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Ilimi a Ivory Coast

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Ilimi a Ivory Coast
education in country or region (en) Fassara
Bayanai
Facet of (en) Fassara karantarwa
Ƙasa Ivory Coast
Wuri
Map
 8°N 6°W / 8°N 6°W / 8; -6
Yara a cikin aji a Abidjan
Taimako ga Ilimi na asali, adadin taimakon kasashen biyu da na kasashen da Ivory Coast ta bayar ko karɓa (source: UNESCO)

Ilimi a Ivory Coast yana ci gaba da fuskantar kalubale da yawa. Daga cikin kasashen Afirka da ke kudu da Sahara, Ivory Coast tana da ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman ƙididdigar karatu da rubutu.[1] A cewar The World Factbook - Hukumar leken asiri ta tsakiya a shekarar (2019, kashi 89.9% na yawan mutanen da ke da shekaru 15 da sama na iya karatu da rubutu a Ivory Coast sun kasance masu karatu da rubutu).[1] Yawan karatun manya ya kasance ƙasa: a cikin 2000, an kiyasta cewa kashi 48.7% na yawan jama'a ne kawai suka iya karatu (60.8% na maza da 38.6% na mata). [2] Yara da yawa tsakanin shekaru 6 zuwa 10 ba su shiga makaranta ba, galibi yara daga iyalai matalauta.[3] Yawancin dalibai a makarantar sakandare maza ne. A ƙarshen karatun sakandare, ɗalibai na iya zama jarrabawar Baccalauréat. Kasar tana da jami'o'i a Abidjan (Jami'ar Cocody), Bouaké (Jami'ar Bouaké), da Yamoussoukro (Institut National Polytechnique Félix Houphouët-Boigny).

The Human Rights Measurement Initiative (HRMI) [4] ya gano cewa Ivory Coast tana cika kashi 65.1% kawai na abin da ya kamata ta cika don haƙƙin ilimi bisa ga matakin samun kudin shiga na ƙasar.[5] HRMI ta rushe haƙƙin ilimi ta hanyar kallon haƙƙin ilimi na firamare da na sakandare. Yayinda ake la'akari da matakin samun kudin shiga na Ivory Coast, kasar tana samun kashi 85.1% na abin da ya kamata ya yiwu bisa ga albarkatun ta (kudin shiga) don ilimin firamare amma kawai 45.1% don ilimin sakandare.[2][5]

Tsarin ilimi

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Tun daga shekarun 2010, gwamnatin Ivory Coast ta aiwatar da sauye-sauye don fadada damar zuwa makarantar sakandare da ilimi mafi girma, tare da mai da hankali kan fannonin STEM da horar da malamai. Tsarin ilimi ya kunshi matakai uku: makarantar firamare ta dauki shekaru shida, wanda ke haifar da takardar shaidar karatun firamare; makarantar sakandare ta dauki shekaru bakwai, wanda ke kaiwa ga takardar shaidarsa ko baccalauréat.[6] Ilimi na jami'a, wanda ke samuwa ne kawai a Abidjan, ya ƙare a digiri na Jami'ar. Yawancin cibiyoyin fasaha da horar da malamai sun ba da ilimin firamare da sakandare. Babu tsarin ilimin manya, kodayake manya da yawa sun halarci darussan dare ko, a yankunan karkara, sun sami karatu da rubutu da sauran umarni ta hanyar rediyo.

Yawancin makarantun jama'a ba su da kyauta, kodayake ɗalibai suna biyan kuɗin shiga kuma suna siyan kayan aiki. Yawancin kayan aiki kyauta ne, kuma wasu ɗalibai sun sami tallafin karatu na gwamnati, yawanci don dawo da lokacin aiki na gwamnati bayan kammala karatun.

A cikin 1980 kusan kashi 14 cikin 100 na makarantun firamare da kashi 29 cikin 100 na makarantu na sakandare masu zaman kansu ne. Yawancin waɗannan Katolika ne, malamai masu addini da masu zaman kansu ne, tare da albashi da aka tallafawa ta hanyar tallafin gwamnati. Makarantu na Katolika suna aiki da farko a kudu da gabas amma kuma suna cikin ƙasar. Ba a ba da izinin koyar da addini a makarantun gwamnati ba. Makarantu na Alkur'ani sun zama ruwan dare a arewa kuma gwamnati ta yarda da su, amma ba ta tallafa musu ba. Wasu dalibai sun halarci makarantun jama'a da Kur'ani.

An raba shekarar makaranta zuwa kalmomi uku, farawa a watan Satumba kuma an raba ta da gajeren Kirsimeti da bukukuwan Ista da hutu bazara na watanni biyu. Matsakaicin mako ya kunshi kimanin awanni 30 na azuzuwan, Litinin zuwa Asabar da safe. Yawancin koyarwa sun karfafa horo na tunani fiye da tunani na nazari ko kerawa, ta hanyar jaddada haddace rubutu da karatun baki.

Ilimi na firamare

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Kimanin ɗalibai miliyan 9.5 sun halarci makarantar firamare a shekarar 1987, suna wakiltar kusan kashi 75% na yara maza da kashi 50% na 'yan mata da ba su kai shekara 15. Adadin shiga makarantar firamare ya karu da kusan kashi 7.2% a kowace shekara daga 1960 zuwa 1980, ya hau zuwa kashi 9.1% tsakanin 1976 da 1980. Wannan adadin ya ragu bayan 1980, matsakaicin 4.2% daga 1981 zuwa 1984 da 2.2% a 1999.

A shekara ta 2009, kashi 79.6% na yara sun halarci makarantar sakandare. A shekara ta 2012, wannan adadi ya tashi zuwa 94.2%, ma'ana cewa Côte d'Ivoire tana kan hanyar cimma burin ci gaban Millennium na ilimin firamare ga kowa.

Yara sun shiga makarantar firamare suna da shekaru bakwai ko takwas kuma sun wuce maki shida, an raba su zuwa matakan shirye-shirye, firamare, da matsakaici. A cikin watanni shida na farko, ɗalibai sun ƙware Faransanci, harshen koyarwa. An koyar da darussan karatu, rubuce-rubuce, da lissafi, a hankali an kara su da Tarihi, Yanayin ƙasa, kimiyyar halitta, kiɗa, fasaha, da ilimin jiki. Makarantu na karkara suna buƙatar ɗalibai su yi aiki a lambunan makaranta kuma su koyi hanyoyin aikin gona na asali. Gwaje-gwaje na barin makaranta na yau da kullun sun haifar da takardar shaidar ilimin firamare (certificat d'étude primaires élémentaires - CEPE) da ƙayyade shigarwa zuwa cibiyoyin sakandare.

Ilimi na sakandare

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Kimanin dalibai 250,000, ko kuma kimanin kashi 19 cikin dari na wadanda suka kammala karatun firamare, sun halarci makarantun sakandare da gwamnati ke tallafawa a shekarar 1987. Yawancin waɗanda ke shirin zuwa jami'a sun halarci kwaleji ko lycée, dukansu biyu sun haɗa da shekaru bakwai na karatu da aka raba zuwa zagaye biyu. Bambance-bambance masu mahimmanci tsakanin waɗannan cibiyoyin biyu kusan sun ɓace a cikin shekarun da suka gabata bayan gabatarwarsu ta Faransanci, amma makarantar sakandare ta kasance ta gwamnatin ƙasa kuma kwalejin ta gwamnatin birni tare da kudade na ƙasa.

Bayan zagaye na farko ko shekaru hudu na makarantar sakandare, ɗalibai sun ɗauki jarrabawa kuma an ba su takardar shaidar ƙananan karatun sakandare (brevet d'étude du premier cycle - BEPC). Wannan cancanta gabaɗaya ya ba su damar ci gaba a kwaleji ko lycée, shiga cibiyar horar da malamai, ko samun aiki na matakin shiga cikin kasuwanci ko gwamnati. Bayan zagaye na biyu na shekaru uku na karatu, masu digiri sun sami baccalauréat, wanda ya nuna matakin ilmantarwa kusan daidai da shekara ɗaya ko biyu na karatun jami'a a Amurka. A Ivory Coast, kamar yadda yake a Faransa, ya cancanci dalibi don shiga jami'a.

Rubuce-rubucen makarantar sakandare sun karu da kusan kashi 11 cikin 100 a kowace shekara daga 1960 zuwa 1984, amma wannan adadin ya ragu tun 1984. Adadin masu barin makarantar ya kasance mai girma ga 'yan mata, wadanda suka kasance kashi 18 cikin 100 na ɗaliban ɗalibai a cikin shekaru biyu da suka gabata na makarantar sakandare. Matsakaicin kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na ɗaliban sakandare sun sami baccalauréat.

Darussan da suka fi dacewa sune nau'in ilimi na sakandare, wanda aka gudanar a matsayin shirye-shiryen shekaru huɗu don inganta ilimin ilimi na waɗanda ba su cancanci kwaleji ko lycée ba. An kafa darussan kari a cikin shekarun 1950, lokacin da fadada damar ilimi ya kasance babban fifiko. An gudanar da su a duk faɗin ƙasar don biyan bashin nuna bambanci a cikin makarantar sakandare. Darussan da suka dace sau da yawa suna ba da haɗin horo na ilimi da na aiki, wanda ke haifar da takardar shaidar firamare (brevet élémentaire - BE) ko BEPC, kuma ya ba wasu ɗalibai damar shiga sake zagayowar ta biyu a kwaleji, lycée, ko cibiyar horar da sana'a.

Ƙarin darussan sakandare sun gudanar da ƙungiyoyin addini, galibi Cocin Katolika. Wadannan darussan sun kunshi shekaru bakwai na karatu da aka raba zuwa zagaye biyu, tare da takardar shaidar kammala da aka bayar bayan kowane zagaye. Ana samun horo na malami, sau da yawa a matsayin madadin shirye-shiryen jami'a, a matakai daban-daban na postprimary. Horar da malamai na matakin sakandare na iya haifar da takardar shaidar BE da shigarwa a makarantar al'ada (école normale), wanda ɗaliban da suka bar lycées ko collèges zasu iya halarta bayan shekaru huɗu na farko na karatu.

Horar da sana'a, wanda dalibai 47,000 suka halarta a 1982-83, yana samuwa a cibiyoyin postprimary. Wannan horo ya haɗa da darussan noma, injiniya, Ayyukan jama'a, Gudanar da sufuri, batutuwan sakatariya da kasuwanci, da kuma kasuwancin gini. Masu kammala karatu galibi suna aiki a matsayin Masu koyo ko kuma suna ci gaba da horo a manyan cibiyoyin fasaha.

A cikin 2013, 39.08% na yara sun halarci makarantar sakandare.

Ilimi mafi girma

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Jami'ar Ivory Coast

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An kafa Jami'ar Côte d'Ivoire ta kasa a Abidjan a 1959 a matsayin Cibiyar Ilimi mafi girma. An sake masa suna Jami'ar Abidjan a shekarar 1964. A shekara ta 1987, jami'ar tana da ɗalibai 18,732, ciki har da mata 3,200. Daga cikin dalibai, kimanin 10,000 sun kasance 'yan ƙasar Ivory Coast. Da yake dogara sosai da taimakon Faransanci, jami'ar tana da fannoni na shari'a, kimiyya, da haruffa da makarantu na noma, ayyukan jama'a, gudanarwa da zane-zane masu kyau. Sauran cibiyoyin ilimi mafi girma, waɗanda aka sani da grandes écoles, sun ba da takaddun shaida na horo a fannoni na musamman tare da hadin gwiwa tare da, amma ba a matsayin wani ɓangare na, jami'ar ƙasa ba. An kafa wasu jami'o'i tun lokacin.

Shigar da manyan makarantu na kasa

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A cikin shekara ta 2012, akwai dalibai 57,541 da suka yi rajista a matakin difloma na sakandare, dalibai 23,008 da ke karatu don digiri na farko ko digiri na biyu da dalibai 269 na PhD. Shiga a makarantar sakandare ya sha wahala a lokacin rikicin siyasa, ya sauka daga 9.03% zuwa 4.46% na shekaru 18-25- tsakanin 2009 da 2012. Ganin cewa akwai dalibai 156,772 da suka shiga makarantar sakandare a shekara ta 2007 (ciki har da difloma na sakandare), wannan adadi ya ragu zuwa rabi zuwa 80,818 a shekarar 2012. Raguwar ta kasance mafi girma tsakanin daliban da suka shiga digiri na farko, digiri na biyu ko digiri na PhD, inda lambobin suka ragu daga 95,944 a 2007 zuwa 23,277 kawai a 2012.

A tsakiyar shekarun 1980s, an rarrabe nau'o'i biyar na malamai ta hanyar shirye-shiryen ilimi da matakin albashi: furofesoshi, waɗanda suka koyar a matakin sakandare ko jami'a; mataimakan furofesori a matakin sakandaren; da malamai, mataimakin malamai da masu saka idanu a matakin firamare. albashi na malamai gabaɗaya sun fi albashi na ma'aikatan gwamnati da ke da irin wannan cancanta a tsakiyar shekarun 1980, kodayake mutane da yawa sun bar koyarwa don ƙarin sana'o'i masu fa'ida. Gwamnati ta mayar da martani ga karancin malamai tare da shirye-shiryen horo da gajerun darussan da kuma daukar ma'aikata don koyarwa a matakin sakandare da sakandare.

An shirya malamai a cikin ƙungiyoyi, mafi yawansu an haɗa su cikin ƙungiyar ƙungiyar kwadago ta tsakiya da ke ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnati (Janar Ma'aikata a Côte d'Ivoire - UGTCI). Ƙungiyar Malaman Makarantar Sakandare ta Ivory Coast (SYNESCI) da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi biyu sun kasance a waje da UGTCI kuma sun kasance masu faɗakarwa a cikin sukar da suke yi game da manufofin ilimi na gwamnati da kudaden ilimi musamman. Duk da wannan al'adar zargi, jami'an gwamnati da yawa sun sami mukamin siyasa ta hanyar matsayi na jagoranci a cikin ƙungiyar malamai.

Halin da ake kashewa a kan ilimi

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A farkon shekarun 1980s, Ivory Coast ta kashe mafi girman rabo na Babban samfurin ƙasa da kuma kasafin kuɗin ƙasa a kan ilimi fiye da kowace ƙasa a duniya. Kodayake wannan ya zama alamar girmamawa ga al'umma ga ilimi, albashin malamai na kasashen waje ya kasance mai yawan kuɗin da aka kashe, yana rage fa'idodin ga al'ummar. Kyautar karatu mai karimci ga ɗaliban makarantar sakandare sun rage kudaden da ke akwai ga yara ƙanana.

A shekara ta 2000, Ivory Coast ta ba da kashi 3.7% na GDP ga ilimin jama'a. A shekara ta 2015, gwamnati ta kara wannan rabo zuwa 5.03% na GDP, bisa ga kimantawa ta Cibiyar Nazarin Ƙididdiga ta UNESCO. Ilimi mafi girma yana karɓar fiye da kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na kuɗin da ake kashewa a ilimi na jama'a: 0.82% na GDP a cikin 2000 da 1.08% na GDP a 2015.[1]

Kalubale a cikin ilimi

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A cikin shekarun 1980s, Ma'aikatar Ilimi da Binciken Kimiyya ta Kasa ta ba da fifiko mafi girma ga matsalolin samar da kudade ga ci gaban ilimi da rage yawan masu barin makaranta. Rage rashin daidaito na yanki ma yana da mahimmanci; a cikin 1986 rajista a kudu ya kai kusan sau hudu na waɗanda ke arewa. Gwamnati ta yi amfani da sababbin hanyoyi don inganta tsarin ilimi - gami da amfani da koyarwar talabijin a makarantun firamare a cikin shekarun 1970s - aikin da aka watsar da shi saboda yana da tsada sosai. An yi amfani da Kwamfutoci da kayan aiki na sarrafa bayanai a jami'ar ƙasa a cikin 1987 kuma za a gabatar da su a ƙananan matakan tsarin ilimi ta 1990. A ƙarshen shekarun 1980, gwamnati tana samar da littattafan rubutu na kanta, waɗanda aka saya a Faransa, don nuna dabi'un al'adu na gida.

Kwarewar ciki na tsarin ilimi ya kasance kadan, wani bangare saboda yawan ɗalibai da suka maimaita darussan da kuma matakin da ya fice. Ana sa ran yawan yara masu zuwa makaranta za su karu a matsakaicin shekara-shekara na kashi 4.3 cikin dari a shekarar 1995, yana ƙara yawan mutanen da ke zuwa makaranta da kashi 50. Abin takaici, shirye-shiryen horar da malamai ba za su iya tafiya tare da waɗannan canje-canje ba, kuma masu tsara ilimi sun kasance buƙata ta musamman. Haɗin tsakanin ilimi da aiki ya kasance mai rauni, wanda ya kara tsanantawa ta hanyar koma bayan tattalin arziki na shekarun 1980. Masu kammala karatu, a zahiri, suna sa ran fiye da yadda al'umma za ta iya ba su.

Kamar yadda yake a kasashe da yawa, cibiyoyin ilimi da ma'aikata galibi suna fusata jami'an gwamnati da sukar da suke yi wa manufofin kasa. Ana amfani da hanyoyin don karɓar ko tsoratar da shugabannin masu adawa, kodayake an karɓi wasu zarge-zargen su da kyau kuma sun haifar da canje-canje na manufofi. An ba wasu malamai masu gaskiya ayyukan gwamnati, don karɓar babban zargi da suka haifar.

An kori wasu dalibai daga jami'ar. An rufe harabar bayan zanga-zangar adawa da gwamnati a 1982, kuma an dakatar da kungiyoyin harabar. Malaman makarantar sakandare wadanda suka yi zanga-zanga game da kawar da amfanin gidajensu a 1983 sun sami kungiyoyin kwararru da aka haramta.

 Wannan labarin ya ƙunshi rubutu dagaabun ciki kyautaaiki. An ba da lasisi a ƙarƙashin CC-BY-SA IGO 3.0. Rubutun da aka karɓa dagaRahoton Kimiyya na UNESCO: zuwa 2030__hau____hau____hau__, 511, UNESCO, UNESCO Publishing.

Bayanan da aka ambata

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  1. "Literacy - the World Factbook".
  2. "CIA - The World Factbook -- Field Listing - Literacy". www.cia.gov. Archived from the original on 2007-06-13.
  3. "Earthtrends.wri.org" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-05-11. Retrieved 2010-12-06.
  4. "Human Rights Measurement Initiative – The first global initiative to track the human rights performance of countries". humanrightsmeasurement.org. Retrieved 2022-03-17.
  5. 5.0 5.1 "Cote d'Ivoire - HRMI Rights Tracker". rightstracker.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-03-17.
  6. Oyeniran, Rassidy (2017-03-01). "Basic Education in Ivory Coast: From Education for All to Compulsory Education, Challenges and Perspectives". Journal of Education and Learning (in Turanci). 6 (2): 283. doi:10.5539/jel.v6n2p283. ISSN 1927-5250.