Hakkin Dan Adam a Zimbabwe
 Hakkin Dan Adam a Zimbabwe | ||||
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human rights by country or territory (en)  | ||||
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Akwai rahotanni da yawa game da cin zarafin 'yancin dan adam a Zimbabwe a karkashin mulkin Robert Mugabe da jam'iyyarsa, ZANU-PF, tsakanin 1980 da 2017.
A cewar kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam irin su Amnesty International da Human Rights Watch gwamnatin Zimbabwe ta keta haƙƙin mafaka, abinci, 'yancin motsi da zama,' yancin taro da kariya ga doka. Akwai hare-hare a kan kafofin watsa labarai, 'yan adawa na siyasa, masu gwagwarmayar jama'a, da masu kare haƙƙin ɗan adam.
Taron adawa sau da yawa batun hare-haren da 'yan sanda suka kai, kamar su murkushewa a taron 11 ga Maris 2007 na Movement for Democratic Change (MDC).[1] A cikin abubuwan da suka faru, shugaban jam'iyyar Morgan Tsvangirai da wasu masu fafutukar adawa 49 sun kama su kuma 'yan sanda sun yi musu duka sosai. Edward Chikombo, wani ɗan jarida wanda ya aika hotuna na duka ga kafofin watsa labarai na ƙasashen waje, an sace shi kuma an kashe shi bayan 'yan kwanaki. Bayan an sake shi, Morgan Tsvangirai ya gaya wa BBC cewa ya ji rauni a kai kuma ya yi wa hannunsa, gwiwoyi da baya, kuma ya rasa jini mai yawa.[2] Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Ban Ki-moon, Tarayyar Turai da Amurka sun yi Allah wadai da aikin 'yan sanda.[3] Duk da yake babu wani abu da masu fafutuka suka ji rauni, amma ba tare da ambaton dalilin su ba, jaridar yau da kullun da gwamnatin Zimbabwe ke sarrafawa The Herald ta yi iƙirarin cewa 'yan sanda sun shiga tsakani bayan masu zanga-zangar "sun yi fashi da shaguna, sun lalata dukiya, sun yi wa fararen hula fashi, da kuma kai hari kan jami'an 'yan sanda da marasa laifi na jama'a". Jaridar ta kuma yi jayayya cewa 'yan adawa sun kasance "da gangan suna keta haramcin taron siyasa".
Rashin amincewar ƴan sanda[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Akwai yarjejeniya mai yawa tsakanin kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam cewa cin zarafin 'yancin mutum da mutunci yana da yawa a Zimbabwe, musamman ga wadanda ake zargi da' yan adawar siyasa. Masu goyon bayan gwamnati da hukumomin tilasta bin doka ne ke aikata laifuffukan, kuma sun hada da hare-hare, azabtarwa, barazanar kisa, satar mutane da kuma kamawa da tsare-tsare ba bisa ka'ida ba.
A cikin 1999, Amurkawa uku John Dixon, Gary Blanchard da Joseph Pettijohn sun yi iƙirarin cewa an azabtar da su bayan kama su. Alkalin shari'ar ya yarda da shaidar azabtarwa kuma ya ba su hukunci mai sauƙi bayan da aka yanke musu hukunci kan laifin makamai.
A cikin wannan shekarar,[4] Robert Mugabe ya yi Allah wadai da alƙalai a Kotun Koli ta Zimbabwe wadanda suka nemi ya yi sharhi game da kamawa da azabtarwa ba bisa ka'ida ba,[5] ta hanyar jami'an tsaro na jihar, na 'yan jarida biyu, Mark Chavunduka da Ray Choto.
Hukumomin tilasta bin doka sune babban tushen cin zarafin bil'adama a Zimbabwe. A cewar Human Rights Watch an sami karuwar shari'o'in da 'yan sanda suka kai hari da azabtar da magoya bayan adawa da masu fafutukar farar hula. Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun shari'a shine kamawa da kuma duka na ƙungiyar masu gwagwarmayar ƙungiyar kwadago, gami da shugaban kasa da babban sakatare na Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions, a ofishin 'yan sanda na Matapi, bayan zanga-zangar zaman lafiya a ranar 13 ga Satumba 2006. Da farko an hana 'yan kungiyar taimakon likita da na shari'a.
Wani irin wannan shari'ar ita ce kama shugaban mai fafutukar dalibai Promise Mkwanazi a ranar 29 ga Mayu 2006. An tsare Mkwanazi a wani ofishin 'yan sanda a Bindura na kwanaki biyar ba tare da tuhuma ba. A wannan lokacin 'yan sanda sun cire shi sau da yawa, suka ɗaure shi kuma suka yi masa duka da sanduna, wadanda suka zarge shi da ƙoƙarin hambarar da gwamnati. Ya kasance batun sa ido na 'yan sanda tun daga shekara ta 2000 saboda sa hannu a cikin tarurrukan jam'iyyar MDC da daukar ma'aikata tare da taimakon' yan uwansa da tsoffin' yan gwagwarmayar dalibai Tafadzwa Takawira da Tendai Ndira, wadanda su ma sun sha wahala daga zalunci na' yan sanda, azabtarwa da tsare-tsare ba bisa ka'ida ba a cikin sel waɗanda ke da yanayin rashin tsabta tare da bayan gida da ba mai iska ba a cikin tantanin halitta.
Daga shekara ta 2001 zuwa Satumba ta 2006, kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta Zimbabwe ta yi rikodin shari'o'i sama da 1200 na keta hakkin dan adam da hukumomin tilasta bin doka suka yi, gami da shari'oʼin azabtarwa 363, shari'o"in kai 516 na hari, shari'o-tafiye 58 na barazanar mutuwa, shari'ar kamawa 399 ba bisa ka'ida ba da shari'ar tsare-tsare 451 ba bisa ka-tsare ba. Yawancin waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru sun haɗa da wadanda ke fama da mutane da yawa. Kungiyar ta gano cewa ana ƙarfafa hukumomin tilasta bin doka da su aikata cin zarafi ta hanyar maganganun da manyan mambobin jam'iyyar ZANU-PF da ke mulki suka yi.
Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta ruwaito a cikin sanarwar jama'a mai kwanan wata 12 ga Yuli 2007 cewa halin da ake ciki a Zimbabwe na ci gaba da tabarbarewa yayin da zanga-zangar jama'a game da Mugabe da ZANU-PF ke ƙaruwa. Kwanan nan farashin gwamnati a kan dukkan kayan masarufi na cikin gida ya haifar da ƙarancin abubuwan da ake bukata, wanda ya haifar da tashin hankali tsakanin ƴan ƙasa masu tsananin damuwa da sojojin gwamnati da ke neman aiwatar da ƙuntatawa da kuma murkushe rikice-rikice. Gwamnati ta ci gaba da sake jaddada umarnin ta na kawar da duk wani rashin amincewa ko adawa da manufofinta "ta kowace hanya da ta dace", gami da karfi mai kisa. Ya goyi bayan wannan sanarwa tare da ayyukan bazuwar da ba su nuna bambanci ba na tashin hankali da gwamnati ke tallafawa daga jami'an tsaro daban-daban a kan duk wanda aka ɗauka abokin adawar ne; waɗannan hare-haren galibi suna faruwa ba tare da tayar da hankali ko gargadi ba a matsayin nau'in ta'addanci na jihar.
Ƙuntataccen ƴanci na jama'a[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A Zimbabwe ƴancin taro an hana shi sosai ta hanyar doka. Tsarin shari'a ya kara fadadawa a aikace, tare da tilasta bin doka da ke kula da zanga-zangar adawa da tarurrukan jama'a. Akwai rahotanni da yawa game da kamawa da kuma bugun masu zanga-zangar. A cewar rahoton Human Rights Watch "Za a yi ka duka sosai": An yi amfani da dokoki irin su Dokar Tsaro da Tsaro ta Jama'a (POSA) da Dokar Laifuka daban-daban (MOA) don rushe zanga-zangar zaman lafiya da kuma tabbatar da kama masu fafutukar farar hula. A wasu lokuta, ana gudanar da masu gwagwarmaya fiye da iyakar da doka ta ba da izini, sau da yawa ba tare da caji ba.[6]
A cikin rahoton Freedom in the World na shekara ta 2006, Freedom House ta gano cewa 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da' yancin yada labarai na Zimbabwe sun kara lalacewa. Dokar Samun Bayanai da Kare Sirriyar Tsaro ta 2002 (AIPPA) tana buƙatar 'yan jarida da kamfanonin kafofin watsa labarai su yi rajista tare da Hukumar Watsa Labarai da Bayanai (MIC) da ke ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnati don hana mutane yin aiki a matsayin' yan jarida. Wani gyare-gyare da aka kafa a shekara ta 2005 ya gabatar da hukuncin ɗaurin kurkuku har zuwa shekaru biyu ga 'yan jarida da ke aiki ba tare da izini ba. Hukumomi sun umarci jaridu masu adawa da masu zaman kansu da su rufe, kuma ana tsoratar da 'yan jarida, ana kama su, kuma ana gurfanar da su, tare da goyon bayan dokokin da ke aikata laifuka game da buga bayanan "maras tabbas". Ana hana ƴan jarida na kasashen waje takardar izini a kai a kai, kuma an hana masu ba da takardun gida don wallafe-wallafen kasashen waje takardun izini kuma an yi barazanar korar su. Jiha tana sarrafa duk kafofin watsa labarai da kuma manyan jaridu irin su The Chronicle da The Herald . Rahotanni sun mamaye hotunan Robert Mugabe da jam'iyyar ZANU-PF da hare-hare kan masu sukar gwamnati. A cewar Freedom House, gwamnati kuma tana sa ido kan abubuwan da ke cikin imel.[7]
A cewar Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta ta yankin ta ambaci Ministan Tsaro na Jiha Didymus Mutasa kamar yadda yake bayyana cewa hukumomi ba za su "yi watsi da ƙudurin da suka yi na farautar sauran hanyoyin samar da bayanai a kasar ba.[8]"
Duk da yake wasu masu lura da zaben Afirka sun yi la'akari da zaben majalisar dokoki na 2005 wanda ya nuna nufin mutane, yarjejeniyar gaba ɗaya ita ce waɗannan da zaɓuɓɓukan da suka gabata a Zimbabwe ba su da 'yanci da adalci, tare da yaduwar zamba. An hana 'yan takara da magoya bayan jam'iyyar adawa, MDC, yin kamfen a bayyane a wasu yankuna, kuma sun fuskanci tsangwama, tashin hankali da tsoratarwa. An ba da kayan abinci na gwamnati ga masu jefa kuri'a don musayar kuri'un su. An nuna bambanci sosai ga kafofin watsa labarai game da ZANU-PF. A ranar zabe, an karkatar da masu jefa kuri'a da yawa, musamman a cikin mazabar da 'yan adawa suka mamaye. Babban dalilin wannan shi ne cewa sun yi ƙoƙari su jefa kuri'a a cikin mazabar da ba daidai ba saboda rashin isasshen jama'a. Masu lura da zabe sun kuma lura da tsoratar da masu jefa kuri'a a wuraren zabe. A wani abin da ya faru, 'yan sanda ba su dauki mataki ba lokacin da wani dan takarar ZANU-PF ya yi barazanar harbe jami'an zabe na MDC. Rahotanni na bayar da rahoton kuri'a da ke nuna goyon baya ga jam'iyyar da ke mulki sun nuna cewa an yi amfani da haraji.
Sakamakon yunƙurin juyin mulki na Zimbabwe na 2007[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Gwamnatin Zimbabwe ta yi iƙirarin cewa ta rushe wani juyin mulki da ake zargi a watan Mayu 2007. A cewar gwamnati, sojoji sun shirya cire Shugaba Robert Mugabe daga ofishin kuma sun nemi Ministan Gidajen Karkara Emmerson Mnangagwa ya kafa gwamnati tare da shugabannin sojoji. An kama mutane da yawa, ko dai suna aiki ko kuma sun yi ritaya daga Sojojin Kasa na Zimbabwe, kuma an tuhume su da cin amana tsakanin 29 ga Mayu da farkon Yuni 2007.[9] An ci gaba da kamawa, da kuma kashe-kashen da aka yi. Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Ban Ki-moon, Tarayyar Turai da Amurka da kuma jami'in tsaro na kasashen waje David Miliband sun yi Allah wadai da hukuncin kisa.
Nuna bambanci[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Mata ba su da amfani a Zimbabwe, tare da dogaro da tattalin arziki da ka'idojin zamantakewa da ke hana su yaki da nuna bambancin jima'i. Duk da haramtacciyar doka, al'adu kamar auren tilas har yanzu suna nan. Rikicin cikin gida akan mata matsala ce mai tsanani. Duk da yake dokar aiki ta haramta cin zarafin jima'i a wurin aiki, irin wannan cin zarafin ya zama ruwan dare kuma ba a gurfanar da shi ba. Duk da yake doka ta amince da haƙƙin mata na dukiya, gado da saki, mata da yawa ba su da masaniya game da hakkinsu.
Shugaba Mugabe ya soki masu luwadi, yana mai da hankali ga matsalolin Afirka ga su. Dokar al'ada ta hana maza masu luwadi, kuma zuwa ƙarami mata masu luwadi. A wasu lokuta kuma yana aikata laifuka nuna soyayya tsakanin maza. An yi gyare-gyare na dokar aikata laifuka don bayyana sodomy don haɗawa da "duk wani aikin da ya shafi hulɗa ta jiki tsakanin maza wanda mutum mai ma'ana zai ɗauka ya zama abin kunya".
Rashin tashin hankali a lokacin zaben kasa na 2008[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
A shekara ta 2008, an gudanar da zaben 'yan majalisa da na shugaban kasa. Jam'iyyar adawa ta adawa don Canjin Dimokuradiyya (MDC), karkashin jagorancin Morgan Tsvangirai, ta lashe zaben majalisar dokoki da zagaye na farko na shugaban kasa, wanda ya haifar da raguwa a ƙarshen. Yaƙin neman zaɓe na watanni uku tsakanin zagaye na farko da na biyu na zaben shugaban kasa ya lalace ta hanyar karuwar tashin hankali da aka yi wa magoya bayan MDC. MDC ta bayyana cewa akalla magoya bayanta 86 - ciki har da Gibson Nyandoro da Tonderai Ndira - an kashe su, kuma wasu 200,000 sun tilasta su fita daga gidajensu ta hanyar 'yan bindiga masu goyon bayan gwamnati.[10] An bayar da rahoton cewa zaben da kansa ya kasance alama ce ta tsoratar da jama'a, tare da tilasta wa 'yan ƙasa yin zabe, kuma ana buƙatar nuna kuri'un su ga wakilan jam'iyyar gwamnati kafin sanya shi a cikin akwatin zabe.[10]
Torturewa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
An yi zargin cewa jami'an tsaro na Zimbabwe suna da sansanin azabtarwa a cikin filayen lu'u-lu'u na Marange; hanyoyin sun haɗa da mummunan duka, cin zarafin jima'i da cin zarafin kare.[11] A ranar 8 ga Yuni 2020, Amnesty International ta ba da rahoton azabtarwa da cin zarafin 'yan gwagwarmayar adawa uku da membobin majalisa, Joana Mamombe, Cecilia Chimbiri da Netsai Marova. An kama su kuma an tilasta su su su ɓace a ranar 13 ga Mayu a babban birnin Zimbabwe, Harare, saboda jagorantar zanga-zangar adawa da gwamnati game da martani ga annobar COVID-19 da yunwa mai yawa a kasar. Bayan kwana biyu an same su a cikin mummunan yanayi a Bindura, kilomita 87 daga Harare. A ranar 26 ga watan Mayu, 'yan sanda sun zargi masu fafutuka da taruwa da niyyar inganta tashin hankali na jama'a da rushe zaman lafiya.
Laifukan da aka yi wa bil'adama[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
An dai samu rahotannin cin zarafin bil adama da gwamnatin Mugabe ta yi tsakanin shekarar 1980 zuwa 2017. Da take rubuta wa kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama a kwata kwata, Rhoda E. Howard-Hassmann ta yi ikirarin cewa "akwai kwararan hujjoji da ke nuna cewa Mugabe na da laifin cin zarafin bil'adama". [12] A shekara ta 2009, Gregory Stanton, wanda shi ne shugaban kungiyar malamai na kasa da kasa na kisan ƙare dangi, da Helen Fein, a lokacin babban darektan Cibiyar Nazarin Kisan Kisan, sun buga wata wasika a cikin jaridar New York Times da ke nuna cewa akwai isassun shaidu na laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama. domin gurfanar da Mugabe a gaban kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta duniya. [13] Ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin bil’adama da dama sun soki ƙasashen yammacin duniya da yin watsi da kisan da gangan aka yi wa akalla mutane 20,000 galibi fararen hula Ndebele, wadanda Brigade ta biyar ta Mugabe ta kashe a tsakanin shekarar 1982 zuwa 1985 a lokacin da ake kwace kasa. Wasu masana da masu fafutuka sun yi imanin ainihin adadin zai iya zama 80,000. [ana buƙatar hujja] gwamnatin Mugabe ta sha suka daga abokan hamayyar siyasa da ƙungiyoyi irin su Amnesty International kan take hakkin dan Adam da jami'an tsaron ƙasar ke yi. An yi kisan kiyashi a gidan yarin Chikurubi da ke birnin Harare, a ranar 29 ga watan Yunin 1996, inda kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch ta kiyasta cewa an kashe fursunoni sama da 1,200 a cikin sa'o'i kadan. A cikin 2006, Amnesty International ta yi kira da a gudanar da bincike mai zaman kansa kan mutuwar da ta faru a gidan yarin Harare mafi girman tsaro yayin kisan kiyashin watan Yuni 1996. Tun daga shekarar 1980 zuwa 2017, a cewar wasu kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama an kiyasta cewa gwamnatin Mugabe ce ke da alhakin mutuwar mutane miliyan 3 zuwa 6 a kai tsaye ko a fakaice, duk da cewa wasu majiyoyi sun banbanta, wata kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta ce dubban daruruwan 'yan kasar Zimbabwe ne. sun mutu sakamakon yunwa da yunwa sakamakon manufofinsa da ayyukansa, an kuma yi ta kashe-kashe a jahohin kasar inda dubban daruruwan 'yan kasar Zimbabwe ma suka yi amanna cewa sun mutu, don haka kai tsaye ko a fakaice Mugabe zai iya daukar nauyin akalla miliyan guda. mutuwa.
A ranar 24 ga watan Yulin 2020, Ofishin Babban Kwamishinan Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya nuna damuwa game da kama wani fitaccen ɗan jarida mai bincike da kuma shugaban adawa wanda ya nuna cewa hukumomin Zimbabwe bai kamata su yi amfani da cutar COVID-19 a matsayin uzuri don hana 'yanci na asali ba.
A ranar 5 ga watan Agusta, 2020, kamfen ɗin #ZimbabweanLivesMatter ya ja hankalin fitattun mutane da 'yan siyasa na duniya game da cin zarafin' yancin ɗan adam a Zimbabwe, yana ƙara matsin lamba ga gwamnatin Emmerson Mnanagwa. Yaƙin neman zaɓe ya zo ne bayan kamawa, satar mutane da azabtar da manyan masu gwagwarmayar siyasa da kuma ɗaure ɗan jarida, Hopewell Chin Tianono, da kuma marubucin da aka jera a cikin littafin Booker, Tsitsi Dangarembga.
A ranar 24 ga watan Agusta 2020, bishops na Katolika sun ɗaga muryarsu a karo na farko kan cin zarafin 'yancin ɗan adam don tallafawa # Zimbabweanlivesmatter . A karkashin Wasikar Fastocin Bishops na Katolika na Zimbabwe, sun soki Shugaba Emmerson Mnangagwa saboda cin hanci da rashawa da cin zarafin iko.
Amsar gwamnati[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Gwamnatin Zimbabwe ta mayar da martani ga zarge-zargen keta haƙƙin ɗan adam daga ƙasashen Yamma ta hanyar zarge-carga game da halayen mulkin mallaka da munafunci, suna da'awar cewa ƙasashe kamar Ingila da Amurka suna da irin wannan ko mafi muni, misali a yakin Iraki.
A cikin jawabin da aka yi a taron kaddamar da Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Geneva a ranar 21 ga Yuni 2006 Ministan Shari'a, Shari'a da Harkokin Majalisar Dokoki na Zimbabwe, Patrick Chinamasa, ya tabbatar da cewa Zimbabwe za ta "yi mutunta haƙƙin ɗan adam na dukan mutanenta". Koyaya, ya zargi "kasashe masu tasowa" da tallafawa kungiyoyin ba da agaji na cikin gida tare da burin "ƙazantar da ikon mallakarmu, ƙirƙirar da kuma tallafawa kungiyoyi masu adawa na cikin gida waɗanda ba su da tushen tallafi na cikin gida, da kuma inganta rashin jin daɗi da ƙiyayya tsakanin jama'ar cikin gida game da gwamnatin da aka zaba".
Tarihin tarihi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Wadannan sune kimantawar Zimbabwe tun 1972 a cikin rahotanni na Freedom in the World, wanda Freedom House ke buga a kowace shekara wanda aka kimanta a kan sikelin daga 1 (mafi yawan kyauta) zuwa 7 (mafi ƙarancin kyauta).
| Year | Political Rights | Civil Liberties | Status |
| 1972 | 6 | 5 | Not free |
| 1973 | 6 | 5 | Not free |
| 1974 | 6 | 5 | Not free |
| 1975 | 6 | 5 | Not free |
| 1976 | 6 | 5 | Not free |
| 1977 | 6 | 5 | Not free |
| 1978 | 6 | 5 | Not free |
| 1979 | 5 | 5 | Partly free |
| 1980 | 4 | 4 | Partly free |
| 1981 | 3 | 4 | Partly free |
| 1982 | 3 | 5 | Partly free |
| 1983 | 4 | 5 | Partly free |
| 1984 | 4 | 5 | Partly free |
| 1985 | 4 | 6 | Partly free |
| 1986 | 4 | 6 | Partly free |
| 1987 | 5 | 6 | Partly free |
| 1988 | 6 | 5 | Partly free |
| 1989 | 6 | 4 | Partly free |
| 1990 | 6 | 4 | Partly free |
| 1991 | 5 | 4 | Partly free |
| 1992 | 5 | 4 | Partly free |
| 1993 | 5 | 5 | Partly free |
| 1994 | 5 | 5 | Partly free |
| 1995 | 5 | 5 | Partly free |
| 1996 | 5 | 5 | Partly free |
| 1997 | 5 | 5 | Partly free |
| 1998 | 5 | 5 | Partly free |
| 1999 | 6 | 5 | Partly free |
| 2000 | 6 | 5 | Partly free |
| 2001 | 6 | 6 | Not free |
| 2002 | 6 | 6 | Not free |
| 2003 | 6 | 6 | Not free |
| 2004 | 7 | 6 | Not free |
| 2005 | 7 | 6 | Not free |
| 2006 | 7 | 6 | Not free |
| 2007 | 7 | 6 | Not free |
| 2008 | 7 | 6 | Not free |
| 2009 | 6 | 6 | Not free |
| 2010 | 6 | 6 | Not free |
| 2011 | 6 | 6 | Not free |
| 2012 | 6 | 6 | Not free |
| 2013 | 5 | 6 | Not free |
| 2014 | 5 | 6 | Not free |
| 2015 | 5 | 5 | Partly free |
| 2016 | 5 | 5 | Partly free |
| 2017 | 6 | 5 | Not free |
| 2018 | 5 | 5 | Partly free |
| 2019 | 5 | 5 | Partly free |
| 2020 | 6 | 5 | Not free |
| 2021 | 6 | 5 | Not free |
| 2022 | 6 | 5 | Not free |
Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- ↑ "Zimbabwe journalist murdered 'over leaked Tsvangirai pictures'", The Independent, 4 April 2007
- ↑ BBC (14 March 2007). "Unbowed Tsvangirai urges defiance". BBC News. Retrieved 14 March 2007.
- ↑ The Herald, Zimbabwe (14 March 2007). "Opposition protesters' case not heard". Archived from the original on 16 March 2007. Retrieved 14 March 2007.
- ↑ Human Rights Watch. "World Report 2007: Zimbabwe". Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 14 March 2007.
- ↑ Emergency Resolution on Zimbabwe[permanent dead link] of the South African Transport and Allied Workers Union
- ↑ Human Rights Watch. ""You Will Be Thoroughly Beaten": The Brutal Suppression of Dissent in Zimbabwe". Retrieved 14 March 2007.
- ↑ "Zimbabwe: 2006 Country Report". Freedom House. Archived from the original on 12 November 2011. Retrieved 14 March 2007.
- ↑ U.S. Department of State (6 March 2007). "Zimbabwe Country Report on Human Rights Practices – 2006". Retrieved 14 March 2007.
- ↑ "UN: Free Zimbabwe poll impossible" (in Turanci). 2008-06-24. Retrieved 2019-06-19.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 "UN 'regrets' Zimbabwe election", BBC, 28 June 2008
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs namedHilary Andersson - ↑ Howard-Hassmann 2010, p. 909
- ↑ c Howard-Hassmann 2010, p. 917.
Haɗin waje[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- Taron NGO na 'Yancin Dan Adam na Zimbabwe
- Rahoton Kasar Zimbabwe kan Ayyukan 'Yancin Dan Adam na 2008 daga Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka
- Zimbabwe Archived 2009-06-24 at the Wayback Machine An adana daga Amnesty International Amurka tare da shekaru goma na rahotanni
- Zimbabwe: Binciken shekara-shekara na keta haƙƙin ƙungiyar kwadago (2008) daga Ƙungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya
- Rahoton Shekara na 2012 An adana shi , ta Amnesty International
- Freedom in the World 2011 Rahoton An adana shi Agusta 2012 a , ta Freedom House
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