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Karfafawa mata a Najeriya

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Karfafawa mata a Najeriya
Mata na Najeriya

Karfafawa mata a Najeriya tsari ne na tattalin arziki wanda ya haɗa da karfafa mata Na Najeriya a matsayin matakin rage talauci.[1][2] Karfafawa shine ci gaban mata dangane da siyasa, zamantakewa da ƙarfin tattalin arziki a ci gaban al'umma. Har ila yau, hanya ce ta rage raunin mata da dogaro a duk fannoni na rayuwa. Ana iya lura da cewa jimlar ilimi, siyasa, kiwon lafiya da karfafawa ta shari'a sune mabuɗin karfafawa ga mata a Najeriya.[3] Kamar yawancin matan Afirka, matan Najeriya suna da matsayi na ƙasa da takwarorinsu na maza. Akwai mata da yawa a ƙasa da layin talauci fiye da maza kuma har zuwa sau 19 maza da yawa a cikin mukamai na zartarwa fiye da mata.[4]

Rashin daidaituwa na zamantakewa

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A cikin ainihin rashin daidaituwa na zamantakewar Najeriya shine karkatar da ikon da ke ƙayyade girman iyali. Wannan mayar da hankali ga maza yana nuna matsala mai mahimmanci ga yawan jama'a. Ana kawar da mata daga tsarin yanke shawara game da yawan yara da za su samu da kuma lokacin da za su haife su. Akwai jagororin kula da yawan jama'a da ke da niyya ga maza don rage yawan haihuwa. Don duk wani abu da zai yi aiki har zuwa kula da yawan jama'a, maza da mata dole ne su sami daidaito a cikin gida.[5]Akwai rashin daidaituwa a cikin aure, cibiyoyin addini da gwamnati, da kuma samun dama ga shirye-shiryen kiwon lafiya masu kyau. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, da kuma yawancin kasashe a duk faɗin duniya, sun haɓaka kuma sun shirya shirye-shiryen da ke da niyyar inganta Rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi. An karɓi ci gaban mata a matsayin burin karni na uku a cikin 2000, Taron Duniya kan Mata a Beijing 2000, da sauransu da yawa.

Matsalolin siyasa da na kudi

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Mata kusan ba su wanzu a fagen siyasar Najeriya, musamman a matakin tarayya da na jihohi.[4] Maza ta mamaye yanke shawara da tashin hankali ya haifar da mata ba su ji 'yanci da kwanciyar hankali don shiga cikin batutuwan siyasa ba. Bugu da ƙari, masu ba da shawara na siyasa masu cin nasara ba za su iya tallafawa 'yan takarar mata ba don haka zai iya zama da wahala a gare su su shirya hanya a siyasa.[1] Akwai manyan bambance-bambance idan ya zo ga fara kasuwanci da samun rance ga maza da mata a Najeriya. Lokacin da mata a cikin kasuwanci suna da ma'aikata kaɗan kuma suna da ɗan gajeren rayuwa fiye da maza, wannan bambancin jinsi ya zama mafi girma.[6] A cikin ƙasashen Tunisiya da Zimbabwe, mata masu kasuwancin suna aiki a cikin lokaci-lokaci a duk rana. Lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi wajen kula da kasuwanci tare da karamin albashi ya kasance mai ƙuntatawa kuma ya sabawa kai tsaye da alhakin iyalinsu.[2] Akwai dabarun gwaji don fadada kasuwancin da mata ke jagoranta a Najeriya kamar bayar da shawarar farawa da yawan aiki ta hanyar tallafi, jagoranci, da horar da fasaha na kasuwanci.[2] Shirin da ake kira YouWiN!, ya ba da haske ga samari maza da mata game da yadda za su aiwatar da ra'ayoyinsu na kasuwanci da cinye wasu ƙalubalen da suka zo tare da fara kasuwanci.[2][6]

A Najeriya, ana iya auna tasirin karfafa mata ta amfani da alamomi kamar ilimi, yawan karatu da rubutu, aiki, da matsayi na jagoranci. Lynne Featherstone ta ce "Hakaicin Mutuwar uwa da tashin hankali a kan mata ya sa Najeriya ta zama daya daga cikin wurare mafi wuya a duniya don haihuwar yarinya". [7]

Shirin Gwamnati

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A neman cimma burin Millennium na ci gaban mata, gwamnatin Najeriya ta fara Asusun Mata don Ƙarfafa Tattalin Arziki da Ci gaban Kasuwanci ga 'yan kasuwa mata, yayin da "hanzarin na biyu" ya kasance don sake gabatar da mata da suka bar saboda ciki zuwa makaranta. A Babban Taron sittin da hudu, an ruwaito cewa "an yanke hukuncin cewa yawan manyan ma'aikatan gwamnati mata sun kai kashi 22.5, yayin da nadin shari'a a fadin Jihohi 36 ya kasance kusan kashi 30. [8] An gabatar da shirin mataki na kasa kan Ingantawa da Kare Hakkin Dan Adam a Najeriya tare da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Geneva a watan Yulin 2009. An kuma sanya wani babi ga 'yancin mata masu cin zarafin jima'i a cikin Cibiyoyin ilimi. An kuma sanya su a matsayin masu kula da sauran matakan kula da mata masu karɓar jima'i na gida.

An yi amfani da kididdigar ilimi a matsayin mai nuna Rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi da karfafa mata a Najeriya. Ƙididdigar yawan jama'a da Gwamnatin Tarayya ta gudanar a shekarar 1991 ta gano cewa kashi 61% (miliyan 41) na matan Najeriya "suna fama da talauci".[9]  A Afirka, akwai nau'o'i daban-daban na ilimi, kamar shirye-shiryen fadada aikin gona, horo a cikin sabis, ilimi na waje da makaranta, ilimin sauti da gani, ilimin kafofin watsa labarai, ilimin sana'a, horar da ma'aikatan sabis, ci gaban al'umma, ilimin hadin gwiwa, azuzuwan maraice, sabis na ɗakin karatu, ilimin ɗabi'a, da ilimin Kungiyar kwadago.

Rahoton ya nuna cewa ba a yarda da matan Najeriya a cikin ci gaban tsarin ilimi a kasar. A shekara ta 1965, kashi 37.75% na yawan mutanen da ke makarantun firamare 'yan mata ne yayin da kashi 9% kawai na dalibai mata ne. A shekara ta 1974, yawan daliban mata ya karu zuwa 25.5%. Babban rajista daga 'yan mata ya kasance ne kawai a cikin koyarwa da darussan zamantakewa. A cikakkun sharuddan, akwai maza 138,334 da mata 50,652 a jami'o'in Najeriya a wannan lokacin. Kalubale da 'yan mata ke fuskanta sun kasance ne saboda fahimtar al'umma game da halaye na jinsi.[9]

Hakkin mallakar mata

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Akwai ka'idojin al'ada da ba a rubuta su ba waɗanda ke mamaye mata a ƙasashe da yawa na Afirka.[10] A cikin tsarin su na asali, mutanen Ibo na yankin kudu maso gabashin Najeriya sun ba da izinin maye gurbin da gado ga zuriya namiji. Ba a yarda da matan Igbo su gaji; duk da haka, a wasu al'ummomi, ana ba da izinin 'ya'yan mata su yi hakan a ƙarƙashin haɗin gwiwa tare da' yan uwan su. A cikin waɗannan yanayi, ɗan'uwa na fari har yanzu yana da iko a kan dukiyar.[11] Kotun Koli ta tabbatar da haƙƙin matan Najeriya na gadon dukiya daga iyayensu da suka mutu.[12] Dokar al'ada ta Igbo wacce ke hana yarinya karɓar rabon dukiyar mahaifinta da ya mutu ta saba wa Sashe na 42 (1) da (2) na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na NIbo, wani sashi na haƙƙin haƙƙin haƙƙoƙi wanda kowane ɗan Najeriya ya cancanci.[3] Cin zarafin haƙƙin mallaka na mata yawanci yana farawa a cikin gida kuma yana nuna abin da ke faruwa a cikin al'umma gaba ɗaya. Yawanci dangi ne mafi kusa - uba, 'yan'uwa, miji, da surukai - waɗanda ke keta haƙƙin Matasa cikin sauƙi, daga lokacin haihuwa har zuwa ƙuruciya zuwa rayuwar aure da gwauruwa.[1] Dangane da hukunce-hukuncen Kotun Koli ta Najeriya, ba za a iya yin aiki ba a kotun shari'a da ta dace don a cire mace a ciki rarraba dukiyar mutumin da ya mutu ba tare da izini ba.

Karfafawa mata na Najeriya a aikin gona

[gyara sashe | gyara masomin]

A Yankin Saharar Afirka, batun bambancin jinsi a cikin samun damar samun albarkatun tattalin arziki da masu amfani ya sami kulawa mai yawa.[13] Mata a Najeriya suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin samar da abinci da aikin gona; bisa ga rahotanni, mata masu karamin manoma sun kasance tsakanin kashi 70 zuwa 80 cikin dari na ma'aikatan masana'antar. Suna da alhakin mafi yawan samar da abinci na cikin gida, sarrafawa, tallace-tallace, da adanawa.

Ya bambanta da takwarorinsu na maza, samun damar mata ga abubuwan da ke samarwa, gami da nau'ikan iri mafi kyau, sabis na tsawo, da shigar da ƙasa an ƙuntata su, bisa ga binciken da yawa, musamman a Afirka ta kudu da Sahara.[14][15][16][17][18] Suna da iyakantaccen damar zuwa ƙasa, wuraren bashi, horo, da shawara don shigar da kayan gona, fasaha, da inshorar amfanin gona, da sauransu, duk da duk gudummawar da suka bayar ga wannan ɓangaren.[19]

Kimanin kashi 14% na ƙasar da aka yi amfani da ita don noma mallakar mata ne masu mallakar kananan gonaki, kuma bangaren noma na gwamnati ba su kula sosai ba duk da muhimman nauyin da suke da shi a samar da abinci. Dangane da kimantawa, mata na iya taimakawa sosai wajen cimma burin ci gaba mai dorewa (SDG) 1 (kawar da matsanancin talauci da yunwa), idan suna da damar samun babban birnin, ƙasa, fasaha, da jagorar horo a daidai da maza. USAID ta ce karfafa mata su mallaki da kuma gudanar da ƙasarsu da samarwa shine mataki na farko don tabbatar da tsaron abinci na Najeriya a nan gaba.

Dubban mata manoma suna karɓar kayan aiki, bayanai, da albarkatun da suke buƙata don ƙara yawan kuɗin shiga da rayuwar iyalansu da al'ummominsu godiya ga haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Feed the Future da Cibiyar Ciniki ta Najeriya.[20] Ana ba da shawarar haɓaka jinsi a Afirka, gami da Najeriya, don manufofin noma da shirye-shirye don hada kuɗi don tsaro na abinci da Ci gaba mai ɗorewa, yayin da mata ke mamayewa kuma suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da amfanin gona da dabbobi.[21]

Bayanan da aka ambata

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  1. Okemakinde, Timothy (2014). "Women Education: Implications for National Development in Nigeria". European Journal of Globalization and Development Research. 9. ISSN 2220-7414.
  2. Pereira, Charmaine (2009-01-26). "Appropriating 'Gender' and 'Empowerment': The Resignification of Feminist Ideas in Nigeria's Neoliberal Reform Programme1". IDS Bulletin. 39 (6): 42–50. doi:10.1111/j.1759-5436.2008.tb00510.x. ISSN 0265-5012.[permanent dead link]
  3. CHINEKEZI NWAIGWE, STELLA (1 December 2014). "Education as a Tool for Women Empowerment in Nigeria" (PDF). Journal of Resourcefulness and Distinction. 9: 2. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
  4. 4.0 4.1 “Browse the Library.” Challenges Facing Women Empowerment in Contemporary Nigeria | Gender Hub, www.genderhub.org/get-in-the-know/resource-library/challenges-facing-women-empowerment-in-contemporary-nigeria/.
  5. Frazier, Brionne, et al. “Empowering Nigerian Women.” Brown Political Review, 2 May 2016, www.brownpoliticalreview.org/2016/04/empowering-nigerian-women/.
  6. 6.0 6.1 “The Road to Female Economic Empowerment.” The Republic, 26 February 2017, www.republic.com.ng/vol1-no1/the-road-to-female-economic-empowerment/.
  7. Lynne Featherstone. "Girls and women are vital to progress in Nigeria". Department for International Development. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  8. "Efforts to Empower Women, Initiatives to Promote Sustainable Economic Growth Mutually Reinforcing, Say Third Committee Speakers". United nation. Retrieved 8 August 2016.
  9. 9.0 9.1 James A Ojobo (2008). "Education: a catalyst for Women Empowerment in Nigeria" (PDF). Ethiopian Journal of Education and Sciences. 4 (1): 93–108. doi:10.4314/ejesc.v4i1.42995. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 September 2016. Retrieved 7 August 2016.
  10. Ajayi, Mary Adebola; Olotuah, Abiodun Olukayode (2005). "Violation of Women's Property Rights within the Family". Agenda: Empowering Women for Gender Equity (66): 58–63. ISSN 1013-0950. JSTOR 4066538.
  11. "Nigeria: Supreme Court Invalidates Igbo Customary Law Denying Female Descendants the Right to Inherit". Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. Retrieved 2023-03-09.
  12. "Do Nigerian Women Have The Right To Inherit Properties?". The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News (in Turanci). 2022-03-06. Retrieved 2023-03-09.
  13. Ashagidigbi, Waheed Mobolaji; Orilua, Olajumoke Oluwatoyosi; Olagunju, Kehinde Ademola; Omotayo, Abiodun Olusola (July 2022). "Gender, Empowerment and Food Security Status of Households in Nigeria". Agriculture (in Turanci). 12 (7): 956. doi:10.3390/agriculture12070956. ISSN 2077-0472.
  14. Quisumbing, Agnes R.; Pandolfelli, Lauren (2010-04-01). "Promising Approaches to Address the Needs of Poor Female Farmers: Resources, Constraints, and Interventions" (PDF). World Development (in Turanci). 38 (4): 581–592. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2009.10.006. ISSN 0305-750X.
  15. Ali, Daniel; Bowen, Derick; Deininger, Klaus; Duponchel, Marguerite (2016-11-01). "Investigating the Gender Gap in Agricultural Productivity: Evidence from Uganda". World Development (in Turanci). 87: 152–170. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.06.006. ISSN 0305-750X. S2CID 54913377. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  16. Aguilar, Arturo; Carranza, Eliana; Goldstein, Markus; Kilic, Talip; Oseni, Gbemisola (May 2015). "Decomposition of gender differentials in agricultural productivity in Ethiopia". Agricultural Economics (in Turanci). 46 (3): 311–334. doi:10.1111/agec.12167. S2CID 59144176. |hdl-access= requires |hdl= (help)
  17. Adebayo, Ogunniyi; Bolarin, Omonona; Oyewale, Abioye; Kehinde, Olagunju; Adebayo, Ogunniyi; Bolarin, Omonona; Oyewale, Abioye; Kehinde, Olagunju (2018). "Impact of irrigation technology use on crop yield, crop income and household food security in Nigeria: A treatment effect approach". AIMS Agriculture and Food (in Turanci). 3 (2): 154–171. doi:10.3934/agrfood.2018.2.154. ISSN 2471-2086.
  18. Ogunniyi, Adebayo; Oluseyi, Olagunju Kehinde; Adeyemi, Ogundipe; Kabir, Salman K.; Philips, Francis (June 2017). "Scaling Up Agricultural Innovation for Inclusive Livelihood and Productivity Outcomes in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Case of Nigeria: Scaling Up Agricultural Innovation". African Development Review (in Turanci). 29 (S2): 121–134. doi:10.1111/1467-8268.12267.
  19. "Women Lead Agriculture In Nigeria – CIRDDOC" (in Turanci). Archived from the original on 2023-03-11. Retrieved 2023-03-11.
  20. "Growing rice, empowering women: Providing tools for Nigerian women rice farmers to prosper | West Africa Regional | News". U.S. Agency for International Development (in Turanci). 2022-08-24. Retrieved 2023-03-11.
  21. Akokuwebe, Monica Ewomazino; Amusan, L; Odularu, G (2021-09-02). "Women development in agriculture as agency for fostering innovative agricultural financing in Nigeria". African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development. 21 (7): 18279–18299. doi:10.18697/ajfand.102.19345. ISSN 1684-5374. S2CID 239154651 Check |s2cid= value (help).