Harshen Arewacin Ndebele
| Harshen Arewacin Ndebele | |
|---|---|
'Yan asalin magana | 1,572,800 |
| |
| Baƙaƙen boko | |
| Lamban rijistar harshe | |
| ISO 639-1 |
nd |
| ISO 639-2 |
nde |
| ISO 639-3 |
nde |
| Glottolog |
nort2795[1] |
| Harshen Ndebele | |
|---|---|
| Mutum | inndebele |
| Mutane | amaNdebele (prev. Matabele) |
| Harshe | isNdebele |
Arewacin Ndebele English: Turanci : / ɛndə ˈbiːliː / ) , kuma ana kiransa Ndebele, isiNdebele saseNyakatho, Ndebele na Zimbabwe ko North Ndebele, hade da kalmar Matabele, shine yaren Bantu da mutanen Northern Ndebele ke magana wanda ke cikin rukunin harsunan Nguni .
Ndebele kalma ce da ake amfani da ita don yin nuni ga tarin al'adun Afirka daban-daban a Zimbabwe . Wataƙila ta hanyar tsoho ya zama 'harshe' (don rashin ingantaccen kalma) Mzilikazi ke magana . A matsayin harshe, ba ya kama da yaren Ndebele da ake magana da shi a kwaNdebele a Afirka ta Kudu ko da yake, kamar yawancin yarukan Nguni, za a raba wasu kalmomi. Da yawa daga cikin ƴan ƙasar da Matabele suka yi wa mulkin mallaka an haɗa su cikin masarautar Mzilikazi don ƙirƙirar sigar isiZulu. Mutanen Matebele na Zimbabwe sun fito ne daga mabiyan shugaban Zulu Mzilikazi (daya daga cikin manyan sarakunan Zulu na Sarki Shaka ), wanda ya bar masarautar Zulu a farkon karni na 19, lokacin Mfecane, ya isa Zimbabwe ta yau a 1839.
Ko da yake akwai wasu bambance-bambance a cikin nahawu, ƙamus da kalmomin shiga tsakanin Zulu da Northern Ndebele, harsunan biyu suna raba fiye da kashi 85% na ƙamus. [2] Ga fitattun masana harsunan Nguni kamar Anthony Trevor Cope da Cyril Nyembezi, Northern Ndebele yare ne na Zulu. Ga wasu kamar Langa Khumalo, harshe ne. Bambance tsakanin harshe da yare ga nau'ikan harshe masu kama da juna yana da wuyar gaske, tare da yanke shawarar sau da yawa ba bisa ƙa'idodin harshe na haƙiƙa ba amma akan abubuwan da suka fi dacewa, galibi ana siyasantar da su. [3] [4] [5]
Arewacin Ndebele da Kudancin Ndebele (ko Transvaal Ndebele), wanda ake magana a Afirka ta Kudu, harsuna ne daban amma masu alaƙa da ɗanɗano na fahimtar juna, kodayake na farko yana da alaƙa da Zulu. Kudancin Ndebele, yayin da yake kiyaye tushen sa na Nguni, harsunan Sotho sun yi tasiri a kan su.
Fassarar sauti[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Consonants[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Yawancin sautunan baƙar fata na iya haifar da baƙin ciki (ko numfashi) allophones. Alveolar consonants, t, d, da n, maiyuwa sun yi haƙoran haƙora na [t̪ʼ, d̪, n̪]</link> . Consonants k da h na iya haifar da allophones na [ɣ, ɣʱ]</link> kuma [ɦ]</link> .
Ndebele /t͡ʃ/ gabaɗaya yayi daidai da Zulu /ʃ/. [5]
Danna baƙaƙe[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
| Denti-alveolar | Bayan alveolar | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| tsakiya | na gefe | |||
| Danna | tenuis | kǀ ⟨ c ⟩ | k! ⟨ ⟩ | kǁ ⟨ x ⟩ |
| m | kǀʰ ⟨ ch ⟩ | k!ʰ ⟨ qh ⟩ | kǁʰ ⟨ xh ⟩ | |
| tawayar | ɡǀʱ ⟨ gc ⟩ | ɡ!ʱ ⟨ gq ⟩ | ɡǁʱ ⟨ gx ⟩ | |
| nasalized | ŋǀ ⟨ nc ⟩ | ŋ! ⟨ nq ⟩ | ŋǁ ⟨ ⟩ | |
| nasalized (depr.) | ŋǀʱ ⟨ ngc ⟩ | ŋ!ʱ ⟨ ngq ⟩ | ŋǁʱ ⟨ ngx ⟩ | |
A Arewacin Ndebele, akwai baƙaƙe guda goma sha biyar .
Dannawa guda biyar da aka rubuta da c [ǀ]</link> ana yin su ta hanyar sanya gefen harshe a kan manyan haƙora na gaba da ƙuƙumma, tsakiyar harshen ya baci kuma ana ja da ƙarshen harshe a baya. Sakamakon sauti yana kama da sautin da ake amfani da shi a cikin Ingilishi don bayyana bacin rai. [6] Wasu misalan su ne cina (ƙarshen), cela (tambaya). [7]
Dannawa guda biyar an rubuta da q [!]</link> ana yin su ta hanyar ɗaga bayan harshe don taɓa lallausan ɓangarorin da kuma taɓa ƙusoshin da gefuna da gefen harshe. Tsakiyar harshe ya baci kuma an zare tip da sauri daga danko. Sakamakon sauti yana kama da "pop" da aka ji lokacin da sauri cire kwalabe daga kwalban. [6] Wasu misalan sune qalisa (fara), qeda (gama). [7]
Matsa guda biyar da aka rubuta da x [ǁ]</link> ana yin ta ne ta hanyar sanya harshe ta yadda bayan harshen ya taɓa ɓacin rai mai laushi sannan kuma gefuna da gefen harshe suna taɓa ƙuƙumma. Daya gefen harshe yana da sauri janye daga gumi. [6] Wasu misalan su ne xoxa (tattaunawa), ixoxo (frog). [7]
Wasula[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Akwai wayoyi guda biyar, waɗanda aka rubuta da haruffan a, e, i, o, u .
- a suna [a]</link> , kusan kamar uba; misali abantwana (yara)
- e ana kiransa [ɛ]</link> ko [e]</link> , wani lokacin kamar e a kan gado; misali emoyeni (a cikin iska)
- ana furta min [i]</link> , kamar ee in gani; misali siza (taimako)
- ana furta [ɔ]</link> ko [o]</link> , wani lokacin kamar o a kashi; misali okhokho (kakanni)
- ana furta ku [u]</link> , kamar oo in an jima; misali umuntu (mutum)
Misalai[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Watanni a Arewa da Kudancin Ndebele
| Turanci | Northern Ndebele (Zimbabwe) | Kudancin Ndebele (Afirka ta Kudu) | Zulu (Afirka ta Kudu) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Janairu | uZibandlela | uTjhirhweni | uMasingane |
| Fabrairu | uhlolanja | uMhlolanja | uhlolanja |
| Maris | uBimbito | untaka | uNdasa |
| Afrilu | uMabasa | uSihlabantangana | Umbasa |
| Mayu | uNkwenkwezi | uMrhayili | UNhlab |
| Yuni | uhlangula | uMgwengweni | UNhlangulana |
| Yuli | uNtulikazi | uVelabahlinze | uNtulikazi |
| Agusta | uNcwabakazi | uRhoboyi | UNcwaba |
| Satumba | uMpandula | uKhukhulamungu | ku Mandulo |
| Oktoba | uMfumfu | uSewula | uMfumfu |
| Nuwamba | uLwazi | uSinyikhaba | uLwazi |
| Disamba | uMpalakazi | uNobayeni | uZibandlela |
Nahawu[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Nahawun Ndebele yayi kama da na Zulu, tare da wasu bambance-bambance. Arewacin Ndebele yare ne na Nguni kuma yana iya fahimtar juna tare da Swati da Xhosa, yana da sautunan danna sau da yawa kama na harsunan Kudancin Afirka wanda ya fi girma a Gabashin Cape.
Sunaye[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Sunan Ndebele na Arewa ya ƙunshi sassa biyu masu mahimmanci, prefix da tushe. Yin amfani da prefixes, ana iya haɗa sunaye zuwa azuzuwan suna, waɗanda aka ƙidaya su a jere, don sauƙaƙe kwatanta da sauran harsunan Bantu .
Tebu mai zuwa yana ba da bayyani na azuzuwan suna na Ndebele na Arewa, wanda aka tsara bisa ga nau'i-nau'i-ɗaya-jam'i.
| Class | Mufuradi | Jam'i |
|---|---|---|
| 1/2 | ku- 1 | aba-, abi- |
| 1 a/2a | ku - | o- |
| 3/4 | ku- 1 | imi- |
| 5/6 | i-, ina- | ama- |
| 7/8 | ni (i) | zo (i) |
| 9/10 | in- | iziN- |
| 11/10 | u-, ulu- | |
| 14 | ubu-, ub-, utsh- | |
| 15 | uku- | |
| 17 | uku- |
1 umu- yana maye gurbin um- kafin tsiron monosyllabic, misali umu ntu (mutum).
Kalmomi[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
Ana yiwa fi'ili alama tare da prefixes masu zuwa cikin yarjejeniya da ajin suna na jigo da abin:
| Mutum/ </br> Class |
Alamar magana | Alamar abu |
|---|---|---|
| Waka ta farko. | ngi- | -ngi- |
| Waka ta 2. | ku - | -wu- |
| 1st plur. | si- | -si- |
| Na biyu plur. | li- | -li- |
| 1 | ku - | -mu (ku) |
| 2 | ba- | -ba- |
| 3 | ku - | -mu (ku) |
| 4 | i- | - yi- |
| 5 | li- | -li- |
| 6 | a- | -wa- |
| 7 | si- | -si- |
| 8 | zi- | -zi- |
| 9 | i- | - yi- |
| 10 | zi- | -zi- |
| 11 | lu - | -lu- |
| 14 | bu- | - ba- |
| 15 | ku- | -ku- |
| 17 | ku- | -ku- |
| reflexive | -zi- |
Yayin da yarjejeniyar batu-fi'ili ya zama wajibi, alamar abu ba ta zama ba, kuma tana bayyana ne kawai lokacin da aka ba da abu a cikin jawabin. Alamar abu tana maƙala kusa da tushen fi’ili idan ya faru (tare da waɗannan bayanan: A - ƙara wasali; 1 - prefix na aji 1, da sauransu; 1s - yarjejeniyar jigo na 1, da sauransu; FUT - gaba; 1o - aji. Alamar abu 1, da sauransu): Akwai shaida daga Zulu cewa alamomin abu juyin halitta ne na ƙayyadaddun bayanai don zama alamomin yarjejeniya, [8] wanda kuma zai iya zama yanayin Northern Ndebele, idan aka yi la'akari da kamancen harshe tsakanin harsuna.
Duba kuma[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- Matabele
- Zulu harshe
- Yaren Kudancin Ndebele
- Lardunan Zimbabwe
- Matabeleland North
- Matabeleland South
- Bulawayo
Manazarta[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Harshen Arewacin Ndebele". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ↑ Langa Khumalo, “Language Contact and Lexical Change: A Lexicographical Terminographical Interface in Zimbabwean Ndebele,” Lexikos 14, no. 108 (2004).
- ↑ Anthony Cope, “A Consolidated Classification of the Bantu Languages,” African Studies 30, nos. 3–4 1971): 213–36.
- ↑ Nyembezi, C.L.S., 1957.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 D.K. Rycroft “Ndebele and Zulu: Some Phonetic and Tonal Comparisons,” Zambezia, no. 2 (1980): 109–28.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Shenk, J.R. A New Ndebele Grammar
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 NorthernNdebele at blogspot.com
- ↑ Empty citation (help)
Kara karantawa[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]
- (Victoria ed.). Missing or empty
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