Hakkin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu
 economic, social and cultural rights | |
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| Ƙaramin ɓangare na | Hakkokin Yan-adam |
Hakkoki na tattalin arziki da zamantakewa da al'adu ( ESCR ) su ne haƙƙoƙin zamantakewa da tattalin arziƙin na ɗan adam, kamar 'yancin ilimi, 'yancin samun gidaje, 'yancin samun isasshen yanayin rayuwa, 'yancin samun lafiya, haƙƙin waɗanda abin ya shafa da yancin kimiyya da al'adu. Ana gane da kuma kiyaye haƙƙoƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu a cikin kayan haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya da na yanki. Ƙasashen membobi suna da haƙƙin doka don mutunta, kariya da cika haƙƙoƙin tattalin, arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu kuma ana tsammanin ɗaukar "matakan ci gaba" don cika su.
Yarjejeniya ta Duniya kan 'Yancin Ɗan Adam ta amince da wasu haƙƙoƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu da kuma Yarjejeniya ta Duniya kan Haƙƙin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu (ICESCR) shine tushen shari'a na farko na haƙƙoƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu. [1] Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Yara da Yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariya ga mata sun gane da kuma kare yawancin haƙƙoƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu da aka amince da su a cikin ICESCR dangane da yara da mata. Yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariyar launin fata ya haramta wariyar launin fata ko kabila dangane da wasu haƙƙoƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu. Yarjejeniyar kan haƙƙin naƙasassu kuma ta haramta duk wani wariya dangane da naƙasa ciki har da ƙin masauki mai ma'ana da ya shafi cikakken jin daɗin haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu.
Ka'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya da na yanki[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ana gane da kuma kiyaye haƙƙoƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu a cikin adadin kayan haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙasa da ƙasa da na yanki.
Ka'idojin kare hakkin bil'adama na duniya[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Yarjejeniyar Kare Hakkokin Ɗan Adam ta Duniya (UDHR), wacce Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta amince da ita a shekarar 1948, tana ɗaya daga cikin muhimman hanyoyin samun yancin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu. Ya amince da haƙƙin tsaro na zamantakewa a cikin Mataki na ashirin da 22, haƙƙin yin aiki a cikin Mataki na ashirin da 23, haƙƙin hutawa da hutu a cikin Mataki na ashirin da 24, haƙƙin samun ingantaccen yanayin rayuwa a cikin Mataki na ashirin da 25, haƙƙin ilimi a cikin Mataki na ashirin da 26, da yancin samun ilimi a cikin Mataki na ashirin da 26. 'yancin samun fa'idar kimiyya da al'adu a cikin Mataki na 27.
Yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa kan Hakkokin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu (ICESCR) ita ce tushen doka ta farko ta ƙasa da ƙasa ta haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu. Yarjejeniyar ta amince da kuma kare haƙƙin yin aiki da adalci da kyakkyawan yanayin aiki a cikin Mataki na ashirin da 6 da 7, haƙƙin shiga ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci da ɗaukar aikin gama gari a cikin Mataki na 8, haƙƙin tsaro na zamantakewa a cikin Mataki na ashirin da 9, haƙƙin kariya. na iyali, ciki har da kariya ga iyaye mata da yara, a cikin Mataki na ashirin da 10, 'yancin samun isasshen ma'auni na rayuwa, ciki har da 'yancin cin abinci da kuma hakkin gidaje, a cikin Mataki na ashirin da 11, 'yancin samun lafiya a cikin Mataki na ashirin da 12, haƙƙin mallaka. ilimi a cikin Mataki na 13, da kuma 'yancin shiga cikin rayuwar al'adu da 'yancin samun fa'idar kimiyya da al'adu a cikin Mataki na 15. Yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa kan 'yancin jama'a da siyasa, wanda aka karɓa a lokaci guda kamar yadda ICESCR, ya gane da kuma kare yawancin haƙƙoƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu, ciki har da haƙƙin shiga ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci a cikin Mataki na ashirin da 22, da haƙƙin kabilanci, addini ko kuma ’yan tsiraru masu ilimin harshe don shiga cikin al’adunsu, yin addininsu da kuma amfani da harshensu a cikin Mataki na ashirin da bakwai
Wasu manyan manyan ka'idojin haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙasa da ƙasa sun ƙunshi tanadi da suka shafi haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu. Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Yara ta gane da kuma kare yawancin haƙƙoƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu da aka gane a cikin ICESCR dangane da yara. Ciki har da hakkin kiwon lafiya a cikin Mataki na ashirin da Huɗu, da hakkin samun zaman lafiya a cikin Mataki na ashirin da biyar, 'yancin samun isasshen yanayin rayuwa a cikin Mataki na ashirin da bakwai, 'yancin samun ilimi a cikin Mataki na ashirin da 28, da 'yancin samun kariya daga cin gajiyar tattalin arziki (duba aikin yara). a cikin Mataki na 32. Yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariyar launin fata ya haramta wariyar launin fata ko kabila dangane da wasu haƙƙoƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu. Yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariya ga mata ya tabbatar da haƙƙoƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu ga mata. Taron ILO na kungiyar masu aiki na ƙasa da ƙasa (ILO) suna kare kewayon aikin tattalin arziki da suka shafi tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu. Wasu jihohi 195 ne suka amince da ka'idojin gama gari na duniya a cikin Shawarwari kan Kimiyya da Kimiya don karewa da sake tabbatar da 'yancin kimiyya, haƙƙin masana kimiyya, da haƙƙin batutuwan bincike, da 'yancin kowa na samun kimiyya. [3]
Kayan aikin haƙƙin ɗan adam na yanki[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Yarjejeniya ta Afirka game da yancin ɗan adam da al'umma ta kare yancin yin aiki a cikin sashe na 15, 'yancin samun lafiya a cikin sashe na 16, da 'yancin samun ilimi a sashe na 17. Yarjejeniya ta zamantakewar jama'a ta Turai tana ƙare haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu iri-iri, gami da haƙƙin yin aiki, zuwa yanayin aiki mai kyau, haƙƙin shiga ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci da ɗaukar aikin gama gari a cikin Mataki na 1 zuwa 10, haƙƙin lafiya a cikin Mataki na ashirin da 11, haƙƙin samun tsaro na zamantakewa, ciki har da haƙƙin taimakon likita da haƙƙin sabis na jin dadin jama'a, a cikin Mataki na ashirin da 12 zuwa 14, an tsara kariya ga ƙungiyoyi masu rauni musamman a cikin Mataki na 15 zuwa 17 da 19, da kuma haƙƙin gidaje a cikin labarin. 31. Yarjejeniya ta San Salvador tana kare haƙƙoƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu daban-daban a cikin tsarin haƙƙin ɗan adam na Inter-Amurka.
Tushen shari'a na biyu[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Akwai kewayon tushen shari'a na biyu akan haƙƙoƙin tattalin arziƙi, zamantakewa da al'adu waɗanda ke ba da jagora akan ma'anarsu na yau da kullun. Wani muhimmin tushe na shari'a na biyu shine Kwamitin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya kan Hakkokin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da Al'adu wanda ke kula da aiwatar da Yarjejeniyar Ƙasa da Ƙasa kan Hakkokin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da Al'adu (ICESCR). Kwamitin ya kasance tsakiya wajen haɓaka ma'anar ma'anar muhimman haƙƙoƙin tattalin arziƙi, zamantakewa da al'adu, fassara rawar da Jam'iyyun Jihohi ga ICESCR, da sa ido kan kariya da take haƙƙin ICESCR. Kwamitin ya ba da sanarwar jagora ta hanyar sharhi na gabaɗaya, kuma sauran ƙungiyoyin yarjejeniyar haƙƙin ɗan adam na iya ba da sharhin da suka dace da haƙƙoƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu.
Sauran mahimman tushen shari'a na biyu akan haƙƙin tattalin arziƙi, zamantakewa da al'adu sune Ka'idodin Limburg akan Aiwatar da Yarjejeniyar Ƙasa da Ƙasa akan Hakkokin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu 1987 da ka'idojin Maastricht akan cin zarafin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu 1997. An yi amfani da ƙa'idodin Limburg sosai a cikin tsarin shari'a na ƙasa azaman kayan aikin fassara don kafa take haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu. Jagororin Maastricht sun gina ƙa'idodin Limburg kuma sun gano abubuwan da suka shafi shari'a na ayyuka da ƙetare waɗanda take haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu. Wakilai na musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya daban-daban sun yi tasiri wajen bunƙasar hakokin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu. Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Ɗan Adam da sauran kwamitocinta ne suka naɗa, manyan masu aiko da rahotanni sun haɗa da mai ba da rahoto na musamman kan tabbatar da haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu, mai ba da rahoto na musamman kan 'yancin samun isasshen gidaje, mai ba da rahoto na musamman kan haƙƙin ilimi, da kuma Mai Rahoto Na Musamman Kan Cin Zarafin Mata.
Kundin tsarin mulkin kasa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Yawancin kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasa sun amince da yancin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu. Misali, Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1996 na Afirka ta Kudu ya haɗa da haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu kuma Kotun Tsarin Mulki ta Afirka ta Kudu ta saurari ƙararrakin da ke ƙarƙashin waɗannan wajibai (duba Grootboom and Treatment Action Compaign ). Kotun kolin Indiya ta fassara sashe na 21 na kundin tsarin mulki da ya ƙunshi kyawawan haƙƙin zamantakewa.
An daɗe ana tunanin amincewa da tsarin mulki na tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu ba zai haifar da da mai ido ba, ganin cewa za a iya dora wa kotuna alhakin yanke musu hukunci, kuma hakan ya kawo cikas ga tsarin dimokuradiyya na bin diddigin abin da ake kira rassan da aka zaɓa. Duk da haka, wallafe-wallafen girma daga Kudancin Duniya ya bi diddigin martanin shari'a daban-daban.
Masu sukan tausayi suna jayayya cewa haƙƙoƙin zamantakewa da tattalin arziƙi suna bayyana abubuwa 'marasa sakaci' dangane da tabbatar da ci gaban ɗan adam gabaɗaya. [4] Jihohin jindaɗi na yau da kullun suna ba da fifiko ga lalata, jindadin jama'a da amfanin gama gari, ba haƙƙi ba. Sweden, Finland, da Denmark, alal misali, suna bin wani yunƙuri mai ƙarfi na jin daɗin rayuwa, wanda aka gina da farko ta hanyar jam'iyyun demokraɗiyya na zamantakewa da ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago, ba tare da dogaro da nazarin shari'a game da haƙƙin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki ba. [4] Duk da haka, fagagen siyasa masu rinjaye kamar majalisai da tsarin ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago na iya zama marasa jin daɗi ga tsiraru. Ribar da aka samu ta hanyar ƙararraki, ƙanƙanta ko da yake suna iya zama, duk da haka na iya zama mai amfani ga waɗanda suka amfana daga gare su. [5]
Ƙungiyoyin ƙungiyoyin jama'a sun sami ci gaba madadin cibiyoyi, ƙa'idodi da ayyuka don tsara tsarin mulki da samar da haƙƙin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki tasiri. Mahalarta gwaje-gwajen kundin tsarin mulki na baya-bayan nan a Iceland, Bolivia da Ecuador duk sun danganta haƙƙin tattalin arziƙi da zamantakewa ga sabbin tsare-tsare na hukumomi kamar tsarin kasafin kuɗi ko haɓaka dimokraɗiyya kai tsaye ta hanyar fasaha da kuma sabbin ka'idoji da jawabai, musamman waɗanda suka shafi kula da muhalli da na gama-gari da kuma kulawa da haifuwar jama'a. A Ireland, ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa irin su 'Right2Water' da 'Repeal na 8th' yakin neman zaɓe sun nuna yadda mutane da al'ummomi masu haɗin gwiwa za su iya yin taro tare da waje da cibiyoyin gargajiya, yin aiki tare, da haɓaka haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu.
Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- ↑ "Universal Declaration of Human Rights". www.un.org (in Turanci). 2015-10-06. Retrieved 2020-09-26.
- ↑ "Women's Economic Rights". Our World in Data. Retrieved 5 March 2020.
- ↑ "Recommendation on Science and Scientific Researchers". portal.unesco.org. Retrieved 2019-06-25.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Hirschl, Ran and Evan Rosevear, 'Constitutional Law Meets Comparative Politics: Socio-economic Rights and Political Realities' in Tom Campbell, K. D. Ewing, and Adam Tomkins (eds.), 2011, The Legal Protection of Human Rights: Sceptical Essays. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 207–28, pp. 213, 223.
- ↑ Whyte, 2014, 'The Efficacy of Public Interest Litigation in Ireland' in Maluwa, Tiyanjana (ed.), Law, Politics and Human Rights: Essays in Memory of Kader Asmal. Leiden: Brill, pp. 252–86.