights of the nobility.
• The Bill of Rights (1689; England) declared that Englishmen, as embodied by Parliament, possess certain civil and political rights; the Claim of Right (1689; Scotland) was similar but distinct.
• The Virginia Declaration of Rights (1776) by George Mason declared the inherent natural rights and separation of powers.
• The United States Declaration of Independence (1776) succinctly defined the rights of man as including, but not limited to, "Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness" which later influenced "liberté, égalité, fraternité" (liberty, equality, fraternity) in France. The phrase can also be found in Chapter III, Article 13 of the 1947 Constitution of Japan,  and in President Ho Chi Minh's 1945 declaration of independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam.  An alternative phrase "life, liberty and property", is found in the Declaration of Colonial Rights, a resolution of the First Continental Congress. Also, Article 3 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights reads, "Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person".
• The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (1789; France), one of the fundamental documents of the French Revolution, defined a set of individual rights and collective rights of the people.
• The Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom (1785; United States), written by Thomas Jefferson in 1779, was a document that asserted the right of man to form a personal relationship with God free from interference by the state.
• The United States Bill of Rights (1789–1791; United States), the first ten amendments of the United States Constitution specified rights of individuals in which government could not interfere, including the rights of free assembly, freedom of religion, trial by jury, and the right to keep and bear arms.
• The Constitution of Poland-Lithuania (1791; Poland-Lithuania) was the first constitution in Europe, and second in the world. It built upon previous Polish law documents such as the Henrician Articles, as well as the US constitution, and it too, specified many rights.
• The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) is an overarching set of standards by which governments, organisations and individuals would measure their behaviour towards each other. The preamble declares that the "...recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world..."
• The European Convention on Human Rights (1950; Europe) was adopted under the auspices of the Council of Europe to protect human rights and fundamental freedoms.
• The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966), a follow-up to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, concerns civil and political rights.
• The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (1966), another follow-up to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, concerns economic, social and cultural rights.
• The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (1982; Canada) was created to protect the rights of Canadian citizens from actions and policies of all levels of government. 
• The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (2000) is one of the most recent proposed legal instruments concerning human rights.

Dubi kuma

• Bayanan haƙƙoƙi 

Ƙungiyoyi:

• Amnesty International
• Mai kula da 'yancin Dan Adam
• Hukumar Kare Hakkin Bil'adama ta Amurka