Matsin yanayi

Matsin yanayi, wanda kuma aka sani da matsa lamba na iska ko matsa lamba barometric (bayan barometer ), shine matsi a cikin yanayin duniya . Daidaitaccen yanayi (alama: atm) naúrar matsa lamba ce da aka ayyana a matsayin 101,325 ( , wanda yayi daidai da millibars 1,013.25, 760 mm Hg, 29.9212 inci Hg, ko 14.696 psi . Naúrar atom ɗin tana kusan daidai da ma'anar ma'aunin yanayin yanayin teku a Duniya; wato yanayin yanayin duniya a matakin teku ya kai kusan 1 am.

A mafi yawan yanayi, matsa lamba na yanayi yana kusa da matsa lamba na hydrostatic wanda ya haifar da nauyin iska sama da ma'aunin ma'auni. Yayin da hawan hawan ya karu, ana samun raguwar juzu'i na sararin samaniya, don haka matsi na yanayi yana raguwa tare da karuwa. Domin yanayin sirara ne dangane da radius na duniya-musamman maɗaukakin yanayi mai ƙanƙanta a ƙananan tudu- ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfin duniya a matsayin aikin tsayin daka zai iya kusanta a matsayin akai-akai kuma yana ba da gudummawa kaɗan ga wannan faɗuwar. Matsakaicin matakan ƙarfi a kowane yanki, tare da raka'a SI na pascals (1 pascal = 1 newton kowace murabba'in mita, 1 N/m ² ). A matsakaita, ginshiƙin iska tare da yanki mai faɗin santimita 1 murabba'in (cm ² ), wanda aka auna daga matsakaici (matsakaici) matakin teku zuwa saman sararin samaniya, yana da nauyin kusan kilo 1.03 kuma yana yin ƙarfi ko "nauyin" na kusan 10.1 newtons, yana haifar da matsa lamba na 10.1 N / cm ² ko 101 kN /m ² (kilopascals 101, kPa). Rukunin iska tare da yanki mai ratsa jiki na 1 a cikin ² zai sami nauyin kusan 14.7 lbf, yana haifar da matsa lamba na 14.7 lbf/in ^2.

Makanikai

Matsin yanayi yana faruwa ne sakamakon jan hankalin duniya akan iskar iskar gas da ke sama da sararin sama kuma aiki ne na yawan al'ummar duniya, radius na saman sama, da adadi da tsarin iskar gas da rarrabasu a tsaye a sararin samaniya. An canza shi ta hanyar jujjuyawar duniya da tasirin gida kamar saurin iska, bambance-bambancen yawa saboda yanayin zafi da bambancin abun da ke ciki.

Ma'anar matsi na matakin teku

Matsakaicin matakin matakin teku (MSLP) shine matsin yanayi a matsakaicin matakin teku (PMSL). Wannan shine matsi na yanayi da aka saba bayarwa a cikin rahotannin yanayi a rediyo, talabijin, da jaridu ko a Intanet .

Saitin altimeter a cikin jirgin sama shine daidaitawar yanayin yanayi

Matsakaicin matsatsin matakin teku shine 1,013.25 hp (29.921 inHg; 760.00 mmHg) . A cikin rahotannin yanayi na jirgin sama ( METAR ), QNH yana yaduwa a duniya a cikin hectopascals ko millibars (1 hectopascal = 1 millibar), sai dai a Amurka, Kanada, da Japan inda aka ruwaito shi a cikin inci na mercury (zuwa wurare biyu na decimal) . Amurka da Kanada kuma suna ba da rahoton matsi na matakin teku SLP, wanda aka daidaita shi zuwa matakin teku ta wata hanya ta daban, a cikin sashin maganganun, ba a cikin ɓangaren da ake watsawa na duniya ba, a cikin hectopascals ko millibars. Koyaya, a cikin rahotannin yanayin jama'a na Kanada, a maimakon haka ana ba da rahoton matsin lamba a cikin kilopascals. A cikin bayanan lambar yanayi na Amurka, lambobi uku duk ana watsa su; maki decimal da ɗaya ko biyu mafi mahimmancin lambobi: 1,013.2 hp (14.695 psi) ana watsa shi azaman 132; 1,000 hpa (100 kPa) ana watsa shi azaman 000; 998.7 HPA ana watsa shi azaman 987; da dai sauransu. Matsakaicin matakin teku a duniya yana faruwa a Siberiya, inda Babban Siberiya sau da yawa yakan kai matsi na matakin teku sama da 1,050 hp (15.2 psi; 31 inHg), tare da mafi girman rikodin kusa da 1,085 hp (15.74 psi; 32.0 inHg) . Ana samun mafi ƙarancin ma'aunin matsi na matakin teku a cibiyoyin cyclones na wurare masu zafi da guguwa, tare da ƙarancin rikodin 870 HPA (12.6 psi; 26 inHg) .

Matsin yanayi

Matsin saman ƙasa shine matsi na yanayi a wani wuri a saman duniya ( ƙasa da teku ). Yana daidaita kai tsaye da yawan iskar da ke kan wannan wurin.

Don dalilai na ƙididdigewa, samfuran yanayi kamar samfuran wurare dabam dabam na gabaɗaya (GCMs) yawanci suna tsinkayar logarithm mara nauyi na matsin saman .

Matsakaicin ƙimar matsa lamba akan ƙasa shine 985 hPa. Wannan ya bambanta da ma'anar matsi na matakin teku, wanda ya haɗa da fitar da matsa lamba zuwa matakin teku don wurare sama ko ƙasa da matakin teku. Matsakaicin matsa lamba a matsakaicin matakin teku ( MSL ) a cikin Matsakaicin Matsayi na Duniya ( ISA ) shine 1,013.25 hPa, ko 1 yanayi (atm), ko inci 29.92 na mercury.

Matsa lamba (P), taro (m), da haɓakawa saboda nauyi (g) suna da alaƙa da P = F/A = (m*g)/A, inda A shine filin fili. Matsin yanayi yana daidai da nauyin kowane yanki na yanki na sararin samaniya sama da wancan wurin.

Bambancin tsayi

Matsin lamba a duniya ya bambanta da tsayin daka, don haka karfin iska akan tsaunuka yawanci yana ƙasa da karfin iska a matakin teku. Matsin lamba ya bambanta a hankali daga saman duniya zuwa saman mesosphere . Kodayake matsin lamba yana canzawa tare da yanayin, NASA ta daidaita yanayin duk sassan duniya a duk shekara. Yayin da tsayin daka ya karu, matsa lamba na yanayi yana raguwa. Mutum na iya lissafin matsi na yanayi a wani tsayin da aka ba da. Zazzabi da zafi kuma suna shafar yanayin yanayi. Matsi yana daidai da zafin jiki kuma ya bambanta da zafi. Kuma wajibi ne a san waɗannan biyun don lissafta ingantaccen adadi. jadawali  an haɓaka don zafin jiki na 15 °C da kuma dangi zafi na 0%.

A ƙananan tudu sama da matakin teku, matsa lamba yana raguwa da kusan 1.2 kilopascals (12 hPa) ga kowane 100 mita. Don mafi tsayi a cikin troposphere, ma'auni mai zuwa ( ka'idar barometric ) yana da alaƙa da matsa lamba p zuwa tsayi h : ${\begin{aligned}p&=p_{0}\cdot \left(1-{\frac {L\cdot h}{T_{0}}}\right)^{\frac {g\cdot M}{R_{0}\cdot L}}\\&=p_{0}\cdot \left(1-{\frac {g\cdot h}{c_{\text{p}}\cdot T_{0}}}\right)^{\frac {c_{\text{p}}\cdot M}{R_{0}}}\approx p_{0}\cdot \exp \left(-{\frac {g\cdot h\cdot M}{T_{0}\cdot R_{0}}}\right)\end{aligned}}$

Bambancin gida

Matsin yanayi ya bambanta sosai a duniya, kuma waɗannan canje-canjen suna da mahimmanci wajen nazarin yanayi da yanayi . Matsin yanayi yana nuna zagayowar rana ko rabin sa'o'i (sau biyu a rana) ta hanyar igiyar ruwa ta duniya. Wannan tasirin ya fi ƙarfi a cikin yankuna masu zafi, tare da girman ƴan hectopascals, kuma kusan sifili a cikin yankunan polar. Waɗannan bambance-bambancen suna da keɓaɓɓun hawan keke guda biyu, circadian (24 h) sake zagayowar, da kuma semi-circadian (12 h) zagayowar.

Rubuce-rubuce

Matsakaicin matakin barometric da aka daidaita-zuwa-teku wanda aka taɓa yi rikodinsa akan Duniya (sama da mita 750) shine 1,084.8 hectopascals (32.03 inHg) wanda aka auna a Tosontsengel, Mongolia akan 19 Disamba 2001. Matsakaicin matakin barometric da aka daidaita-zuwa-teku da aka taɓa yin rikodin (a ƙasa da mita 750) ya kasance a Agata a Evenk Okrug mai cin gashin kansa, Rasha (66°53' N, 93°28' E, girma: 261 metres (856 ft) ) akan 31 Disamba 1968 na 1,083.8 hectopascals (32.005 inHg) . Bambancin ya faru ne saboda zato mai matsala (zaton daidaitaccen ƙimar raguwa) da ke da alaƙa da raguwar matakin teku daga manyan tuddai.

Tekun Matattu, wuri mafi ƙasƙanci a Duniya a 430 metres (1,410 ft) ƙasa da matakin teku, yana da daidai madaidaicin matsakaicin yanayin yanayi na 1,065 hPa. Rikodin matsa lamba na ƙasa-teku na 1,081.8 hectopascals (31.95 inHg) an saita ranar 21 ga Fabrairu 1961.

Matsakaicin yanayi mara ƙarfi mafi ƙasƙanci wanda aka taɓa auna shi shine 870 hp (0.858 atm; 25.69 inHg), wanda aka kafa a ranar 12 ga Oktoba 1979, lokacin Tukwici na Typhoon a yammacin Tekun Pacific. Ma'aunin ya dogara ne akan wani abin lura da kayan aiki da aka yi daga jirgin leken asiri.

Auna dangane da zurfin ruwa

Yanayi ɗaya ( 101.325 kPa ya da 14.7 psi ) kuma shine matsi wanda nauyin ginshiƙi na ruwa mai kyau ya haifar da kusan 10.3 m (33.8 ft) . Don haka, mai nutsewa 10.3 m karkashin ruwa yana fuskantar matsin lamba kusan yanayi 2 (1 Atm na air plus 1 atm na ruwa). Sabanin haka, 10.3 m shine matsakaicin tsayi wanda za'a iya tayar da ruwa ta amfani da tsotsa a ƙarƙashin daidaitattun yanayin yanayi.

Ƙananan matsi, kamar layin iskar gas, wani lokaci ana ƙayyade su a cikin inci na ruwa, yawanci ana rubuta su azaman ma'aunin wc (shafin ruwa) ko ma'aunin wg (inci ruwa). An ƙididdige ƙayyadaddun kayan aikin zama mai amfani da iskar gas a cikin Amurka don iyakar , wanda kusan 14 ne wg Makamantan raka'o'in awo tare da sunaye iri-iri da ƙira dangane da millimeters, santimita ko mita yanzu ba a cika amfani da su ba.

Wurin tafasar ruwa

Pure water yana tafasa a 100 °C (212 °F) a ma'aunin yanayi na duniya. Wurin tafasa shine zafin da tururi matsa lamba yayi daidai da yanayin yanayi a kusa da ruwa. Saboda wannan, wurin tafasa na ruwa yana da ƙasa a ƙananan matsa lamba kuma mafi girma a matsa lamba mafi girma. Dafa abinci a manyan tudu, don haka, yana buƙatar daidaitawa ga girke-girke ko dafa abinci mai matsa lamba . Ana iya samun madaidaicin kima na tsayi ta hanyar auna zafin da ruwa ke tafasa; a tsakiyar karni na 19, masu bincike sun yi amfani da wannan hanya. Sabanin haka, idan mutum yana so ya zubar da ruwa a ƙananan zafin jiki, misali a cikin distillation, ana iya saukar da matsa lamba na yanayi ta amfani da famfo mai tsabta, kamar a cikin mai juyawa mai juyawa .

Aunawa da taswira

Wani muhimmin aikace-aikace na sanin cewa matsa lamba na yanayi ya bambanta kai tsaye tare da tsayi shine wajen tantance tsayin tsaunuka da tsaunuka, godiya ga amintattun na'urorin auna matsi. A cikin 1774, Maskelyne yana tabbatar da ka'idar Newton na gravitation a kuma a kan dutsen Schiehallion a Scotland, kuma yana buƙatar auna tsayin daka a gefen dutsen daidai. William Roy, ta yin amfani da matsa lamba na barometric, ya sami damar tabbatar da ƙaddarar tsayin Maskelyne, yarjejeniyar ta kasance tsakanin mita daya (3.28 feet). Wannan hanyar ta zama kuma tana ci gaba da amfani ga aikin bincike da yin taswira.

Duba kuma

• Atmospheric density – Mass per unit volume of earths atmosphere
• Atmosphere of Earth – Gas layer surrounding Earth
• Barometric formula – Formula used to model how air pressure varies with altitude
• Barotrauma – Injury caused by pressure – physical damage to body tissues caused by a difference in pressure between an air space inside or beside the body and the surrounding gas or liquid.
• Cabin pressurization – Process to maintain internal air pressure in aircraft
• Cavitation – Low-pressure voids formed in liquids
• Collapsing can – an aluminium can is crushed by the atmospheric pressure surrounding it
• Effects of high altitude on humans – Environmental effects on physiology
• High-pressure area – Region with higher atmospheric pressure
• International Standard Atmosphere – Atmospheric model, a tabulation of typical variations of principal thermodynamic variables of the atmosphere (pressure, density, temperature, etc.) with altitude, at middle latitudes.
• Low-pressure area – Area with air pressures lower than adjacent areas
• Meteorology – Interdisciplinary scientific study of the atmosphere focusing on weather forecasting
• NRLMSISE-00, an empirical, global reference atmospheric model of the Earth from ground to space
• Plenum chamber – Chamber containing a fluid under pressure
• Pressure – Force distributed over an area
• Pressure measurement – Analysis of force applied by a fluid on a surface
• Standard atmosphere (unit) – Unit of pressure defined as 101325 Pa
• Horse latitudes – Latitudes 30–35 degrees north and south of the Equator

Hanyoyin haɗi na waje

• Current map of global mean sea-level pressure
• 1976 Standard Atmosphere from NASA
• Source code and equations for the 1976 Standard Atmosphere
• A mathematical model of the 1976 U.S. Standard Atmosphere
• Calculator using multiple units and properties for the 1976 Standard Atmosphere
• Calculator giving standard air pressure at a specified altitude, or altitude at which a pressure would be standard
• Calculate pressure from altitude and vice versa

Experiments[Gwaje)

• Movies on atmospheric pressure experiments from Georgia State University's HyperPhysics website – requires QuickTime
• Test showing a can being crushed after boiling water inside it, then moving it into a tub of ice-cold water.