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Ilimi a Mozambique

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Ilimi a Mozambique
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Dalibai a gaban makarantarsu a Nampula, Mozambique

Ilimi a Mozambique an shirya shi ta manyan matakai uku: ilimin firamare, ilimin sakandare da ilimi mafi girma. Kodayake suna da tsarin ilimin jama'a na ƙasa, shirye-shiryen ilimi da yawa da shirye-shirye a Mozambique galibi ana tallafawa da tallafawa ta al'ummomin duniya.

The Human Rights Measurement Initiative (HRMI) [1] ya gano cewa Mozambique tana cika kashi 70.3% kawai na abin da ya kamata ta cika don haƙƙin ilimi bisa ga matakin samun kudin shiga na ƙasar. [2] HRMI ta rushe haƙƙin ilimi ta hanyar kallon haƙƙin ilimi na firamare da na sakandare. Yayinda ake la'akari da matakin samun kudin shiga na Mozambique, kasar tana samun kashi 100.0% na abin da ya kamata ya yiwu bisa ga albarkatun ta (kudin shiga) don ilimin firamare amma kashi 40.5% kawai don ilimin sakandare.[3]

Tarihi

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Lokacin mulkin mallaka

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Kafin kuma a lokacin mulkin mallaka, ilimin asalin Afirka a Gabashin Afirka na Portuguese ya kasance na al'ada, tare da al'adun farawa a cikin kabilun kawai.[4] Duk da haka, makarantun Koranic ne suka ba da ilimi na yau da kullun a garuruwan musulmai, da farko a arewa. Wadannan makarantu sun mayar da hankali kan ilimin Alkur'ani da Larabci na Koranic.[4] A yankunan da ke ƙarƙashin ikon Portuguese ko tasiri, makarantar ma ba ta ci gaba ba. Daga karni na goma sha bakwai, Portuguese da ƙananan 'yan Afirka sun sami matakin ilimi na asali (da kuma koyar da al'adun Portuguese da dabi'un addini) a makarantun mishan a garuruwan Portuguese, amma an tura yawancin' ya'yan sarakunan Portuguese ko Afirka zuwa Goa ko Portugal don iliminsu.[5][6] Ƙananan adadin 'yan Afirka masu ilimi suna nufin rashin ma'aikata masu karatu, raguwar da Indiyawa suka yi a wani bangare.[7]

Ci gaban ayyukan ilimi na masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje daga wasu ƙasashe ya haifar da gabatar da sarrafawa daban-daban a cikin 1907: ana iya gudanar da ilimi daga yanzu kawai a cikin Portuguese ko harsunan asali, yayin da makarantu da littattafai ke ƙarƙashin amincewar gwamnati.

A cikin 1927, an gabatar da ajin assimilados, suna haifar da wani aji na 'yan Afirka waɗanda ake buƙata su mallaki, da sauransu, umarni mai kyau na rubuce-rubuce da magana da Portuguese.[8] Wannan aji ya kasance karami, duk da haka: har ma a farkon shekarun 1970s, yawan karatun ya kai 5% kawai.[9] An yi jayayya cewa hukumomin Portugal da gangan sun hana ilimi daga yawan jama'ar Afirka a kokarin hana ci gaban yunkurin 'yancin kai, kuma an ba da ilimi ga wasu zaɓaɓɓu don ware su daga yawan jamaʼa. [10][11]

A cikin 1930, tsarin ilimi ya kunshi makarantun firamare 47 (28 na gwamnati, da 19 na Katolika) tare da dalibai 11,217 tsakanin su, kusan an raba su daidai tsakanin Portuguese da 'yan Afirka; makarantun rudimentary 186, waɗanda suka koyar da harshen Portuguese na asali ga 'yan Afirka 30,000 (tare da wasu 8132 a makarantun rudimentsary da masu wa'azi na ƙasashen waje ke gudanarwa); da kuma makarantar sakandare guda ɗaya a babban birnin, wanda ke ilimantar da Turawa 164, Indiyawa 26 na kabilanci, da Afirka ɗaya.[12]

Irin wannan ilimin da aka bayar ga jama'ar Afirka an tsara shi sosai don kara yawan cancantar su don aiki: Accordo Missionário na 1940, wanda ya tsara tsarin samar da ilimi ta coci, ya bayyana cewa ilimi na asali ne,

"cikakken horo na 'Yan asalin ƙasar a cikin manufofi na ƙasa da na ɗabi'a da kuma samun halaye da ƙwarewa don aiki... Ana fahimtar manufofi ta ɗabi'ar ta haɗa da watsar da rashin aiki da horar da ma'aikatan karkara da masu sana'a na gaba".[13]

Portuguese sun sanya fadada samar da ilimi zuwa ƙarshen zamanin mulkin mallaka: yawan makarantun daidaitawa (masu gajiyar makarantun rudimentary) ya tashi daga 1,122 a 1951 zuwa 2563 a 1958. [14] Kashi na ilimi na kasafin kudin ya tashi daga 5.4% a 1964 zuwa 9.5% a NATE. Ko da wannan, duk da haka, har yanzu ilimi ne ya mamaye shi ga 'yan tsiraru, kuma a shekarar 1962 har yanzu kashi 25% na yawan jama'a ne kawai ke da ilimi kwata-kwata.[15][16] A shekara ta 1964 an tilasta halartar dukkan yara a cikin 3 miles (5 km) na makaranta, kodayake rashin kayan aiki ya hana wannan aiwatar da shi.[17].

Zamanin Frelimo

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Frelimo ya dauki matakai don samar da ilimi har ma kafin ya fara Yakin Independence na Mozambican . An kafa makarantar 'yan gudun hijira na Mozambican a Dar es Salaam a cikin shekarun 1960, kodayake a shekarar 1967 har yanzu tana da dalibai 150 kawai.[18] Makarantar ta rushe bayan kisan Eduardo Mondlane a shekarar 1969. [18]

Yayinda kungiyar ta mallaki yankunan Mozambique a cikin shekarun 1970s, ta inganta ilimi tsakanin yara da manya. An karfafa karatu da rubutu tsakanin mata musamman.[19] A shekara ta 1971 akwai dalibai 20,000 a yankunan da FRELIMO ke sarrafawa na kasar, kuma yara miliyan 1.3 suna makaranta a shekara ta 1977. [9][20] A shekara ta 1978, kungiyar ta yi ikirarin yawan karatun kasa da kasa na 15% . [20] Koyaya, aikin karatu da rubutu ya sha wahala daga rashin horar da malamai da kuma buƙatar ɗalibai da yawa don ciyar da lokaci a kan aikin gona maimakon a cikin aji.[21]

Yaƙin basasar Mozambican da ya biyo baya (1977-1992) ya kuma shafi kokarin ilimi. Makarantu, a matsayin wani ɓangare na ababen more rayuwa na gwamnati, sun kasance wani manufa na hare-haren Renamo, [22] kuma yawan karatun ya koma baya daga 20% a 1983 zuwa 14% a 1990. [23] Yanayin ya inganta bayan karshen yakin a shekarar 1992, kuma a shekarar 1998 Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kiyasta yawan karatun kashi 40%; duk da haka yawan mata har yanzu rabin wannan ne tsakanin maza.[24] Har ila yau, rajistar ilimi ta nuna raguwa mai ƙarfi a matakan da suka fi girma: a cikin 1997 an yi rajista da kashi 66.8% na yara masu shekaru firamare, 6.9% a sakandare, kuma kawai 0.3% a cikin ilimi mafi girma.[25]

Ilimi na firamare da sakandare

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Ilimi wajibi ne kuma kyauta ta hanyar shekaru 12, amma ana cajin kuɗin shiga kuma nauyi ne ga iyalai da yawa. Iyalai da ke ƙasa da layin talauci na iya samun takardar shaidar da ke watsi da kuɗin. Tilasta dokokin ilimi na tilas ba daidai ba ne, saboda rashin albarkatu da ƙarancin makarantu a cikin manyan maki.

A shekara ta 2002, yawan shiga na farko ya kai kashi 103, kuma yawan shiga na firamare ya kai kashi 55. Yawan adadin shiga da na net sun dogara ne akan yawan ɗaliban da aka yi rajista a makarantar firamare sabili da haka ba lallai bane su nuna ainihin halartar makaranta. A shekara ta 1996, kashi 51.7 cikin dari na yara masu shekaru 7 zuwa 14 suna zuwa makaranta. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2001, kashi 49 cikin 100 na yara da suka fara makarantar firamare na iya kaiwa aji na 5. A ƙarshen shekara ta 2003 kimanin yara 370,000 a Mozambique marayu ne na cutar kanjamau. An kiyasta cewa HIV / AIDS na iya haifar da raguwar lambobin malamai a shekara ta 2010.

A shekara ta 2007, yara miliyan daya har yanzu ba su je makaranta ba, mafi yawansu daga iyalai matalauta na karkara, kuma kusan rabin dukkan malamai a Mozambique har yanzu ba a cancanta ba. Shigar da 'yan mata ya karu daga miliyan 3 a 2002 zuwa miliyan 4.1 a 2006 yayin da ƙimar kammala ta karu daga 31,000 zuwa 90,000, wanda ya ba da shaida ga ƙarancin kammalawar.

Ilimi mafi girma

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Tarihi

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Ilimi mafi girma (HE) bai taba kaiwa fiye da karamin ɓangaren Mozambicans ba. A shekara ta 1996, kasar tana da dalibai 40 kawai a kowace 100,000, idan aka kwatanta da 638 a Zimbabwe da 5,339 a Amurka.[26] An kafa ma'aikatar farko a 1962 kuma an inganta ta zuwa matsayin jami'a (Jami'ar Lourenço Marquez) a 1968. Ya kasance fari ne, tare da daliban Afirka 40 kawai a lokacin samun 'yancin kai a shekara ta 1975.[27] Independence da farko ya samar da babbar fitowar ma'aikata da dalibai, lambobin dalibai a jami'ar sun fadi daga 2433 a 1975 zuwa 750 a Jami'ar Eduardo Mondlane (UEM) a 1978 .[28] A wannan lokacin akwai malamai goma na Mozambican, tare da ma'aikata daga ƙungiyar Kwaminisanci da ke cika yawancin wuraren; an bayyana jami'ar a wannan lokacin a matsayin, "hakika Hasumiyar Babila". [29][30] Kashi na malamai na kasashen waje a ma'aikatar ya ragu tun daga wannan lokacin, zuwa 33% a 1991, sannan 14% a 2001.[30] A cikin shekarun 1980s, yawancin ɗaliban Mozambican sun halarci ilimi mafi girma a maimakon haka a Gabashin Turai da Tarayyar Soviet.[31]

Don kara yawan ƙwararrun malamai a cikin ƙasar, an kafa Faculty of Education a jami'ar a cikin 1980, amma wannan ya maye gurbin kafa cibiyar HE ta biyu ta ƙasar, Universidade Pedagógica (UP), a cikin 1985.[32] Na uku, Cibiyar Harkokin Kasashen Duniya (ISRI), an kafa ta ne don horar da diflomasiyya a shekarar 1986. [32]

A shekara ta 1996, an kafa Jami'ar Katolika ta Mozambique. Yanzu tana da makarantun a Beira, Chimoio, Cuamba, Nampula, Pemba, Quelimane da Tete.

Wani bangare saboda kafa jami'o'i masu zaman kansu, yawan ɗalibai ya tashi daga ƙasa da 4000 a 1990 zuwa kusan 12,000 a 1999.[33] Duk da haka, UEM da UP sun kasance manyan cibiyoyin HE, tare da kimanin dalibai 7000 da 2000 bi da bi, idan aka kwatanta da kusan 1000 kowannensu don UCM da ISPU.[34]

Samun dama

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Akwai kusan sau biyu da yawa maza dalibai kamar mata (1.8:1 a 1999); [26] wannan bambancin ya fi tsanani a jami'o'in gwamnati, inda maza suka fi mata 3:1 . [35] Har ila yau, akwai rashin daidaito na aji a cikin samun ilimi. Dalibai na HE suna iya samun Portuguese a matsayin yarensu na asali, kuma suna da yawa fiye da yawan jama'a don samun iyaye masu ilimi.[36] Manyan jami'o'i biyu suna da alamu daban-daban: kusan kashi 60% na daliban UEM sun fito ne daga birane, kuma kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu daga yankunan karkara, yayin da UP waɗannan rabo sun juya.[37]

Har zuwa 1990, an tabbatar da samun damar zuwa HE a UEM ga duk waɗanda suka kammala makarantar sakandare.[38] Wannan ya canza tare da gabatar da jarrabawar shiga a shekara mai zuwa.[39] Bukatar wurare yanzu sun fi wadata: a cikin 1999, akwai masu neman 10,974 don wurare 2,342.[33] Wannan biyan kuɗi gabaɗaya ya shafi makarantun gwamnati ne kawai, tare da cibiyoyin da ba na gwamnati ba suna da kusan adadin masu neman da wurare.[38]

Yawan kammalawar

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Yawan kammalawa a cibiyoyin HE na Mozambican suna da ƙarancin gaske. A ƙarshen 90s, kashi 6.7% na ɗaliban UEM da kashi 13.1% na ɗaliban UP ne kawai suka kammala karatu. Mario et al. sun ba da shawarar cewa bambancin tsakanin waɗannan ƙididdigar biyu za a iya danganta shi da abin da UEM ke buƙata na ƙarshe.[40] Suna faɗakar da cewa ƙananan ɗalibai da ke kammala karatunsu na iya zama alamar nasara, kamar yadda ɗalibai da yawa ke samun aiki kafin su gama karatunsu, don haka ba sa jin buƙatar kammala karatunsu.[41]

Cibiyoyin da ba na gwamnati ba

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Zuwan jami'o'in da ba na gwamnati ba ya haifar da wasu rikice-rikice. An soki su saboda dalilan su (na kudi da na addini, maimakon kawai ilimi), da kuma jan hankalin malamai daga bangaren jihar.[42] Malamai da yawa suna aiki na ɗan lokaci a cibiyoyin masu zaman kansu ban da ayyukansu na gwamnati, don haka an yi jayayya cewa jami'o'i masu zaman kansu suna aƙalla ƙara yawan ilimin da suke bayarwa.[43] Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, sabbin jami'o'in sun kuma taimaka wajen kara yawan wuraren da ake da su da kuma kewayon samar da ƙasa.

Cibiyoyin

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Jami'o'i sun hada da:

Bayanan da aka ambata

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  1. ↑ "Human Rights Measurement Initiative – The first global initiative to track the human rights performance of countries". humanrightsmeasurement.org. Retrieved 2022-03-13.
  2. ↑ "Mozambique - HRMI Rights Tracker". rightstracker.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-03-13.
  3. ↑ "Mozambique - HRMI Rights Tracker". rightstracker.org (in Turanci). Retrieved 2022-03-13.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Newitt, 438
  5. ↑ Newitt, 436
  6. ↑ Newitt, 101, 439
  7. ↑ Newitt, 439
  8. ↑ Mungazi, 85
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Mungazi, 98
  10. ↑ Mungazi and Walker, 32
  11. ↑ Mungazi, 95
  12. ↑ Newitt, 440-1
  13. ↑ quoted in Newitt, 479
  14. ↑ Newitt, 480
  15. ↑ Mungazi and Walker, 116
  16. ↑ Newitt, 480
  17. ↑ Newitt, 481
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Mungazi, 97
  19. ↑ Newitt, 548
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Mungazi, 99
  21. ↑ Newitt, 549
  22. ↑ Newitt, 564
  23. ↑ Mungazi and White, 84
  24. ↑ Mario et al., 17
  25. ↑ Mario et al., 18
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Mario et al., 21
  27. ↑ Mario et al., 7
  28. ↑ Mario et al., 8
  29. ↑ Mario et al., 9
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Mario et al., 36
  31. ↑ Mario et al., 9
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Mario et al., 10
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Mario et al., 18
  34. ↑ Mario et al., 14
  35. ↑ Mario et al., 22
  36. ↑ Mario et al., 25
  37. ↑ Mario et al., 29
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 Mario et al., 19
  39. ↑ Mario et al., 12
  40. ↑ Mario et al., 49
  41. ↑ Mario et al., 50
  42. ↑ Mario et al., 2
  43. ↑ Mario et al., 42
  • [Hasiya] An samo asali ne daga yaren Girka. Ilimi mafi girma a Mozambique.   ISBN 0-85255-430-3. 
  • Mungazi, Dickson. Don girmama Mai Tsarki Trust of Civilization: Tarihi, Siyasa, & Ilimi a Kudancin Afirka.
  • Mungazi, Dickson da Walker, L Kay. Canjin ilimi da canjin kudancin Afirka.
  • Newitt, Malyn. Tarihin Mozambique.

Haɗin waje

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